![]() | Copy of resignation letter from John F. Stevens to President Theodore Roosevelt Auteur(s) : Stevens, John F. (John Frank), 1853-1943 ( Author, Primary ) Résumé : (Biographical) From Wikipedia: John Frank Stevens (25 April 1853 – 2 June 1943) was an American engineer who built the Great Northern Railway in the United States and was chief engineer on the Panama Canal between 1905 and 1907. Biography: Stevens was born in rural Maine, near West Gardiner to John Stevens, a tanner and farmer, and Harriet Leslie French. He attended Maine State Normal School (now the University of Maine at Farmington) for two years. At the conclusion of his schooling in 1873, bleak economic conditions held little promise of a job, and he chose to go west. Entry into the field of civil engineering evolved from his experience in the Minneapolis city engineer's office. For two years he carried out a variety of engineering tasks, including surveying and building railroads, and at the same time gained experience and an understanding of the subject. He became a practical engineer, self-taught and driven by a self-described "bull-dog tenacity of purpose." In 1878 Stevens married Harriet T. O'Brien. They had five children, two of whom died in infancy.
By the age of 33, in 1886, Stevens was principal assistant engineer for the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, and in charge of building the line from Duluth, Minnesota to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Although a large part of his work involved surveying, he assisted in all phases of railroading: reconnaissance, locating, organizing, and construction.
In 1889, Stevens was hired by James J. Hill as a locating engineer for the Great Northern Railway.
Stevens earned wide acclaim in 1889 when he explored Marias Pass, Montana, and determined its practicability for a railroad. Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota, and supervised construction of the Oregon Trunk Line. Hill promoted him to chief engineer in 1895, and later to general manager. During his time at the Great Northern, Stevens built over a thousand miles of railroad, including the original Cascade Tunnel. Stevens Pass in the Cascade Range was named for him. (Most other Pacific Northwest landmarks with the word "Stevens" are named after Isaac Stevens, who is of no relation.)
Panama Canal:
Stevens left the Great Northern in 1903 for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, where he was promoted to vice-president. Then, in 1905, at Hill's recommendation, he was hired by Theodore Roosevelt as chief engineer on the Panama Canal.
Stevens' primary achievement in Panama was to build the infrastructure needed for the completion of the canal. "The digging," he said, "is the least thing of all." He proceeded immediately to build warehouses, machine shops, and piers. Communities for the personnel were planned and built to include housing, schools, hospitals, churches, and hotels. He authorized extensive sanitation and mosquito-control programs that eliminated yellow fever and other diseases from the Isthmus. Reflecting his background, he saw the early stage of the canal project itself as primarily a problem in railroad engineering, which included rebuilding the Panama Railway and devising a rail-based system for disposing of the soil from the excavations. Stevens argued the case against a sea level canal like the French had tried to build. He successfully convinced Theodore Roosevelt of the necessity of a high-level canal built with dams and locks.
Resignation:
Stevens resigned suddenly from the Canal project in 1907 to Roosevelt's great annoyance, as the focus of the work turned to construction of the canal itself. As a railroad engineer, Stevens had little expertise in building locks and dams, and probably realized he was no longer the best person for the remainder of the job. Stevens would also have been aware that the original great Cascade Tunnel, for which he was responsible, was in hindsight built in error too close to the ruling grade and was perhaps turning from a credit to a debit. The true reasons for his resignation have never been known.
Subsequent career:
Following the collapse of Imperial Russia in 1917, leaders of the provisional government appealed to President Wilson for help with their transportation systems. Stevens was selected to chair a board of prominent U.S. railroad experts sent to Russia to rationalize and manage a system that was in disarray; among his work was on the Trans-Siberian Railway. After the overthrow of the provisional government, the board's work ceased. Stevens remained in Allied-occupied Manchuria and in 1919 headed the Inter-Allied Technical Board charged with the administration and operation of the Chinese Eastern and Siberian railways. He remained in an advisory capacity until occupying Allied troops were withdrawn; he finally left in 1923. After his return to the United States Stevens continued to work as a consulting engineer, ending his career in Baltimore in the early 1930s. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal in 1930. He then retired to Southern Pines, North Carolina, where he died at the age of 90 in 1943. Digital version only, no paper copy in collection archives. Droits : This item is presumed to be in the public domain. The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions may require permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact Digital Services (UFDC@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029596/00001 | Partager |
![]() | Autre vue du Dépôt des Travaux Publics du Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11248 | Partager |
![]() | Vue vers le Fort Picolet au Fond Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11558 | Partager |
![]() | Pompe Diesel du Cap. Simbil et A droite ancienne porte coloniale d'admission Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11266 | Partager |
![]() | Progress towards the establishment of a Caribbean Food Corporation ; Annex 1 : Some salient features of the proposed Caribbean Food Corporation Auteur(s) : Caribbean Community. Second Meeting of the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Agriculture, Belmopan, Belize, 25th-27th June 1975 Éditeur(s) : Caribbean Community Secretariat Caribbean Community Secretariat ( Georgetown ) Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution. MA 75/2/9 http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00014815/00001 | Partager |
![]() | Rue "L" Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7691 | Partager |
![]() | Pont Provisoir de la Rue 2 Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7723 | Partager |
![]() | Nouveau revêtement de section de la route Lascahobas Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7728 | Partager |
