Résumé : Dans le cas des DOM, singulièrement la Guadeloupe, qui sont à l'aube de l'expérimentation de réformes profondes de politiques économiques, l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation macroéconomique tel qu'un MEGC apparaît naturellement comme une exigence plus que souhaitable. Ce recours à la construction de modèles spécifiques pour les DOM est en parfaite cohérence avec l'une des principales conclusions du rapport d'information diligenté par le Sénat aux lendemains de la crise sociale du début de l'année 2009. Les appels à projet de la Commission europèenne et du Ministère de l'Outre-mer vont justement dans le sens de pallier celte carence puisque la politique économique des RUP de façon générale est conduite à vue sans aucun outil d'investigation ex ante. Nous avons conçu plusieurs modèles. Parmi eux, CloDyn est le premier modèle macroéconomique pour les DOM à vocationopérationnelle. Composée de plus de 2000 équations, ce modèle d'équilibre général calculable tient compte de nombreuses rigidités sur les marchés des biens et services et du travail et se décline sous deux versions: statique et dynamique. Les élasticités ont fait l'objet d'estimations économétriques. Il tient compte de nombreuses spécificités tant au niveau de la fiscalité de ces régions (octroi de mer, taxe sur les carburants, subventions à l'exportation) que du coût des facteurs (exonérations des charges sur les bas salaires, sur rémunératio des fonctionnaires). Il repose sur une formalisation des mécanismes en oeuvre dans ces économies que nous avons appelé le DOM disease pour expliquer les dysfonctionnements persistants sur le plan macroéconomique.
In the case of the French overseas regions, particularly of Guadeloupe, which are just beginning to experiment with economic policies radical reforrns, the development of a macroeconomic simulation tool such as a CGE model appears naturally as a highly desirable requirement. The use of the construction of specifie models for DOM is fully consistent with a major finding of the report commissioned by the Senate in the aftermath of the social crisis of the early 2009. As a malter of facts, the purpose of the calls for project initiated by the European Commission and the Ministry of Overseas is to remedy this deficiency, since the RUP economie policy is generally to conduct no investigation tool ex ante. We designed several models. Among them, CloDyn is the first operational DOM-based macroeconomic rnodel. Composed of more than 2000 equations, this computable general equilibrium model takes into account many rigidities in the markets for goods and services and labor and is available in two versions: static and dynamic. Elasticities have been econometrically estimated. lt rests on many features of both taxation (dock dues, fuel tax, export subsidies) and the cost factors (exemption from charges on low wages, remuneration of civil servants). Il is based on a formalization of the mechanisms at work in these economies we calied the DOM disease to explain the persistent failures in such economies. lt also evaluates the monetary poverty among households with the use of a block of microsimulation model and we allow a profane in GAMS to use this tool and conduct its own analytical work thanks to a user friendly interface.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0411/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : CABI:20153174020
Understanding how plants are constructed - i.e., how key size dimensions and the amount of mass invested in different tissues varies among individuals - is essential for modeling plant growth, carbon stocks, and energy fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Allocation patterns can differ through ontogeny, but also among coexisting species and among species adapted to different environments. While a variety of models dealing with biomass allocation exist, we lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying processes. This is partly due to the lack of suitable data sets for validating and parameterizing models. To that end, we present the Biomass And Allometry Database (BAAD) for woody plants. The BAAD contains 259634 measurements collected in 176 different studies, from 21084 individuals across 678 species. Most of these data come from existing publications. However, raw data were rarely made public at the time of publication. Thus, the BAAD contains data from different studies, transformed into standard units and variable names. The transformations were achieved using a common workflow for all raw data files. Other features that distinguish the BAAD are: (i) measurements were for individual plants rather than stand averages; (ii) individuals spanning a range of sizes were measured; (iii) plants from 0.01-100 m in height were included; and (iv) biomass was estimated directly, i.e., not indirectly via allometric equations (except in very large trees where biomass was estimated from detailed sub-sampling). We included both wild and artificially grown plants. The data set contains the following size metrics: total leaf area; area of stem cross-section including sapwood, heartwood, and bark; height of plant and crown base, crown area, and surface area; and the dry mass of leaf, stem, branches, sapwood, heartwood, bark, coarse roots, and fine root tissues. We also report other properties of individuals (age, leaf size, leaf mass per area, wood density, nitrogen content of leaves and wood), as well as information about the growing environment (location, light, experimental treatment, vegetation type) where available. It is our hope that making these data available will improve our ability to understand plant growth, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon cycling in the world's vegetation.
ISSN: 0012-9658

hal-01535227
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01535227
DOI : 10.1890/14-1889.1
PRODINRA : 306122

