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Caribbean Island Tourism: Pathway to Continued Colonial Servitude
Auteur(s) : Wong, Alfred

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Tourism has been an important component of Caribbean island economy for more than three decades. The business model is based largely on the deployment of low-wage workers in destination surroundings which mimic the past colonial plantation era. Moreover, mass tourism has resulted in stretching the carrying capacity of some smaller island states to the limiting end. Large trans-national tourism corporations operating cruise ships and/or hotels are coercing sovereign governments to offer ever more fiscal concessions as incentives for business continuation. Additionally as the competition for tourism revenue is heightened by destinations outside the Caribbean, regional states are struggling to find new means to maintain and expand the tourism trade. Alternative tourism venues such as sex, gambling, tax evasion, medical, sports, culture and ecology are being implemented. Some of these offerings are indeed degrading to the people and their cultural tradition. And they do not improve the economic well-being of the people satisfactorily. A new strategy to replace classical as well as alternative tourism is urgently needed.
Le tourisme est une activité essentielle dans l'économie des îles de la Caraïbe depuis plus de trois décennies. Le modèle économique repose en grande partie sur la présence d'une main-d'œuvre insulaire peu coûteuse qui s'inscrit dans le prolongement des économies coloniales construites sur les plantations. Le tourisme de masse rencontre des limites en matière de capacité de charge sur les plus petits Etats insulaires. Les grandes sociétés transnationales de tourisme qui contrôlent les bateaux de croisières ou les hôtels contraignent les gouvernements souverains à faire toujours plus de concessions fiscales. La concurrence entre les destinations de la Caraïbe est exacerbée par la concurrence internationale autour des revenus du tourisme. Les Etats de la région peinent à trouver de nouvelles ressources pour maintenir et développer le secteur du tourisme. Les offres alternatives, entre le sexe, le jeu, l'évasion fiscale, le médical, le sport, la culture et l'écologie sont mises en œuvre. Certaines de ces offres sont, en effet, dégradantes pour les personnes et leur tradition culturelle et n'améliorent pas le bien-être économique de la population de manière satisfaisante. Une nouvelle stratégie pour remplacer le tourisme balnéaire classique ainsi que le tourisme alternative du moment s'impose d'urgence.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7524
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7524

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In situ record of sedimentary processes near the Rhone River mouth during winter events (Gulf of Lions, Mediterranean Sea)
Auteur(s) : Marion, C. Dufois, Francois Arnaud, Mireille Vella, C.

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : The environment is impacted by natural and anthropogenic disturbances that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, and that lead to major changes and even disequilibria when exceeding the resiliency capacities of the ecosystem. With an annual mean flow of 1700 m(3) s(-1), the Rhone River is the largest of the western Mediterranean basin. Its annual solid discharges vary between 2 and 20 Mt, with flood events responsible for more than 70% of these amounts. In the marine coastal area, close to the mouth, both flocculation and aggregation lead to the formation of fine-grained deposits, i.e. the prodelta. This area is characterized by sediment accumulation rates up to 20-50 cm yr(-1) and high accumulations of particle reactive contaminants such as various man-made radionuclides released into the river by nuclear facilities or arising form prior atmospheric nuclear tests (1954-1980) and the Chernobyl accident (April 1986). This prodelta, however, cannot be considered as a permanent repository for particle reactive pollutants since it is subjected to reworking processes. Sediment dynamics had to be linked to the influences of hydrodynamic and atmospheric events such as high flow rates or storms close to the Rhone River mouth. An experiment was carried out during the winter 2006 based on the deployment of two ADCPs and six altimeters at the Grand Rhone mouth for several months. This type of installation has never been used before in this area because of the hard meteorological conditions and the strong fishing activities. However, results showed pluricentimetric rises of the sedimentary level just after river flood events and decreases during storms, generated by southeast winds. Radiotracers and grain size depth profiles helped to characterise the studied events and to establish inventories of sediments and radionuclides. A cruise (CARMEX) was carried out during this same period to collect water samples, suspended particles and sediment cores. The results enabled us to link both river flow and wind characteristics to events recorded on the sea floor, i.e. resuspension, accumulation, consolidation, etc. Deposits of 11 cm of sediments were estimated during flood periods and bottom shear stresses up to 5 N m(-2) were calculated during sediment erosion phases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Continental Shelf Research (0278-4343) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2010-05 , Vol. 30 , N. 9 , P. 1095-1107

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00006/11695/8479.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2010.02.015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00006/11695/

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Dredged rocks from the armorican and celtic margins
Auteur(s) : Auffret, Gérard-andré Pastouret, Léo Cassat, G. De Charpal, O. Cravatte, J. Guennoc, P.

