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<title lang=en>Extreme Inverted Trophic Pyramid of Reef Sharks Supported by Spawning Groupers</title>
<creator>Mourier, Johann</creator>
<creator>Maynard, Jeffrey</creator>
<creator>Parravicini, Valeriano</creator>
<creator>Ballesta, Laurent</creator>
<creator>Clua, Eric</creator>
<creator>Domeier, Michael L.</creator>
<creator>Planes, Serge</creator>
<contributor>Department of Biological Sciences and Climate Futures - Macquarie University</contributor>
<contributor>Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE) ; Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD) - École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</contributor>
<contributor>SymbioSeas</contributor>
<contributor>Andromède Océanologie</contributor>
<contributor>Marine Conservation Science Institute (MCSI)</contributor>
<contributor>Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG) - École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) - École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) - Université de la Réunion (UR) - Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF) - Université de Nouvelle Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement</contributor>
<description>International audience</description>
<source>ISSN: 0960-9822</source>
<source>EISSN: 1879-0445</source>
<source>Current Biology - CB</source>
<publisher>Elsevier</publisher>
<identifier>hal-01359391</identifier>
<identifier>https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359391</identifier>
<source>https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359391</source>
<source>Current Biology - CB, Elsevier, 2016, 26 (15), 〈10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.058〉</source>
<identifier>DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.058</identifier>
<relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.058</relation>
<language>en</language>
<subject>[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology</subject>
<type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</type>
<type>Journal articles</type>
<description lang=en>The extent of the global human footprint [ 1 ] limits our understanding of what is natural in the marine environment. Remote, near-pristine areas provide some baseline expectations for biomass [ 2, 3 ] and suggest that predators dominate, producing an inverted biomass pyramid. The southern pass of Fakarava atoll—a biosphere reserve in French Polynesia—hosts an average of 600 reef sharks, two to three times the biomass per hectare documented for any other reef shark aggregations [ 4 ]. This huge biomass of predators makes the trophic pyramid inverted. Bioenergetics models indicate that the sharks require ∼90 tons of fish per year, whereas the total fish production in the pass is ∼17 tons per year. Energetic theory shows that such trophic structure is maintained through subsidies [ 5–9 ], and empirical evidence suggests that sharks must engage in wide-ranging foraging excursions to meet energy needs [ 9, 10 ]. We used underwater surveys and acoustic telemetry to assess shark residency in the pass and feeding behavior and used bioenergetics models to understand energy flow. Contrary to previous findings, our results highlight that sharks may overcome low local energy availability by feeding on fish spawning aggregations, which concentrate energy from other local trophic pyramids. Fish spawning aggregations are known to be targeted by sharks, but they were previously believed to play a minor role representing occasional opportunistic supplements. This research demonstrates that fish spawning aggregations can play a significant role in the maintenance of local inverted pyramids in pristine marine areas. Conservation of fish spawning aggregations can help conserve shark populations, especially if combined with shark fishing bans.</description>
<date>2016-08</date>
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