Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
—Managing spatial reservoirs of malaria infection plays a crucial role in effective disease control. In this paper, a reservoir of infection refers to one or more interconnected subpopulations that sustain the epidemic at the level of the metapopulation to which applying a (linear) control strategy suffices to eradicate the disease in the whole system. We propose a numerical method to explain the steps for identifying reservoirs of malaria infection within n connected regions with the explicit movement of human population from the previous theoretical results in order to design an efficient computational tool. Furthermore, we determine the minimal percentage (critical vaccination fraction) of susceptible individuals in the reservoirs that should be protected to eliminate malaria. The costs and cost-effectiveness of malaria control interventions were analysed considering two strategies of control. (i) protecting the minimal fraction of susceptible individual; (ii) protecting any fraction greater than the minimal fraction. Cost-effectiveness analysis shows that the less cost and more effective strategy is to vaccinate (or protect) the minimal fraction of susceptible human in the reservoir of infection to halt outbreak. A numerical example provides insight into the efficiency of this approach.
IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01683800
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683800
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683800/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01683800/file/ZongoDorvilleGouba28Janvier2017.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Coral reefs are amongst the richest and more emblematic ecosystems of the world. These hotspots of biodiversity provide many services to Human societies, bringing leisure and economic added values. In many areas, especially developing countries, these ecosystems are submitted to both climate change (rise of sea temperature and level, acidification) and human coastal pressures (urbanisation, resources exploitation). In this context, an increasing number of Marine Protected Areas is settled on coral reefs environments in order to ensure their conservation and to mitigate local pressures. Hence, one of MPAs Managers' missions is to bring ecological and social data together to build integrated indicators of effectiveness. In Reunion Island, a MPA called the Marine reserve of La Réunion was settled in 2007 along a densely urbanised and populated fringing reef coast. In order to better evaluate its MPA effectiveness, the manager requires the integration of social stakes to the management plan. A uses monitoring protocol was developed in this purpose using an ultra light aircraft and a camera. Data on 15 different recreational and non-recreational uses were acquired between 2010 and 2013, flying 48 times a year, and entered into a Geographic Information System. A huge resulting database allowed the building of an initial knowledge of the spatio-temporal distribution of uses within the Reserve. It also enabled the analysis of the uses' evolution regarding various factors of variations (amenities, facilities, shark attacks, tourism, etc.). Finally, we assessed the contribution to management efficiency using social indicators (governance, pressure indicators), and to interdisciplinary research in bringing ecologic and uses data together. This thesis brings a brand new information about coastal human activity and spatio-temporal dynamics of direct pressures on reef. This tool, designed to be reproducible and cost-optimized, enables the production of a set of indicators. Its integration to the management plan exclusively depends on the strategic choices of the manager.
Les récifs coralliens figurent parmi les biomes côtiers les plus emblématiques de la planète. Ces points chauds de la biodiversité mondiale sont convoités par les sociétés humaines pour leurs qualités paysagères et leur plus-value économique. Exposés au même titre que de nombreux écosystèmes côtiers aux changements climatiques (élévation de la température, acidification des océans), ils sont de toutes parts soumis à une anthropisation littorale mal maitrisée (urbanisation, surexploitation des ressources). Dans ce contexte, de plus en plus d' Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) s'établissent sur des écosystèmes anthropisés, les amenant à intégrer l'Homme au coeur de la gestion. À La Réunion où l'urbanisation littorale est dense et où le paysage des usages littoraux ne cesse de s’étoffer, une Réserve Naturelle Marine (RNMR) a été établie en 2007 sur un récif frangeant. L’évaluation de l’efficacité de cette AMP par son gestionnaire doit se faire par le biais d'un ensemble d'indicateurs écologiques et socio-économiques. C’est en vue d’apporter des connaissances sur la fréquentation et les usages pratiqués au sein de la RNMR que cette thèse a été initiée. Elaboré sur la base d'un suivi en ULM, un protocole a été reproduit chaque année entre 2010 et 2013 et a permis la constitution d'une base de données spatialisée, dont l'exploitation a produit trois types de résultats: i) une connaissance initiale de la répartition spatio-temporelle des usages au sein de la RNMR; ii) une compréhension de l'évolution des dynamiques spatio-temporelles à la lumière des facteurs de variations identifiés (aménagements, aménités, crise requin, tourisme, etc.), et iii) une contribution à la gestion par le développement d'indicateurs sociaux (gouvernance, pressions), et à la recherche interdisciplinaire par une confrontation des données de fréquentation et des données écologiques du milieu. La réflexion menée dans le cadre de cette thèse apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les usages et la fréquentation des littoraux coralliens à La Réunion, et leur traduction en termes de pression anthropique directe. Pensé pour être reproductible et optimisé en termes de coût, cet outil permet la production d’un ensemble d’indicateurs dont l’intégration au plan de gestion dépend exclusivement des choix stratégiques du gestionnaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/
tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308703/file/Th%C3%A8se_Lemahieu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : 3e Rencontres Scientifiques Internationales du contrat de baie de la rade de Brest. Brest 14-16 mars 1995
Résumé : Aquaculture production of scallop has been identified by a series of technical operations during the past ten years programme under a partnership involving the fishermen organizations with regional and national grants. 3 million juveniles have been produced annually, giving a potential recapture by fishing of 100 to 120 tonnes 3 years later. Results in terms of technical and economical approach have pointed out the principal unknown factors responsable for high costs. 7he pilot programme aims to increase the production to reach a level of 5 million juveniles to support the fishery of the rade de Brest and induce new management of the resources. Two priorities were selected, control of the reproduction in the hatchery to obtain reliable larval and postlarval rearing during a larger period of the year, mainly during summer, and improvement of survival rate of the juveniles by minimizing stress when manipulating the animals. But biological and ecological mechanisms are still poorly understoodfor scallop and generally bibvalves and the last two years have shown unchanged results. The technical pathways shows interactions between the different steps of the production of juveniles where different teams operate separately. Management of the livestock has to be developed to increase the survival rate by better breeding but also to reduce the loss by adapted and coordinated practices. Recapture results indicate that fishery strategies depend also on the production of juvenile, and could orientate the management of the hatchery.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00044/15494/12860.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00044/15494/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The strikingly complex structural organization of the mammalian testis in vivo creates particular difficulties for studies of its organization, function and regulation. These difficulties are particularly pronounced for investigations of the molecular communication networks within the seminiferous tubules that govern spermatogenesis. The use of classical molecular and cell biology approaches to unravel this complexity has proved problematic, due to difficulties in maintaining differentiated germ cells in vitro, in particular. The lack of a suitable testing ground has led to a greater reliance on high-quality proteomic and genomic analyses as a prelude to the in vitro antx1d in vivo testing of hypotheses. In this study, we highlight the options currently available for research, as used in our laboratory, in which proteomic and integrative genomic strategies are applied to the study of spermatogenesis in mammals. We will comment on results providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying normal and pathological spermatogenesis and new perspectives for the treatment of male infertility in humans. Finally, we will discuss the relevance of our strategies and the unexpected potential and perspectives they offer to teams involved in the study of male reproduction, within the framework of the Human Proteome Project. SIGNIFICANCE: Integrative genomics is becoming a powerful strategy for discovering the biological significance hidden in proteomic datasets. This work introduces some of the integrative genomic concepts and works used by our team to gain new insight into mammalian spermatogenesis, a remarkably sophisticated process. We demonstrate the relevance of these integrative approaches to understand the cellular cross talks established between the somatic Sertoli cells and the germ cell lineage, within the seminiferous epithelium. Our work also contributes to new knowledge on the pathophysiology of testicular function, with promising clinical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 20years of Proteomics in memory of Viatliano Pallini. Guest Editors: Luca Bini, Juan J. Calvete, Natacha Turck, Denis Hochstrasser and Jean-Charles Sanchez.
ISSN: 1874-3919

