Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Suriname is the smallest country in South America. However, in regional academic literature, it has been repeatedly considered one of the largest Caribbean territories for many years (Best 1967; Granger 2008). This territory is generally included in the socio-historical group of the three Guianas (Lézy 2000), or the bio-geographical group of the Guiana Plateau. Additionally, Suriname is frequently considered part of the insular Caribbean (Girvan 2005). The latter consideration implies a geographical paradox that is twofold. In fact, Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana are not directly bordered by the Caribbean Sea. Moreover, like Belize, which is also commonly included in the Caribbean island group, Suriname is not an island in the strict sense of the word, i.e. land surrounded by water, based on the restricted definition of the term. Nevertheless, the Caribbean cannot be defined today on the sole basis of a deterministic relationship with the sea bearing the same name. Further, research conducted on insularity increasingly demonstrates the limitations of the physical nature of the island, in favour of feelings of belonging, alienation, etc. (Taglioni 2003).
Caribbean Atlas

hal-01244081
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01244081
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01244081/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01244081/file/Suriname.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Suriname is the smallest country in South America. However, in regional academic literature, it has been repeatedly considered one of the largest Caribbean territories for many years (Best 1967; Granger 2008). This territory is generally included in the socio-historical group of the three Guianas (Lézy 2000), or the bio-geographical group of the Guiana Plateau. Additionally, Suriname is frequently considered part of the insular Caribbean (Girvan 2005). The latter consideration implies a geographical paradox that is twofold. In fact, Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana are not directly bordered by the Caribbean Sea. Moreover, like Belize, which is also commonly included in the Caribbean island group, Suriname is not an island in the strict sense of the word, i.e. land surrounded by water, based on the restricted definition of the term. Nevertheless, the Caribbean cannot be defined today on the sole basis of a deterministic relationship with the sea bearing the same name. Further, research conducted on insularity increasingly demonstrates the limitations of the physical nature of the island, in favour of feelings of belonging, alienation, etc. (Taglioni 2003).
Caribbean Atlas

hal-00875566
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875566

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
Background. An association with cancer is described in 17–32% of cases of dermatomyositis (DM) and in 5–16% of cases of anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS). The literature contains very few studies involving Afro-Caribbean patients with DM or ASS. The aim of our retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of cancer in a series of patients with DM or ASS at the University Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2012. The secondary objective was to review the clinical and laboratory features as well as the course of DM/ASS in these patients.Patients and methods. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Afro-Caribbean origin; age >15 years; patient living in Guadeloupe; screening for malignancy.Results. Twenty-two patients were included (15 DM, 7 ASS). Only one case of cancer was diagnosed in the entire study population at a mean follow-up of 6±4 years (prevalence: 6.7%, CI95% [1.7–31.9]). Of the 15 patients presenting DM (sex ratio F/M: 4, mean age: 45±14 years), 6 (40%) had associated connective tissue disease.Conclusion. Our study suggests a weak association between DM and cancer in Afro-Caribbean patients. These results may be explained by the features of the disease seen in these patients (female gender, young age at onset, associated connective tissue disease) and the low prevalence in the Caribbean region of cancers typically associated with DM.
Introduction. Dix-sept à 32 % des cas de dermatomyosite (DM) et 5 à 16 % des cas de syndrome des anti-synthétases (SAS) sont associés à un cancer. Les séries de patients afro-caribéens atteints de DM ou de SAS sont exceptionnellement rapportées dans la littérature. Le but de notre étude rétrospective était d’estimer la prévalence des cancers dans une série de patients guadeloupéens atteints de DM ou de SAS. L’objectif secondaire était de préciser les caractéristiques cliniques, biologiques et évolutives de la maladie chez ces patients.Patients et méthode. Les critères d’inclusion étaient les suivants : patient afro-caribéen ; âge >15ans ; patient vivant en Guadeloupe ; réalisation d’un bilan d’extension à la recherche d’une néoplasie.Résultats. Vingt-deux patients ont été inclus (15 atteints de DM, 7 de SAS). Un seul cancer a été diagnostiqué, avec une durée moyenne de suivi de 6±4ans sur l’ensemble de la série (prévalence de 6,7 % ; IC 95 % [1,7 ; 31,9]). Parmi les 15 patients atteints de DM (sex-ratio H/F=1/4 ; âge moyen : 45±14ans), 6 (40 %) avaient une connectivite associée.Conclusion. Notre étude suggère une faible association entre DM et cancer chez les patients afro-caribéens. Ces résultats s’expliquent principalement par les caractéristiques de la maladie chez ces patients (sexe féminin, jeune âge, connectivite associée) et la faible prévalence, aux Antilles, des cancers classiquement associés aux DM.
ISSN: 0151-9638

