Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :   Diplôme : DEA
il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATION
Links between architectural stages of development (ASD), photosynthetic capacities and leaf characteristics in Tachigali melinonii (Caesalpiniaceae) were investigated in the tropical forest of French Guiana. Three ASD were sampled under three light conditions to elucidate the impact of ASD- and light-related changes on photosynthetic functional traits. Photosynthetic parameters (maximum rate in RubisCO carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) were estimated by adjusting a biochemical model (Farquhar et al., 1980) to response curves of CO2 assimilation rate to intercellular CO2 concentration, under saturated light. In addition, N and C foliar concentrations were analysed and N allocations to the carboxylation and bioenergetic processus of photosynthesis were calculated using the model of Niinemets and Tenhunen (1997). The variations in ecophysiological parameters observed were due to leaf anatomical and structural changes instead of changes in photosynthetic components, suggesting adjustments to light conditions. Tachigali melinonii thus appears to display morphological and anatomical plasticity at different ASDs and under different light conditions.
Une espèce forestière de Guyane Française, Tachigali melinonii (Caesalipiniaceae), a été choisie afin de regarder la variation des traits fonctionnels relatifs à la photosynthèse en fonction de la disponibilité en lumière et en fonction de son stade de développement architectural. Du fait du tempérament de l'espèce vis-à-vis de la lumière de type «struggling gambler» (ombrage nécessaire aux jeunes stades puis développement en pleine lumière), trois stades clefs de développement parmi la séquence de différenciation de l'espèce ainsi que trois environnements lumineux ont été choisis. Les capacités photosynthétiques foliaires ont été estimées à partir de l'ajustement de paramètres du modèle biochimique de photosynthèse foliaire (Farquhar et al. 1980) sur des courbes de réponses de l'assimilation de CO² (A) à des concentrations intracellulaires en CO² (Ci) croissantes, en condition de lumière saturante. La vitesse maximale de carboxylation Vcmax et le flux maximal d'électrons photosynthétiques Jmax ont ainsi été estimés et ensuite reliés aux caractéristiques structurales foliaires, notamment la concentration en azote, en carbone ainsi qu'avec la densité et l’épaisseur. Les fractions d'azote allouées aux processus photosynthétiques de carboxylation et de bioénergétique ont été calculées. Des variations, dues à un effet du stade de développement sur les paramètres étudiés ainsi qu’à un effet de la quantité de lumière disponible, ont été constatées. Ces variations sont surtout liées à des ajustements anatomiques et structuraux foliaires et non à des modifications de l’appareil photosynthétique. Tachigali melinonii semble donc modifier ses caractéristiques structurales foliaires en fonction de son stade de développement, ce qui suppose un contrôle ontogénique partiel, et en fonction de la disponibilité en lumière.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189520

hal-01189520
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189520
PRODINRA : 44951

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : absent
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01032265
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032265
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2005048

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : We characterised the among species variability in leaf gas exchange and morphological traits under controlled conditions of seedlings of 22 tropical rainforest canopy species to understand the origin of the variability in leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) among species with different growth and dynamic characteristics (successional gradient). Our results first suggest that these species pursue a consistent strategy in terms of (Delta) throughout their ontogeny (juveniles grown here versus canopy adult trees from the natural forest). Second, leaf (Delta) was negatively correlated with WUE and N, and positively correlated with gs, but among species differences in (Delta) were mainly explained by differences in WUE. Finally, species belonging to different successional groups display distinct leaf functional and morphological traits. We confirmed that fast growing early successional species maximise carbon assimilation with high stomatal conductance. In contrast, fast and slow growing late successional species are both characterised by low carbon assimilation values, but by distinct stomatal conductance and leaf morphological features. Along the successional gradient, these differences result in much lower (Delta) for the intermediate species (i.e. fast growing late successional) as compared to the two other groups.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01032038
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032038
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2006101

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge. We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats (terra firme forests on clay-rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white-sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community leaf and wood functional composition. Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil-nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from environmental data alone.Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white-sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01204211
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204211
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2745.12160
PRODINRA : 259900

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1. Functional traits provide insight into a variety of ecological questions, yet the optimal sampling method to estimate the community-level distribution of plant functional trait values remains a subject of debate, especially in species-rich forests. 2. We present a simulation analysis of the trait distribution of a set of nine completely sampled permanent plots in the lowland rain forests of French Guiana. 3. Increased sampling intensity consistently improved accuracy in estimating community-weighted means and variances of functional trait values, whereas there was substantial variation among functional traits and minor differences among sampling strategies. 4. Thus, investment in intensified sampling yields a greater improvement in the accuracy of estimation than does an equivalent investment in sampling design complication. 5. Notably, 'taxon-free' strategies frequently had greater accuracy than did abundance-based strategies, which had the additional cost of requiring botanical surveys. 6. We conclude that there is no substitute for extensive field sampling to accurately characterize the distribution of functional trait values in species-rich forests.
ISSN: 0269-8463

hal-01536541
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536541
PRODINRA : 343202
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2435.12433