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Le genre Hymenaster (Astérides) dans l'océan Atlantique
Auteur(s) : Sibuet, Myriam

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Échinodermes de la mer d'Alboran
Auteur(s) : Sibuet, Myriam

Éditeur(s) : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Résumé : During the " Jean Charcot " cruise Polymed II, 18 species of the 5 classes of Echinodermata have been collected in 15 samples from the bathyal zone of the Alboran sea. Most species are already known from the Mediterranean and the North East Atlantic. Some rare species (Odontaster mediterranea, Ophiactis balli) have been collected, and two others (Neocomatella europaea. Henricia abyssalis) are recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean. Endemic distributions of Ceramaster hystricis and Ophiocten abyssicolum are discussed. The Echinoderms population of the Alboran sea is noteworthy for its Atlantic characteristic, which is besides, dominating in the North part of this area. The atlantic biogeographical relationships of the Echinoderm fauna of the Alboran sea is especially perceptible in the northern part of the basin. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Lors de la campagne Polymède II du " Jean Charcot ", 18 espèces appartenant aux cinq classes d'Échinodermes ont été récoltées dans 15 prélèvements effectués dans l'étage bathyal de la mer d'Alboran. La plupart des espèces sont connues à la fois de la Méditerranée et des côtes européennes et africaines de l'Atlantique. On peut signaler la récolte d'espèces considérées comme rares en Méditerranée (Odontaster mediterranea, Ophiactis balli) et d'autres nouvelles pour cette mer (Neocomatella europaea, Henricia abyssalis). L'endémisme de deux espèces Ceramaster hystricis et Ophiocten abyssicolum est rediscuté. La faune échinologique de la mer d'Alboran se caractérise par sa dominance atlantique par ailleurs plus sensible au nord qu'au sud. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]
Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle), 1974-08 , Vol. 3 , N. 231 , P. 25-34

Droits : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1974/publication-4975.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4975/

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The Kramis fan offshore western Algeria: the role of sediment waves in turbiditic levee growth
Auteur(s) : Babonneau, Nathalie Cattaneo, Antonio Savoye, Bruno Barjavel, Guy Deverchere, Jacques Yelles, Karim

Éditeur(s) : Society for Sedimentary Geology
Résumé : The Kramis deep-sea fan extends over 45 km at the base of the western Algerian continental slope between 2000 and 2550 m water depth and covers an area of approximately 1200 km2. The Kramis Fan was initiated after Messinian time, evolved during the Plio-Quaternary, and, is still active, as proved by submarine cable breaks during the 1954 Orléansville earthquake. The Kramis Fan is fed by two perpendicular canyons: the Kramis Canyon and the Khadra Canyon, merging in a single E–W-oriented channel confined at the foot of the slope. It is strongly asymmetric with a super-developed levee on the right-hand side of the channel, the Kramis Ridge. Based on recent multibeam, side-scan sonar, and sediment core data (Maradja, 2003 and 2005, Prisma, 2004, and Prisme, 2007 cruises), we describe the morphology and internal structure of the fan and particularly the sediment ridge, showing marked lateral changes in the sediment-wave morphology and their association with a series of large scours in the intermediate part of the ridge aligned in the continuity of the Khadra Canyon direction. Overall, the Kramis Ridge is formed by turbidity currents overspilling the ridge crest, which is 100 m above the channel floor, with two exceptions. In the distal part of the ridge the subdued ridge-crest height probably causes continuous overspill, testified by sediment waves migrating parallel to the channel. The scours occur in the intermediate part of the ridge where the ridge height is only 50–60 m; scours are interpreted as the result of cyclic steps due to flow stripping of currents provided by the intersection of the Khadra Canyon with the Kramis Canyon and Channel system. The scours probably postdate the main growth of the Kramis Ridge and induce the local erosion of the ridge, which could correspond to a new channel initiation cutting the ridge. The superposition or the interaction of flows with different directions is responsible of the amplification of the size of the sediment waves with erosional downside flanks and their transformation in scours. The Kramis Fan provides a clear example of flow interaction to explain the presence of large sediment waves and scours on modern submarine fans.
SEPM Special Publication (1060-071X) (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 2012 , Vol. 99 , P. 293-308