hal-01063931
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063931
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.013
PUBMED : 24751586

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : Industrial agriculture has clearly reached its limits. Industrial agriculture is not able anymore to satisfy the basic needs of the growing worldwide population while ensuring the conditions of reproduction of natural assets. New production models have to be designed to protect and reclame polluted and degraded agricultural areas. Agroecology is considered as a promising way to achieve ecologically-intensive agrosystems, since the seminal contribution of Altieri in 1995. Nevertheless agroecology has not fully emerged as a scientific discipline yet. Agroecology is more that a traditional scientific discipline because agroecology breaks the frontiers between biophysical sciences and social sciences. This chapter reviews the roots and evolution of agroecology in the first section. Here we propose a mathematical theory of viability to handle uncertainty and complexity within agrosystems. This theory allows to define a kern of viability in which the agrosystem stay viable in the long term (section “Scientific stakes: New frontiers”). However, agroecological innovations create new uncertainties and controversies that must be solved. Some solutions can be found individually while other solutions must by co-constructed using innovative collective actions and hydrid forums (Callon et al. 2001, section “Scientific controversy and uncertainty”). Such collective knowledge makes agroecology as the starting point of a representative democracy by setting up adaptive governance on territories (section “How to manage agrosystems in the context of global changes?”).
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01195372
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195372
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_1
PRODINRA : 270790