inserm-01110999
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01110999
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01110999/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01110999/file/2014%2C%20Tersiguel%20-%20Epid%C3%A9miologie%20de%20la%20dermatomyosite%20et%20du%20syndrome%20des%20anti-synth%C3%A9tases%20en%20population%20afro-carib%C3%A9enne.pdf
PUBMED : 25288059

Éditeur(s) : Digital Library of the Caribbean ( dLOC ) Digital Library of the Caribbean ( dLOC ) ( Miami, FL )

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076720/00001

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : Martinique is a French overseas department whose economy relies heavily on agriculture. Organochlorine pesticides, mainly chlordecone, were used for banana cultivation to eradicate banana weevil over a period of 40 years. Chlordecone is chemically stable,and has a strong affinity for fatty tissues. It is therefore able to bioaccumulate in animals and thereby represent a threat to ecosystems and man. Soils from banana plantations in Martinique are heavily contaminated with chlordecone. Possible transfer of these molecules from agricultural watersheds to the aquatic environment and the organisms that live in it is feared. The hypothesis that ecosystems of Martinique might be highly contaminated with this organochlorine pesticide was investigated. Chlordecone levels were measured in various freshwater and marine species. Data show a heavy contamination of many carnivorous and detritivorous species (fish and prawns). Concentrations measured in wild or farmed tilapia are among the highest ever reported in the literature. Some coastal species (fish and lobster) were also found to be contaminated, although to a lesser extent. Given the biogeochemical behavior of chlordecone, the most likely route of contamination is food. Detected concentrations in marine organisms are below the tolerated limits established by authorities. however. the impact of other sources of exposure, namely, contaminated water and root vegetables, remains to be investigated.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2006-04 , Vol. 19 , N. 2 , P. 181-187

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1662.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:2006016
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1662/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Exile and colonialism play an essential part in Jamaica Kincaid's novels. This antagonism is best expressed in Kincaid's early fiction through conflictual mother-daughter relationships. My paper aims to show that such aspects are connected facets of the identity nexus which informs the body politics of contemporary female Caribbean writers.
L'exil et le colonialisme jouent un rôle essentiel dans les romans de Jamaica Kincaid. Cet antagonisme trouve sa meilleure expression dans les premiers écrits fictionnels de Kincaid à travers des relations conflictuelle entre mère et fille. La présente étude vise à montrer que de tels aspects représentent des facettes interdépendantes du problème identitaire qui marque de son empreinte la questionnement sur le corps chez les écrivains féminins contemporains de la Caraïbe.
"Etat de l'art", Congrès de l'Association Française d'Etudes Américaines
Toulouse, France