![]() | Réparations au pont en fer de la Rue 2 Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7724 | Partager |
![]() | Methodology of participatory plant breeding (PPB) in Cuba Auteur(s) : Martinez Cruz, Michel Année de publication : Loading the player... Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation INCA 5Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas), Cuba Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS Description : The methodology is supported on the basis of the experience acquired by a group of researchers, farmers and technicians from Cuba in the implementation of Participatory Plant Breeding. The proposal presents a number of methodological considerations with the necessary flexibility to allow proper application of the method and follows a logical sequence of activities to be executed in a manner that facilitates their implementation in various contexts in which it is of interest to apply. Its implementation, as such, is a learning process in action for all actors involved in it; also enables participants to understand the scale of the needs of the producers and breeding programs and dissemination of varieties in terms of the real interest of these. The methodology has 4 main phases: 1) diagnosis, 2) Collection of plant genetic resources, 3) Establishment of demonstration plots and development diversity fairs and 4) farmer experimentation. Besides the four basic stages of Participatory Plant Breeding in Cuba other tools that allowed the PPB constitute a successful process were used, these tools are: action learning as interest Schools Farmers Festivals innovation, exchange visits and retreats, capacity building of students on stage in local innovation and creation of local seed banks. Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21 Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16317 V16317 | Partager |
![]() | Pont Colette Près de Fort Liberté Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7707 | Partager |
![]() | National culture policy of the Commonwealth of Dominica Auteur(s) : Bully, Anita Bully, Alwyn Pestaina, Judith, reviewers Andrew, Huguette Marie, McCathy Satney, Frances Ann Francis Lawrence, Raymond Douglas, Eishenhower Éditeur(s) : Dominica. Minstry of Community Development, Gender Affairs and Information Dominica. Minstry of Community Development, Gender Affairs and Information Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program. Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution. CULTURAL POLICY | Partager |
![]() | Dépôt des Travaux Publics du Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11249 | Partager |
![]() | Rue "A" du Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11240 | Partager |
![]() | Ecole Industrielle du Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7751 | Partager |
![]() | Sexual and Gender Minorities Baseline: The Situation in Guyana Auteur(s) : Magda Fiona Wills Éditeur(s) : UNDP Guyana UNDP Guyana ( Guyana ) Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program. While the global response to HIV and AIDS has realized several successes in achieving universal access to prevention, care and treatment to date, challenges persist in ensuring equal access to these services for most at risk populations. The epidemiology of HIV reflects a stark disparity in access to prevention and treatment services for neglected most-at risk populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). World-wide, MSM often experience higher rates of HIV relative to the total population. The reasons for this dynamic are multi-faceted and include high risk behaviors, and cultural as well as structural barriers. For MSM in developing countries, for example, basic services for prevention and treatment of HIV infection have yet to reach the large majority of men. Homophobia and discrimination limit access of MSM to prevention services and markedly increase vulnerability, as do criminalization of same-sex behavior. Decriminalization of same-sex behavior is a structural intervention for prevention of HIV infection and has recently been embraced by a nonbinding statement from the United Nations (Beyrer C,Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15;50 Suppl 3:S108-13) In the Caribbean, all of the above mentioned barriers exist. In fact, recent evidence demonstrates that there is a correlation between the decriminalization of homosexuality and lower rates of HIV (UNAIDS). This correlation is attributed to improved access to services. Therefore, The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has recently launched an initiative to address the current situation regarding men who have sex with men in Guyana where the HIV prevalence in this population is 19.4% in contrast to 1.8% in the total population. This rapid assessment has been commissioned to supplement two previous studies that were conducted in Guyana in informing the design of upcoming activities to support local capacity building to enhance access to services and respect for the human rights protections for MSM. Unfortunately, in Guyana, like much of the Caribbean, MSM tend to be a hard to reach population, perhaps due to elevated levels of stigma and discrimination and difficulty in accessing men who might participate in high risk same sex behaviors yet do not self-identify as an MSM. As a result, there is a relative paucity of data concerning the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of this total population in Guyana. (i.e. those who self –identify and those who do not) The baseline report is organized as follows: the methodology is explained followed by the study limitations, the review (literature and desk). The report then proceeds with describing the reality of work and working with sexual and gender minorities in Guyana, the status quo and entry points. The main findings of the capacity assessment and focus groups are then discussed. Issues relating to the uniformed forces and health services providers are then presented followed by discussions and conclusions. Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution. | Partager |
![]() | Dépôt des Travaux Publics du Cap Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11247 | Partager |
![]() | Bureau des Travaux Publics de Cap-Haïtien Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11244 | Partager |
![]() | Ecole des Frères en construction Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 11.858 | Partager |
![]() | Réparations au Pont en fer de la rue 2 Auteur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti ) Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials. Haiti Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti. 7728 | Partager |