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Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

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A voyage to the Demerary : containing a statistical account of the settlements there, and of those on the Essequebo, the Berbice, and others contiguous rivers of Guyana
Auteur(s) : Bolingbroke, Henry (1785-1855)
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Traité des maladies des Européens dans les pays chauds, et spécialement au Sénégal ou Essai statistique médical et hygiénique sur le sol, le climat et les maladies de cette partie de l'Afrique
Auteur(s) : Thévenot, Jean Pierre Ferdinand (1801-1841)
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Memoria sobre la esclavitud en la isla de Cuba con observaciones sobre los asertos de la prensa inglesa relativos al trafico de esclavos = Slavery in the island of Cuba, with remarks on the statements of the British press relative ot the slave trade
Auteur(s) : Torrente, Mariano (1792-1857)
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Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799-1804 / by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland ; translated from the French of Alexander von Humboldt and edited by Thomasina Ross. Volume 2
Auteur(s) : Bonpland, Aimé (1773-1858) Humboldt, Alexander von (1769-1859)
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Etudes et mémoires
Auteur(s) : Bassières, Gustave Eugène (1871-1931) Luc, M. Eberhardt, Philippe (1874-1942) Pobéguin, Henri (1856-1951) Henry, Yves Dubard, Marcel (1873-1914) Bonhoure, A. Noter, Raphaël de (1857-1936)
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Voyages d'un naturaliste et ses observations faites sur les trois règnes de la nature : dans plusieurs ports de mer français, en Espagne, au continent de l'Amérique septentrionale, à Saint-Yago de Cuba et à St-Domingue, où l'auteur devenu le prisonnier de 40000 Noirs révoltés, et par suite mis en liberté par une colonne de l'armée française, donne des détails circonstanciés sur l'expédition du général Leclerc. Tome 1
Auteur(s) : Descourtilz, Michel Etienne (1777-1835)
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