Droits : http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/licences/copyright/
hal-01420756
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420756
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420756/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420756/file/Exil%20et%20colonialisme%20dans%20l%27oeuvre%20de%20Jamaica%20Kincaid.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Numerous diffusion models can be found in the literature. Although these models havebeen widely used to address several problems related to diffusion phenomena at the individuallevel, they do not faithfully represent the microscopic mechanisms that take place in the realtransmission processes. Today, the apparition of new communication media allows model togo further by providing data on many real cases of diffusion. In particular, these newapproaches have shown that several dimensions involved in diffusion phenomena are notpresent in current models. In our works, we focus on two original dimensions to address thediffusion problem: the personality and the neutrality of the spreader. Our aim is to understandthe influence of these two dimensions regarding the diffusion behaviours. Our approach hasbeen used to study diffusion of messages related to several events occurred in January 2015.The results obtained provide a new and interesting lighting on the heterogeneity of thediffusion behaviors in function of personality and neutrality levels. This work provides amethodology which may be useful in marketing strategies, for instance the analysis of thefeatures of individuals who talk about their touristic trips in Caribbean. Such an approach mayalso be useful to understand diffusion and exchange behaviors in the Caribbean basin. Froman economic point of view, such an approach could be used for understanding theexpectations, targeting individuals and proposing tailored offers.
20th Biennial General Meeting of The Caribbean Academy of Sciences
Deshaies, France

hal-01514262
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514262

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01664245

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01664245
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01664245
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01664245/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01664245/file/L%27AUTRE%20SCENE_L%27ESPACE%20DU%20REVE%20DANS%20DREAM%20ON%20MONKEY%20MOUNTAIN%20DE%20DEREK%20WALCOTT.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Ghost fishing and its consequences are little known in the French West Indies. In Guadeloupe, no allegation concerning ghost fishing was made public to date. In the absence of objective studies about this phenomenon, it is impossible to quantify the impact of these lost gears on the resource (Chaves et al. 2006). However, the characteristics of small-scale fishing existing in this area let think that it happens indeed that fishing machines are lost: - weather constraints, sometimes of catastrophic type (storms, hurricanes). The fishermen fix less racks (traps) during the period preceding the hurricane season in preparation for possible loss (Komla-Soukha and Bouchereau 2007). Of the 40 000 Caribbean traps around Guadeloupe, about 20 000 are lost each year during hurricane season, but continue to catch fish for many months (Burke and Maidens 2004); - accidents (most common causes after the literature) occurring during a fishing operation are events already well orally brought back (Macfayden et al. 2009); - the voluntary abandonment at sea of material by the fisherman for convenience reasons; - the consequences of conflicts of use (thefts, destruction of fishing gears, boardings of ships). It is the case in the Caribbean area in connection with the interactions related to the stake on resources exploitation (Blanchet et al. 2002).
Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific Conference-World Small-Scale Fisheries Congress
Bangkok, Thailand

hal-00755291
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755291
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755291/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755291/file/WSFC2010_Proceedings_Bouchereau.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The eastern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador comprises thick buoyant oceanic plateaus associated with island-arc tholeiites and subduction-related calc-alkaline series, accreted to the Ecuadorian Continental Margin from Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. One of these plateau sequences, the Guaranda Oceanic Plateau is considered as remnant of the Caribbean–Colombian Oceanic Province (CCOP) accreted to the Ecuadorian Margin in the Maastrichtien. Samples studied in this paper were taken from four cross-sections through two arc-sequences in the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador, dated as (Río Cala) or ascribed to (Macuchi) the Late Cretaceous and one arc-like sequence in the Chogòn-Colonche Cordillera (Las Orquídeas). These three island-arcs can clearly be identified and rest conformably on the CCOP. In all four localities, basalts with abundant large clinopyroxene phenocrysts can be found, mimicking a picritic or ankaramitic facies. This mineralogical particularity, although not uncommon in island arc lavas, hints at a contribution of the CCOP in the genesis of these island arc rocks. The complete petrological and geochemical study of these rocks reveals that some have a primitive island-arc nature (MgO values range from 6 to 11 wt.%). Studied samples display marked Nb, Ta and Ti negative anomalies relative to the adjacent elements in the spidergrams characteristic of subduction-related magmatism. These rocks are LREE-enriched and their clinopyroxenes show a tholeiitic affinity (FeOT–TiO2 enrichment and CaO depletion from core to rim within a single crystal). The four sampled cross-sections through the island-arc sequences display homogeneous initial Nd, and Pb isotope ratios that suggest a unique mantellic source for these rocks resulting from the mixing of three components: an East-Pacific MORB end-member, an enriched pelagic sediment component, and a HIMU component carried by the CCOP. Indeed, the ankaramite and Mg-basalt sequences that form part of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau are radiogenically enriched in 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb and contain a HIMU component similar to that observed in the Gorgona basalts and Galápagos lavas. The subduction zone that generated the Late Cretaceous arcs occurred far from the continental margin, in an oceanic environment. This implies that no terrigenous detrital sediments interacted with the source at this period. Thus, the enriched component can only result from the melting of subducted pelagic sediments. We have thus defined the East-Pacific MORB, enriched (cherts, pelagic sediments) and HIMU components in an attempt to constrain and model the genesis of the studied island-arc magmatism, using a compilation of carefully selected isotopic data from literature according to rock age and paleogeographic location at the time of arc edification. Tripolar mixing models reveal that proportions of 12–15 wt.% of the HIMU component, 7–15 wt.% of the pelagic sediment end-member and 70–75 wt.% of an East-pacific MORB end-member are needed to explain the measured isotope ratios. These surprisingly high proportions of the HIMU/CCOP component could be explained by the young age of the oceanic plateau (5–15 Ma) during the Late Cretaceous arc emplacement. The CCOP, basement of these arc sequences, was probably still hot and easily assimilated at the island-arc lava source.
ISSN: 0895-9811