Droits : 2012 SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00129/24021/21978.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00129/24021/

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The influence of Congo River discharges in the surface and deep layers of the Gulf of Guinea
Auteur(s) : Vangriesheim, Annick Pierre, C Aminot, Alain Metzl, N Baurand, F Caprais, Jean-claude

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The main feature of the Congo-Angola margin in the Gulf of Guinea is the Congo (ex-Zaire) deep-sea fan composed of a submarine canyon directly connected to the Congo River, a channel and a [sediment] lobe area. During the multi-disciplinary programme called BIOZAIRE conducted by Ifremer from 2000 to 2005, two CTD-O2 sections with discrete water column samples were performed (BIOZAIRE3 cruise: 2003-2004) to study the influence of the Congo River discharges, both in the surface layer and in the deep and near-bottom layers. The surface layer water is greatly diluted with river water that has a heavy particle load. The deep layer is affected by episodic turbidity currents that flow in the deep Congo channel and reach deep areas far from the coast. Previous studies revealed deep anomalies in oxygen (deficit) and nutrient (excess) concentrations at not, vert, similar4000 m depth and assumed that they resulted from mineralisation of the particulate organic matter from the Congo River. The BIOZAIRE3 sections were designed to explore these phenomena in more detail near the Congo channel. Oxygen and nutrients were measured as well as additional parameters, including stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon and pH. For the surface layer, the effect of the Congo River was studied with reference to salinity. Deviations from the theoretical dilution of various inorganic solutes suggested the occurrence of mineralisation and consumption processes. For the deep layer, the network of CTD-O2 stations gave a more detailed description of the deep anomalies than in previous studies. From the east-west section, anomalies appeared on the bottom at 4000 m depth and became slightly shallower when they spread to the west. They were also present north and south on the bottom along the 4000 m isobath. In these deep waters, the decrease in the o13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon confirmed that the mineralisation of organic matter plays a role in generating these anomalies. The location of the origin of this deep anomaly is debated. Here, arguments are given in favour of mineralisation of the particulate organic matter input that overflows from the Congo channel at not, vert, similar4000 m depth during turbidity current events. Other authors suggest that this input comes from downslope particle transport. Anomalies of the same origin, but weaker, also occurred deeper on the Congo lobe, where the Congo channel ends, but with a significant pH decrease on the bottom which was not seen at 4000 m depth.
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (0967-0645) (Elsevier), 2009-11 , Vol. 56 , N. 23 , P. 2183-2196

Droits : 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6737.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.04.002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6737/

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Mass-transport deposits and fluid venting in a transform margin setting, the eastern Demerara Plateau (French Guiana)
Auteur(s) : Pattier, France Loncke, L. Gaullier, V. Basile, C. Maillard, Alexandre Imbert, Patrice Roest, Walter Vendeville, B. C.

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Searching for the Africa-Eurasia Miocene boundary offshore western Algeria (MARADJA'03 cruise)
Auteur(s) : Domzig, Anne Yelles, Karim Le Roy, Charlotte Deverchere, Jacques Bouillin, Jean-pierre Bracene, Rabah De Lepinay, Bernard Mercier Le Roy, Pascal

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Affleurements des roches profondes de la croûte océanique et du manteau sur le mur sud de la fracture Kane (Atlantique central) : observations par submersible
Auteur(s) : Auzende, Jean-marie Cannat, M Gente, Pascal Henriet, Jean-pierre Juteau, Thierry Karson, J Lagabrielle, Yves Mevel, Christophe

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Victor 6000: New high resolution tools for deep sea research. « Module de Mesures en Route »
Auteur(s) : Simeoni, Patrick Sarrazin, Jozee Nouze, Herve Sarradin, Pierre-marie Ondreas, Helene Scalabrin, Carla Sinquin, Jean-marc

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Conclusions sur la détermination de la microfaune
Auteur(s) : Le Calvez, Y. Pastouret, Léo

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Dragons et lagons en Indonésie : tourisme et patrimoine sur l’île de Komodo
Auteur(s) : Michel, Franck