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press
Résumé : International audience
We present gene prioritization system (GPSy), a cross-species gene prioritization system that facilitates the arduous but critical task of prioritizing genes for follow-up functional analyses. GPSy's modular design with regard to species, data sets and scoring strategies enables users to formulate queries in a highly flexible manner. Currently, the system encompasses 20 topics related to conserved biological processes including male gamete development discussed in this article. The web server-based tool is freely available at http://gpsy.genouest.org.
ISSN: 0305-1048

inserm-00696905
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00696905
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00696905/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00696905/file/nar.gks380.full.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gks380

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The common endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria influence arthropod hosts in multiple ways. They are mostly recognized for their manipulations of host reproduction, yet, more recent studies demonstrate that Wolbachia also impact host behavior, metabolic pathways and immunity. Besides their biological and evolutionary roles Wolbachia are new potential biological control agents for pest and vector management. Importantly, Wolbachia-based control strategies require controlled symbiont transfer between host species and predictable outcomes of novel Wolbachia-host associations. Theoretically, this artificial horizontal transfer could inflict genetic changes within transferred Wolbachia populations. This could be facilitated through de novo mutations in the novel recipient host or changes of haplotype frequencies of polymorphic Wolbachia populations when transferred from donor to recipient hosts. Here we show that Wolbachia resident in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, exhibit ancestral and cryptic sequence polymorphism in three symbiont genes, which are exposed upon microinjection into the new hosts Drosophila simulans and Ceratitis capitata. Our analyses of Wolbachia in microinjected D. simulans over 150 generations after microinjection uncovered infections with multiple Wolbachia strains in trans-infected lines that had previously been typed as single infections. This confirms the persistence of low-titer Wolbachia strains in microinjection experiments that had previously escaped standard detection techniques. Our study demonstrates that infections by multiple Wolbachia strains can shift in prevalence after artificial host transfer driven by either stochastic or selective processes. Trans-infection of Wolbachia can claim fitness costs in new hosts and we speculate that these costs may have driven the shifts of Wolbachia strains that we saw in our model system.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01544765
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544765
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0082402

Éditeur(s) : Europe Aqauculture Symposium, October 14-17, San Sebastian, Spain
Résumé : Shrimp farming in New-Caledonia faces up to difficulties. A fluctuating quality of broodstock prevents sustainable production of larvae in quantity and quality. The traditional extensive rearing method of broodstock in outdoor earthen ponds used in New Caledonia raises several issues: poor water quality control and biosecurity. Therefore it is fundamental to modify the broodstock culture strategy in order to achieve an easier water quality management and maximal biosecurity. Biofloc technology (BFT) offers easier water quality management, higher natural productivity, higher level of biosecurity, and could be a good alternative. Since 2011 a R&D program started under the supervision of IFREMER in New Caledonia and French Polynesia in order to study and develop biofloc technology for rearing shrimp L. stylirostris broodstock. In a first step we showed that biofloc (BFT) improved significantly the reproductive performances of shrimps and the quality of their larvae compared to Clear Water (CW) or Earthen Pond (EP), with: • A better final survival rate of broodstock from BFT compare to CW. • Females from BFT produced more eggs per spawn and spawned more frequently compared to females from CW or EP. • The larvae from BFT females had a significantly higher survival rate compared to larvae from CW females, respectively 70% (n=4) and 45% (n=4). In a second step we studied the underlying biological mechanisms explaining the better reproductive performance and health status of the broodstock from BFT rearing system, and the better quality of their larvae. We showed that the juvenile shrimp fed actively on biofloc, which represented 60% of their whole food (40% coming from pelleted diet). Biofloc represents a significant source of essential nutrients (vitamins, antioxidants, highly unsaturated fatty acids, …) or dietary bacteria which could act as probiotic. These dietary complements could explain the improved health status (immunity and oxidative status status), the better resistance to oxidative stress and a systematically better survival rate of the shrimp reared in BFT compared to those reared in CW.