insu-00353692
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00353692
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsames.2008.06.003

Résumé : Le monde, depuis des millénaires, est bâti sur les fondations de sociétés bilingues. Or, ce « parler multiple » semble depuis toujours être source de conflit. Loin d’être considéré comme une richesse, le bilinguisme (ou plurilinguisme) semble plutôt représenter un problème auquel on tâcherait de trouver une solution. « La multiplicité » dit Louis-Jean Calvet (1999), « est chose mauvaise, on lui préfère de façon toute jacobine un bon gros Etat monolingue bien cerné dans ses frontières politiques et linguistiques ».La région caraïbe occupe une place tout à fait intéressante sur cette scène en perpétuel mouvement qu’est la mondialisation. Ces pays/îles doivent continuellement chercher l’équilibre entre appartenance locale, régionale et internationale, grand nombre d’entre eux luttant toujours aujourd’hui pour concilier leur statut d’anciennes colonies et le rythme rapide de la mondialisation. Cette thèse porte sur la place des langues vivantes dans les écoles du premier degré à la Martinique et à la Dominique et sur les enjeux d’un enseignement bilingue pour ces deux îles qui appartiennent à la fois à la Caraïbe et au monde. Nous proposons, dans un premier temps, une étude de la situation actuelle de l’enseignement des langues dans les deux îles : quelles sont les politiques linguistiques dans les deux contextes? Dans quelle mesure sont-elles mises en œuvre? L’enseignement des langues répond-il aux exigences des textes officiels ? Les politiques linguistiques sont-elles adaptées aux réalités sociolinguistiques de ces îles ? Dans un deuxième temps, nous interrogeons la possibilité d’un enseignement bilingue dès l’école préélémentaire dans les îles de la Martinique et de la Dominique et nous expérimentons des approches d’enseignement des langues en milieu institutionnel et en contexte périscolaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur des modes de fonctionnement différents : ne pourrait-on pas imaginer d’autres manières de faire ? Que pouvons-nous proposer comme solutions complémentaires et/ou alternatives à l’existant ?Enfin, dans un troisième temps, dans une perspective plus globale, nous posons la question de l’éducation bilingue, par une approche comparée, en analysant les faits éducatifs dans deux systèmes différents et en nous intéressant à la question de l’altérité. La compréhension de l’Autre peut-elle améliorer l’existant dans le cas de la Martinique et de la Dominique ? Nous revenons ainsi à la question de l’intérêt et des enjeux d’une comparaison de l’enseignement des langues dans ces deux systèmes, en prenant en compte les identités locales, régionales et internationales à travers des analyses historiques et sociolinguistiques. A la suite de cette analyse, nous faisons des propositions concrètes en faveur d’un enseignement bilingue intégré dans ces deux îles. Ces propositions concernent les domaines tels que la didactique, la planification en éducation et le curriculum bilingue, la formation des enseignants et la politique linguistique de la Caraïbe. Notre question centrale est la suivante : comment enseigner aujourd’hui pour mieux préparer les citoyens caribéens au monde de demain ?
The Caribbean region occupies an interesting space in the perpetually changing scene of globalisation. Caribbean countries or islands must continually seek to balance their sense of belonging to a local, regional and international community. This is sometimes a difficult task as any of them are still fighting to balance their evolution as old colonies with the fast pace of globalisation in a new world.This thesis focuses on language teaching at primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. It examines the many issues surrounding language teaching and questions the role of bilingual education in the development of these two Caribbean islands as they evolve within the Caribbean and the world. Firstly, we propose a careful study of the current situation of language teaching in Martinique and Dominica. What are the language policies of these islands? How and to what extent are they implemented? Does language teaching truly reflect the objectives of official texts? Are the present language policies adapted to the sociolinguistic reality of each island?Secondly, we raise the question as to the possibility of the implementation of bilingual education at the pre-primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. We examine the question through the experimenting of different language teaching methods within a school setting and as part of an extracurricular bilingual program. Can we envision alternative approaches to the present situation? What complementary or alternative solutions can we propose to improve on what already exists?Lastly, we look at the subject from an overall perspective and we address the question of bilingual education. We analyse how comparative education, the study of other education systems and the understanding of others play a major role in developing solutions to present day situations. This analysis takes into account issues relating to local, regional and international identities through a study of the historical and sociolinguistic context of the islands of Dominica and Martinique.Based on our analysis and on the literature, we put forward concrete proposals for holistic bilingual education on the islands of Martinique and Dominica. These proposals focus on areas such as language teaching pedagogy, education planning, the bilingual curriculum, teacher training, and language policy for the Caribbean. The main question underlying this thesis is: how do we teach today to better prepare Caribbean citizens for the world of tomorrow?