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : Plant leaf litter generally decomposes faster as a group of different species than when individual species decompose alone, but underlyingmechanisms of these diversity effects remain poorly understood. Because resource C : N: P stoichiometry (i.e. the ratios of these key elements) exhibits strong control on consumers, we supposed that stoichiometric dissimilarity of litter mixtures (i.e. the divergence in C : N: P ratios among species) improves resource complementarity to decomposers leading to faster mixture decomposition. We tested this hypothesis with: (i) a wide range of leaf litter mixtures of neotropical tree species varying in C : N: P dissimilarity, and (ii) a nutrient addition experiment (C, N and P) to create stoichiometric similarity. Litter mixtures decomposed in the field using two different types of litterbags allowing or preventing access to soil fauna. Litter mixture mass loss was higher than expected from species decomposing singly, especially in presence of soil fauna. With fauna, synergistic litter mixture effects increased with increasing stoichiometric dissimilarity of litter mixtures and this positive relationship disappeared with fertilizer addition. Our results indicate that litter stoichiometric dissimilarity drives mixture effects via the nutritional requirements of soil fauna. Incorporating ecological stoichiometry in biodiversity research allows refinement of the underlying mechanisms of how changing biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning.
ISSN: 0962-8452

hal-01204222
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204222
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2014.1682
PRODINRA : 289918

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Negative density dependence (NDD) and environmental filtering (EF) shape community assembly, but their relative importance is poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that seedlings mortality risk is positively related to the phylogenetic relatedness of neighbours. However, natural enemies, whose depredations often cause NDD, respond to functional traits of hosts rather than phylogenetic relatedness per se. To understand the roles of NDD and EF in community assembly, we assessed the effects on seedling mortality of functional similarity, phylogenetic relatedness and stem density of neighbouring seedlings and adults in a species-rich tropical forest. Mortality risks increased for common species when their functional traits departed substantially from the neighbourhood mean, and for all species when surrounded by close relatives. This indicates that NDD affects community assembly more broadly than does EF, and leads to the tentative conclusion that natural enemies respond to phylogenetically correlated traits. Our results affirm the prominence of NDD in structuring species-rich communities.
ISSN: 1461-023X

hal-01032429
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032429
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01705.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : Plant litter diversity effects on decomposition rates are frequently reported, but with a strong bias towards temperate ecosystems. Altered decomposition and nutrient recycling with changing litter diversity may be particularly important in tree species-rich tropical rainforests on nutrient-poor soils. Using 28 different mixtures of leaf litter from 16 Amazonian rainforest tree species, we tested the hypothesis that litter mixture effects on decomposition increase with increasing functional litter diversity. Litter mixtures and all single litter species were exposed in the field for 9 months using custom-made microcosms with soil fauna access. In order to test the hypothesis that the long-term presence of tree species contributing to the litter mixtures increases mixture effects on decomposition, microcosms were installed in a plantation at sites including the respective tree species composition and in a nearby natural forest where these tree species are absent. We found that mixture decomposition deviated from predictions based on single species, with predominantly synergistic effects. Functional litter diversity, defined as either richness, evenness, or divergence based on a wide range of chemical traits, did not explain the observed litter mixture effects. However, synergistic effects in litter mixtures increased with the long-term presence of tree species contributing to these mixtures as the home field advantage hypothesis assumes. Our data suggest that complementarity effects on mixed litter decomposition may emerge through long-term interactions between aboveground and belowground biota.
ISSN: 0029-8549

hal-01032393
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032393
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-011-1966-4

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : We investigated the relationship between habitat association and physiological performance in four congeneric species pairs exhibiting contrasting distributions between seasonally flooded and terra firme habitats in lowland tropical rain forests of French Guiana, including Virola and Iryanthera (Myristicaceae), Symphonia (Clusiaceae), and Eperua (Caesalpiniaceae). We analyzed 10-year data sets of mapped and measured saplings (stems 150 cm in height and <10 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]) and trees (stems 10 cm dbh) across 37.5 ha of permanent plots covering a 300-ha zone, within which seasonally flooded areas (where the water table never descends below 1 m) have been mapped. Additionally, we tested the response of growth, survival, and leaf functional traits of these species to drought and flood stress in a controlled experiment. We tested for habitat preference using a modification of the torus translation method. Strong contrasting associations of the species pairs of Iryanthera, Virola, and Symphonia were observed at the sapling stage, and these associations strengthened for the tree stage. Neither species of Eperua was significantly associated with flooded habitats at the sapling stage, but E. falcata was significantly and positively associated with flooded forests at the tree stage, and trees of E. grandiflora were found almost exclusively in nonflooded habitats. Differential performance provided limited explanatory support for the observed habitat associations, with only congeners of Iryanthera exhibiting divergent sapling survival and tree growth. Seedlings of species associated with flooded forest tended to have higher photosynthetic capacity than their congeners at field capacity. In addition, they tended to have the largest reductions in leaf gas exchange and growth rate in response to experimental drought stress and the least reductions in response to experimental inundation. The corroboration of habitat association with differences in functional traits and, to a lesser extent, measures of performance provides an explanation for the regional coexistence of these species pairs. We suggest that specialization to seasonally flooded habitats may explain patterns of adaptive radiation in many tropical tree genera and thereby provide a substantial contribution to regional tree diversity.
ISSN: 0012-9658