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En Indonésie orientale, entre l’île de Sumbawa et celle de Florès, se trouve le parc national de Komodo, du nom de la principale île habitée par les fameux varans, un superbe espace naturel désormais préservé par l’UNESCO et entouré de récifs coralliens. Quelques familles de pêcheurs, la plupart musulmans, peuplent ce petit archipel aujourd’hui prisé par les touristes internationaux pour ses dragons et ses lagons. En réalité, les varans géants de Komodo ne sont pas les derniers témoins de la préhistoire, mais d’énormes lézards, impressionnants, très photogéniques et parfois dangereux.Un endroit idéal pour s’adonner à une forme singulière de tourisme d’aventure, même s’il est aujourd’hui plus de masse que de niche. Entre une plage balnéaire et une balade en mini croisière, quelques dizaines de milliers de touristes annuels viennent approcher ces drôles de dragons qui effraient autant qu’ils fascinent les visiteurs. Aussi, promeneurs, baigneurs et excursionnistes se croisent — le temps d’un frisson bien encadré, il est vrai dans un décor de rêve — dans ce parc national, tous animés par les mêmes volontés et curiosité de « voir pour de vrai » cette créature étrange qui stimule notre imaginaire rempli de dinosaures.
In eastern Indonesia, between the island of Sumbawa and Flores that, is the Komodo National Park, named after the main island where the famous lizards are found, a beautiful natural area now protected by UNESCO and surrounded by reefs coral. Some families of fishermen, most Muslims inhabit this small archipelago prized today by international tourists for its dragons and lagoons. In reality, the giant Komodo dragons are the last witnesses of prehistory but huge lizards, impressive, photogenic and sometimes dangerous.An ideal place to indulge in a singular form of adventure tourism, although it is now more mass than niche. Between a seaside beach and a leisurely mini cruise, tens of thousands of annual tourists come to approach these funny dragons that scare as they fascinate visitors. Also, walkers, swimmers and hikers cross - time for a well supported thrill, it is true in a dream setting - in this national park, all driven by the same desire and curiosity to "see for real" this creature strange that stimulates our imagination filled with dinosaurs.
Indonésie
Komodo
Bali

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7577
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7577

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Pêches planctoniques, superficielles et profondes, en méditerranée occidentale (Campagne de la « Thalassa » janvier 1961 entre les îles Baléares, la Sardaigne et l'Algérois). Répartition quantitative du zooplancton, Copépodes, Chaetognathes
Auteur(s) : Furnestin, Marie-louise Arnaud, J. Mazza, J.

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The "Thalassa" undertook a cruise to measure hydrological parameters between the coasts of Algeria and the 40th parallel. A series of deep-sea samples were taken at successive depths to study zooplankton, which has been little studied in this region (Fig. A)....
La «Thalassa» a procédé en janvier 1961 à une campagne hydrologique entre la côte algérienne et le 40 parallèle. Dans son programme a été incluse une série de pêches profondes, par paliers successifs, qu'il nous a paru intéressant de faire en cette région où le zooplancton n'a été jusqu'ici que très peu étudié (fig. A). Cette opération devait être effectuée avec le filet préconisé par la Commission internationale pour l'Exploration de la Méditerranée, mais la perte de cet engin quelques jours plus tôt obligea à utiliser un filet fermant « Discovery ». De toute manière, les échantillons ainsi prélevés étant comparables entre eux, il nous était possible d'évaluer la richesse relative des différents niveaux prospectés. On ne pouvait s'attendre à trouver dans ce secteur de haute mer une variété et une densité du même ordre que celle des secteurs périphériques, sachant qu'en cette région les courants et autres échanges hydrologiques sont moindres qu'au voisinage des côtes ou dans les golfes comme ceux de Gênes ou du Lion. L'hydrologie faite par J. FURNESTIN et Ch. ALLAIN (1962) est venue renforcer cette opinion. Si les mélanges et les mouvements des eaux de divers types y sont d'un grand intérêt, ils se manifestent surtout en profondeur, au-dessous de 1 000 m et leur résonance en surface est affaiblie; quant à la couche superficielle, elle est, là comme ailleurs, influencée par les dérivations du courant atlantique qui n'y provoquent pas de contrastes aussi nets qu'à la périphérie du Bassin. C'est sans doute, compte tenu de l'imperfection qui s'attache aux pêches profondes avec l'engin de faible rendement qu'est le filet à plancton, la raison pour laquelle l'analyse quantitative du zooplancton aussi bien que celle des groupes particulièrement examinés ici (Copépodes et Chaetognathes) ne nous a apporté que des résulta ts relativement banals, Et ceux-ci seraient en somme assez décevants si, par certaines anomalies de la répartition des espèces, ils ne venaient confirmer la valeur des planctontes en tant qu'indicateurs des phénomènes hydrologiques méditerranéens (courant superficiel et mouvements profonds de convection). (OCR non contrôlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1962-09 , Vol. 26 , N. 3 , P. 320-368