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0834/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Human Kinetics
Résumé : International audience
The authors investigated the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young Guadeloupian competitive swimmers in relation to swimming performance and compared the abilities of these children with those of the young white swimmers reported in the literature. All 2004 competitive swimmers between 10 and 14 y old (126 children, 61 boys and 65 girls, 12.0 ± 1.3 y) from Guadeloupe underwent anthropometric measurements and physiological and performance testing. Six boys on the French national swimming team are referred to hereafter as the 2011 elite subgroup. Anthropometric parameters, a jump-and-reach test, glide, and estimated aerobic power (eVO2max) were assessed in terms of swimming-performance analysis through a 400-m test. This study demonstrated that the Guadeloupian swimmers had more body fat than most age-matched white swimmers but had very poor hydrostatic lift; they had higher peak jump height and they swam as well as their white counterparts. The variability in 400-m performance between subjects was best described by glide, age, and eVO2max. Compared with the group of boys with the same age, the 2011 elite subgroup was significantly better for arm span, peak jump height, glide, and 400-m and 15-m performances. Further research is needed to investigate motor organization and energy cost of swimming in Afro-Caribbean swimmers.
ISSN: 1555-0265

hal-01137258
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137258
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137258/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137258/file/Hue%20et%20al.%20-%202013%20-%20Anthropometric%20and%20physiological%20characteristics%20in%20young%20Afro-Caribbean%20swimmers%20A%20preliminary%20study.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
RÉSUMÉ – Le Nouveau Roman latino américain dont la figure de proue est Fuentes estune transposition du Nouveau Roman français qui postule “l'aventure de l'écriture”.Parallèlement, la poétique de la négritude de Césaire et la créolisation de Glissant sontdes stratégies esthétiques où prédominent la liberté de création et la conscience del'histoire, et qui s'inscrivent dans le bassin caribéen. À la faveur des éléments précités,on mesurera les stratégies de l'écriture comorienne de Soeuf Elbadawi.
ABSTRACT – The New Latin American novel with Carlos Fuentes as its figurehead is atransposition of the New French novel which postulates “the adventure of writing”. Atthe same time, the avant garde poetics of Aimé Césaire’s negritude and ÉdouardGlissant’s creolization are aesthetic strategies celebrating the total freedom of creation,the writer’s commitment and historical consciousness which appear in the Caribbean.This paper probes into these conjectures in the writing of Soeuf Elbadawi.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01679494