hal-01031746
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01031746

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana.
La ressource forestière en Guyane occupe une place maîtresse au sein de la région et est encore majoritairement préservée, mais la filière bois parvient difficilement à valoriser la biodiversité locale en raison de l’hétérogénéité de la ressource. Identifier les essences à planter demain représente aujourd’hui un enjeu à la fois environnemental, économique et social pour la Guyane. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. et Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. vont à l’encontre des modèles usuels en associant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois et sont identifiées comme prometteuses pour la plantation. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la dynamique de croissance des deux espèces révèle un modèle écologique singulier, à la fois pionnières et longévives. La variabilité de l’infradensité dans l’arbre est l’élément clé qui permet un tel développement, favorisant une croissance rapide dans les premières années tout en assurant la longévité de l’individu. Dans une seconde partie, l’analyse d’un large panel de propriétés du bois (retrait, module, durabilité) en lien avec le développement de l’arbre confirme les qualités technologiques des deux espèces et permet l’émergence de résultats novateurs tels que le rôle des extractibles sur le retrait, le contrôle de la croissance grâce aux variations d’infradensité, l’évolution des traits foliaires au cours de l’ontogénie ou encore la mise en place de contrefil dans l’arbre pour assurer son maintien. La connaissance acquise vis-à-vis du mode de développement de ces deux espèces et des facteurs influençant la qualité de leur bois permet aujourd’hui de définir avec plus de précision le cadre d’un projet de plantation et les conditions de son succès. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement d’orienter la recherche de nouvelles espèces d’avenir pour la plantation en Guyane.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2015YANE0002
tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/file/julie-bossu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1. Arthropods represent most of global biodiversity, with the highest diversity found in tropical rain forests. Nevertheless, we have a very incomplete understanding of how tropical arthropod communities are assembled. 2. We conducted a comprehensive mass sampling of arthropod communities within three major habitat types of lowland Amazonian rain forest, including terra firme clay, white-sand and seasonally flooded forests in Peru and French Guiana. We examined how taxonomic and functional composition (at the family level) differed across these habitat types in the two regions. 3. The overall arthropod community composition exhibited strong turnover among habitats and between regions. In particular, seasonally flooded forest habitats of both regions comprised unique assemblages. Overall, 17.7% (26 of 147) of arthropod families showed significant preferences for a particular habitat type. 4. We present a first reproducible arthropod functional classification among the 147 taxa based on similarity among 21 functional traits describing feeding source, major mouthparts and microhabitats inhabited by each taxon. We identified seven distinct functional groups whose relative abundance contrasted strongly across the three habitats, with sap and leaf feeders showing higher abundances in terra firme clay forest. 5. Our novel arthropod functional classification provides an important complement to link these contrasting patterns of composition to differences in forest functioning across geographical and environmental gradients. This study underlines that both environment and biogeographical processes are responsible for driving arthropod taxonomic composition while environmental filtering is the main driver of the variance in functional composition.
ISSN: 0021-8790

hal-01531619
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531619
PRODINRA : 349695
PUBMED : 26346553
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2656.12445

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Botanical Society of America
Résumé :  
To investigate the existence of coordinated sets of seedling traits adapted to contrasting establishment conditions, we examined evolutionary convergence in seedling traits for 299 French Guianan woody plant species and the stress response in a shadehouse of species representing seed size gradients within five major cotyledon morphology types. The French Guianan woody plant community has larger seeds than other tropical forest communities and the largest proportion of hypogeal cotyledon type (59.2%) reported for tropical forests. Yet the community includes many species with intermediate size seeds that produce seedlings with different cotyledonal morphologies. A split-plot factorial design with two light levels (0.8% and 16.1% PAR) and four damage treatments (control, seed damage, leaf damage, stem damage) was used in the shadehouse experiment. Although larger-seeded species had higher survival and slower growth, these patterns were better explained by cotyledon type than by seed mass. Even larger-seeded species with foliar cotyledons grew faster than species with reserve-type cotyledons, and survival after stem grazing was five times higher in seedlings with hypogeal cotyledons than with epigeal cotyledons. Thus, to predict seedling performance using seed size, seedling morphology must also be considered.
ISSN: 0002-9122

hal-01032177
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032177
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.94.6.901