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1962/publication-4191.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4191/

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Premières observations sur la morphologie et les processus sédimentaires récents de l'Éventail celtique
Auteur(s) : Auffret, Gérard-andré Zaragosi, S Voisset, Michel Droz, Laurence Loubrieu, Benoit Pelleau, Pascal Savoye, R Bourillet, Jean-francois

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : During the SEDIFAN 1 cruise we surveyed the bathymetry and the acoustic properties of the surface sediment of the Celtic Deep Sea Fan. We also collected Kullenberg cores in order to study recent sedimentary processes. From the bathymetry survey it is relatively easy to recognize the main areas of modern fan. The upper fan included a large sedimentary ridge which constitutes the right levee of the prominent meandering Whittard valley. After its confluence with the Shamrock valley the course of the Whittard valley is abruptly deflected to the south. At a short distance to the south the valley divides into two upper-fan channels, the Celtic channel to the west being the deeper one. This point constitutes the centre of a radiating pattern which is developed on a 150 degrees quadrant and a radius of about 100 km. The acoustic imagery displays contrasted features, related to change in lithology within the first metre beneath the sea bottom and to the sea floor roughness. The Austell ridge exhibits a contrasted pattern of elongated areas with high and low acoustic backscattering levels. This pattern is related to the development of abyssal dunes, the amplitude of which is of metric order. Particularly remarkable is a lobe-shaped low back-scattering area in the western part of the middle fan, also noteworthy are a lineated facies to the west and a braided facies to the east of the fan. The laminated silty-clayey sequences deposited on the Whittard ridge and on the Trevelyan levee were deposited during the deglaciation. We interpret these as turbidity currents overflow deposits from the Whittard valley. At the end of isotopic stage 3 and during stage 2, the English Channel was a large plain flooded by the Channel River. During this period a broad delta developed at 100 m below the present-day depth and a wide spectrum of material was bound to be supplied to the deep sea and contributed particularly to the deposition of the Whittard ridge silty-clayey sequences. The stage 2 deposits are characterized by rhythmic levels enriched in monosulfides. These types of deposits are common in areas affected by fluvial discharges. Excluding the sedimentary ridge and the channel levees the surface deposits sampled with the Kullenberg corer are sandy. These sands are deposited in various contexts on the interfluve between the western and eastern channels and at channel mouths. They were emplaced during high sea level stands as a result of high energy gravity processes. The precise sources of these sands have not yet been identified, however benthic foraminifers from included ooze pebbles have living depths of between 500 and 1 000 m. The gravity processes which eroded this marry ooze may have been triggered on the upper slope. The Celtic shelf is presently a high energy platform where the conjunction of storms and spring tides call lead to enhanced sediment transport from near-shore to the deep sea. The relict or palimpsest deposits of the glacial delta also constitute a large reservoir of sandy material which can also be subject to reworking.
Le programme Enam 2 (European North Atlantic Margin) concerne l'étude des processus sédimentaires quaternaires du Spitzberg au golfe de Gascogne. Dans le cadre de ce programme, la reconnaissance de l'Éventail profond celtique était l'objectif de la campagne Sedifan 1 au cours de laquelle nous avons établi la morphologie de l'éventail et obtenu une image acoustique des fonds sédimentaires. La morphologie permet de mettre en évidence une organisation en éventail. On note aussi le développement remarquable d'une ride sédimentaire au niveau de l'éventail supérieur. Les sédiments prélevés révèlent la présence de dépôts sableux, témoins d'une activité récente qui pourrait être liée à l'importance de l'hydrodynamisme sur les Grands Bancs de la plate-forme celtique.
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Elsevier), 2000 , Vol. 23 , N. 1 , P. 109-116

Droits : 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/publication-525.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0399-1784(00)00116-X
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/525/

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