hal-01679494
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01679494

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
A geographic information system (GIS) was developed in Martinique, to perform soil zoning for the revival of the production of Coffea arabica var. typica.Pioneer in the cultivation of coffee in the Caribbean since 1720, today Martinique plays no role in the coffee industry. In addition, due to its rarity on the island, the edapho-climatic requirements of Coffea arabica had to be defined based on the world literature. The digital data (isohyets, isotherm, geomorphology) was obtained from Martinique’s institutions with expertise in the production of environmental data (IRD, IGN, Météo- France, DEAL Martinique, CTM)1. These data have been processed with a SIG software: QGIS version 2.8.1. During the investigations, the rainfall represented a factor limiting any possibility of production of Coffea arabica var. typica in the future. By removing the pluviometry from the set of parameters, we can visualize the areas that might be acceptable to this culture. With the forecast of the National Meteorological services for the 2071-2100 period under the new climate requirements, we carried out an agroclimatic zoning which also showed us the impossibility of producing this coffee in the future.
ISSN: 2277-8322

hal-01376447
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01376447

Résumé : Les forêts côtières inondables (FCI) des régions tropicales et subtropicales remplissent des fonctions écologiques nécessaires aux écosystèmes marins côtiers situés en aval et aux populations humaines vivant à proximité Aux Antilles, les mangroves et les forêts marécageuses à Pterocarpus officinalis sont structurés par des espèces ligneuses qui ont développé des adaptations particulières à la salinité, à l’inondation et aux substrats meubles sur lesquels elles reposent. Dans des contextes climatiques à forte saisonnalité, les saisons sèches prolongées entraînent de fortes variations de la salinité et du niveau de la nappe, que le changement climatique devrait amplifier. Les modèles climatiques de la région Caraïbe prévoient des saisons sèches plus sèches liées à une baisse des précipitations de 20 à 50 %. Or, la question des capacités de résistance et d’acclimatation des espèces ligneuses des FCI à des variations saisonnières marquées de leur environnement édaphique a été peu traitée dans la littérature scientifique.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été double. Il s’est agi, d'une part, de caractériser la structure et la croissance de faciès de végétation représentatifs des FCI antillaises et de mettre en évidence leurs déterminants. A cet effet, des individus adultes, des espèces ligneuses dominantes des FCI, (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), dans cinq faciès de végétation sur le gradient terre-mer, ont été suivis sur l'île de Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe). D’autre part, les effets de variations salines extrêmes sur la croissance et l’écophysiologie de ces quatre espèces ont été évalués au stade plantule par une expérience en conditions contrôlées.A travers cette étude, il a été montré que les différences de salinité et de fertilité entre les stationspermettent d’expliquer la composition et la structure des peuplements de FCI. Cette étude a égalementmontré que P. officinalis peut se maintenir dans une gamme de salinité plus large que ne l'indiquait lalittérature.Dans le contexte des Antilles où les marnages sont faibles, la saisonnalité du climat entraine des variations saisonnières importantes d’un ensemble de descripteurs édaphiques tels que le niveau de la nappe, la salinité du sol, le pH et le potentiel RedOx. L’inondation et la salinité des sols sont fortement corrélées aux variations mensuelles des précipitations. Les périodes sèches sont accompagnées de salinités élevées et d’une baisse du niveau de la nappe allant jusqu’à l’exondation des sols dans toutes les stations suivies. Les stress environnementaux liés à la saisonnalité entrainent une baisse de la production primaire. L’accroissement cambial mensuel des individus est fortement corrélé avec les précipitations et l’intensité du vent. Dans les stations de mangrove, la sècheresse édaphique régule la production primaire des palétuviers. En forêt marécageuse, la part de la sècheresse atmosphérique semble plus importante pour expliquer la production de P. officinalis. Aussi, les sècheresses édaphique et atmosphérique doivent être prises en compte toutes deux pour modéliser efficacement la croissance des peuplements des FCI.Lors de la saison sèche, le stress le plus important est le stress hydrique, lié à la diminution de la teneur en eau du sol et à l’augmentation de la salinité, qui entraine des contraintes physiologiques sur les palétuviers (ajustements stomatiques, pertes de surface foliaire et de conductivité hydraulique). Le stress ionique, lié à la toxicité des ions Na+ et Cl-, permet aussi d’expliquer une partie de la contrainte sur l’assimilation en carbone. En saison sèche, l’aération des sols ne se traduit pas par une amélioration des performances de croissance chez toutes les espèces. Aussi, la croissance cambiale maximale de toutes les espèces de FCI est réalisée en saison des pluies lorsque la salinité est faible et les niveaux d’inondation élevés.