Droits : 2014 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00250/36084/34635.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00250/36084/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
The present study is a contribution to the "neXt50 challenge", a coordinated effort across C-HPP teams to identify the SO most tractable missing proteins (MPs) on each chromosome. We report the targeted search of 38 theoretically detectable MPs from chromosomes 2 and 14 in Triton X-100 soluble and insoluble sperm fractions from a total of 15 healthy donors. A targeted mass spectrometry-based strategy consisting of the development of LC-PRM assays (with heavy labeled synthetic peptides) targeting 92 proteotypic peptides of the 38 selected MPs was used. Out of the 38 selected MPs, 12 were identified with two or more peptides and 3 with one peptide after extensive SDS-PAGE fractionation of the two samples and with overall low-intensity signals. The PRM data are available via ProteomeXchange in PASSEL (PASS01013). Further validation by immunohistochemistry on human testes sections and cytochemistry on sperm smears was performed for eight MPs with antibodies available from the Human Protein Atlas. Deep analysis of human sperm still allows the validation of MPs and therefore contributes to the C-HPP worldwide effort. We anticipate that our results will be of interest to the reproductive biology community because an in-depth analysis of these MPs may identify potential new candidates in the context of human idiopathic infertilities.
ISSN: 1535-3893

hal-01681656
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681656
DOI : 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00374

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Clonality and genetic structure of the coral Pocillopora damicornis sensu lato were assessed using five microsatellites in 12 populations from four islands of the Society Archipelago (French Polynesia) sampled in June 2008. The 427 analysed specimens fell into 132 multilocus genotypes (MLGs), suggesting that asexual reproduction plays an important role in the maintenance of these populations. A haploweb analysis of ITS2 sequences of each MLG was consistent with all of them being conspecific. Genetic differentiation was detected both between and within islands, but when a single sample per MLG was included in the analyses, the populations turned out to be nearly panmictic. These observations provide further evidence of the marked variability in reproductive strategies and genetic structure of P. damicornis throughout its geographic range; comparison with results previously obtained for the congeneric species Pocillopora meandrina underlines the importance of life history traits in shaping the genetic structure of coral populations
Marine Biology (0025-3162) (Springer), 2014-03 , Vol. 161 , N. 3 , P. 531-541

Droits : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28209/26518.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00227-013-2355-9
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28209/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
We isolated and characterized 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Lytocarpia brevirostris (Aglaophe- niidae), a hydrozoan common in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Four to 34 alleles per locus were detected at the Indo-Pacific scale. At the population level, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged across 0.100–0.625 and 0.097–0.597, respectively. Three markers showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equi- librium, all of them presenting null alleles. Linkage dis- equilibrium was detected in three pairs of loci among 120. These primers provide powerful tools for studying popu- lation genetic diversity and the implication of life cycle strategies on population differentiation in tropical hydro- zoans. This will be valuable for the conservation of coral reefs biodiversity and the design of marine protected areas.
ISSN: 1877-7252

hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/file/Postaire%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20Isolation%20and%20characterisation%20of%2016%20microsatellit_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-014-0407-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Anopheles darlingi, one of the main malaria vectors in the Neotropics, is widely distributed in French Guiana, where malaria remains a major public-health problem. Elucidation of the relationships between the population dynamics of An. darlingi and local environmental factors would appear to be an essential factor in the epidemiology of human malaria in French Guiana and the design of effective vector-control strategies. In a recent investigation, longitudinal entomological surveys were carried out for 2-4 years in one village in each of three distinct endemic areas of French Guiana. Anopheles darlingi was always the anopheline mosquito that was most frequently caught on human bait, although its relative abundance (as a proportion of all the anophelines collected) and human biting rate (in bites/person-year) differed with the study site. Seasonality in the abundance of human-landing An. darlingi (with peaks at the end of the rainy season) was observed in only two of the three study sites. Just three An. darlingi were found positive for Plasmodium (either P. falciparum or P. vivax) circumsporozoite protein, giving entomological inoculation rates of 0*0-8*7 infectious bites/person-year. Curiously, no infected An. darlingi were collected in the village with the highest incidence of human malaria. Relationships between malaria incidence, An. darlingi densities, rainfall and water levels in the nearest rivers were found to be variable and apparently dependent on land-cover specificities that reflected the diversity and availability of habitats suitable for the development and reproduction of An. darlingi.
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology / Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

pasteur-00583507
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00583507
DOI : 10.1179/136485911X12899838683322
PUBMED : 21396247