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Heldermann
Résumé : International audience
We present an iterative method for finding zeroes of maximal monotone operators in a real Hilbert space. The underlying idea relies upon the discretization of a first order dissipative dynamical system which allows us to preserve the local feature, as well as to obtain convergence results. The main theorems do not only recover known convergence results of standard and inertial proximal methods, but also provide a theoretical basis for the application of new iterative methods.
Journal of Convex Analysis

hal-00780210
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00780210

Résumé : L’étude des prépositions représente un des thèmes fondamentaux de la linguistique cognitive. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer en quoi la préposition contribue à l’émergence de la signification de l’énoncé en langue créole martiniquaise spécifiquement. La préposition est au centre de la relation " Figure-Ground". C’est à partir de cette relation fonctionnelle que nous pourrons définir les liens conceptuels que la préposition établit entre les unités linguistiques qu’elle unit. Aussi voulons-nous mettre en évidence la subtilité de la substance notionnelle de ces morphèmes. Cette substance notionnelle se nourrit des effets de sens que ces morphèmes polysémiques peuvent avoir grâce à leur déformabilité. Décrire les usages d’une préposition demande d’en décrire la distribution. C’est donc à partir de données relevant de la distribution des prépositions que nous proposerons une analyse cognitive de ces dernières. Notre approche n’est pas comparative. Toutefois, nous ne pourrons pas ignorer la relation de diglossie entre le créole martiniquais et le français. Nous montrerons, par endroits, en quoi une langue dite minorée et une langue dite haute sur le plan sociolinguistique peuvent s’affecter mutuellement par des emprunts de conceptualisation. Les prépositions sont des morphèmes qui témoignent de la dynamique de la langue créole martiniquaise. Il nous suffit d’observer les usages des doublets asou-anlè (sur), ba-pou (pour), épi-ek (avec), et des allomorphes an, nan, adan, anndan, andidan, dan (dans) pour le comprendre. « C’est (donc) en relation avec notre connaissance du monde » (VANDELOISE 1986 :241), que nous procéderons à l’analyse cognitive des prépositions du créole martiniquais. Les prépositions nous invitent à considérer des phénomènes tels que l’aphérèse, la déflexivité, la sérialisation verbale, la préfixation, l’iconicité diagrammatique, l’indexicalité. Nous montrerons en quoi épi (avec), morphème encodant le concept d’association, est porteur d’un trait archisémique, le comitatif.
The study of prepositions represents one of the fundamental topics of cognitive linguistics. The aim of this dissertation is to show to what extent a preposition can contribute to the emergence of the significance of utterances in the Martinican creole language, the language under study. The preposition is central to the relation « Figure-Ground ». It is from this functional relation that we can define the conceptual links that the preposition establishes between the linguistic units that it binds together. We thus want to highlight the subtilety of the notional substance of these morphemes. This notional substance feeds on the pragmatic meanings that these polysemous morphemes can have owing to their deformability. In order to describe the uses of a preposition, we must first establish its distribution. We will, therefore, use data containing tokens of prepositions in order to propose a cognitive analysis of these latter. We will not use a comparative approach. However, we cannot ignore the diglossic relation between Martinican Creole and French. We will have occasion to show how, from a sociolinguistic point of view, a language considered as the « low » variety (basilect), and a language considered as the « high » variety (acrolect), can affect each other conceptually. Prepositions are morphemes which illustrate the dynamics of Martinican Creole. It suffices to observe the uses of the doublets asou-anlè (on), ba-pou (for), épi-ek (with), and the allomorphs an, ann, nan, adan, andidan, anndan, dan (in) in order to understand this. It is, then, « in relation to our knowledge of the world » (VANDELOISE 1986:241) that we will propose a cognitive analysis of prepositions in Martinican Creole. Prepositions invite us to consider such phenomena as apheresis, deflexivity, stranded preposition, verbal serialisation, prefixation, diagrammatic iconicity and indexicality. We will show how épi (with), a morpheme encoding the concept of association, includes an archisemic feature, the comitative.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0736/document

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Volcaniclastic successions are well-described in volcanic arc setting but rare in hotspot environments. The present work proposes a facies model of volcaniclastic sedimentation related to basaltic hotspot volcanoes as exemplified by the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island). The facies model is based on a multi-scale approach combining high-resolution multibeam and backscatter data, deep-water photographs, side scan imagery and Kullenberg piston cores. Data show that a wide range of gravity flows and erosional features develop in the active volcaniclastic sedimentary system. Coastal and submarine instabilities are the main processes shaping the volcano's submarine morphology. Meanwhile, the evolution and dynamics of the sedimentary system are strongly linked with the morpho-structural evolution of the subaerial part of the volcano. The proposed model is characterized by a cyclic succession of stages: (1) a growing stage during which sedimentary activity is mainly restricted to proximal and mid-slope areas; (2) a collapse stage that entirely reshapes the morphology of the submarine slopes; and (3) an erosional stage related to a slow down of volcanic activity, enabling the development of large deep-sea fans.
Marine Geology (0025-3227) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2013-03 , Vol. 337 , P. 35-52

Droits : 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00137/24798/22939.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2013.01.004
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00137/24798/