In tropical and subtropical regions, flooded coastal forests provide essentials goods and services to local communities. In the Antilles, mangrove forests and the Pterocarpus officinalis swamp forest host tree species that are adapted to salinity, flooding and loose substrates. In areas were climatic seasonality is strong, dry seasons lead to strong fluctuations of soil salinity and water table level ; that climate change is likely to make stronger again. Climate model for the Caribbean project drier dry seasons with a decease of 20 to 50 % in annual rainfall amounts. However, resistance and acclimation ability of flooded coastal forest’s species to strong environmental fluctuations still remain poorly studied.This thesis aims two objectives. On the one hand, it aims to characterize the forest structure and monthly growth of vegetation structures representative of the Antillean flooded coastal forests and to highlight their determinants. In this respect, adult trees of the four dominant species of local flooded coastal forest (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), in five stations along a sea – land gradient were monitored on the Grande-Terre island (Guadeloupe). On the other hand, the effects of salinity variation patterns and salinity levels on growth performances and physiology of seedlings from the four same species were investigated through a greenhouse experiment.This study shows that differences among average salinity and soil fertility explain the vegetation structure of flooded coastal forest. It also extents, in the literature, the range of salinity in which P. officinalis can stand at the tree stage.In the Antilles were tidal range is small, climate seasonality lead to strong edaphic seasonal variations in water table level, soil salinity, pH and RedOx potential. Flooding and soil salinity are strongly correlated to monthly rainfall amounts: dry periods lead to high salinity and to a decrease in water table level under the soil surface. Seasonal environmental stresses lead to a decrease of primary production. Cambial growth was strongly correlated to monthly precipitation and average wind speed. In mangrove stations, edaphic drought determines primary production of mangrove trees, when, in swamp forest stations, atmospheric drought determines an important part of P. officinalis’ primary production.During the dry season, water stress is the more important environmental stress, both by the decrease in soil humidity and the increase in soil salinity, and leads to physiological strains (stomatal adjustment, loss of leaf area and hydraulic conductivity) for mangrove trees. Ionic toxicity of ions Na+ and Cl- also explains a part of the strain on carbon assimilation. During the dry season, re oxygenation of soils via low water table level does not lead to an increase of physiological traits. Thus, maximum cambial growth of all species is observed during the rainy season, when salinity is low and water table level is high.Flooded coastal forest’s species do not have the same ability to recover after a dry episode. In all the studied stations, A. germinans’ cambial growth rises back as soon as the rainy season starts, when, for one station, cambial growth of L. racemosa and R. mangle stay null during the three first month of the rainy season. This low ability to recover after a dry episode is correlated to a stronger impact of the dry season on the physiological traits of these two species.The greenhouse experiment shows that salinity variation patterns are to be taken into consideration for explaining seedlings’ growth and salinity tolerance. A stronger salinity increase impacts the growth of all the studied species; a punctual drop of salinity highlights that flooded coastal forest’s species differ in ability to take advantage of a low salinity episode. These results are coherent with field observations as cambial growth was fairly explained by monthly precipitation.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0674/document