Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Atmospheric carbon dioxide records indicate that the land surface has acted as a strong global carbon sink over recent decades, with a substantial fraction of this sink probably located in the tropics, particularly in the Amazon. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the terrestrial carbon sink will evolve as climate and atmospheric composition continue to change. Here we analyse the historical evolution of the biomass dynamics of the Amazon rainforest over three decades using a distributed network of 321 plots. While this analysis confirms that Amazon forests have acted as a long-term net biomass sink, we find a long-term decreasing trend of carbon accumulation. Rates of net increase in above-ground biomass declined by one-third during the past decade compared to the 1990s. This is a consequence of growth rate increases levelling off recently, while biomass mortality persistently increased throughout, leading to a shortening of carbon residence times. Potential drivers for the mortality increase include greater climate variability, and feedbacks of faster growth on mortality, resulting in shortened tree longevity. The observed decline of the Amazon sink diverges markedly from the recent increase in terrestrial carbon uptake at the global scale, and is contrary to expectations based on models.
ISSN: 1476-4687

hal-01204223
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204223
DOI : 10.1038/nature14283
PRODINRA : 294797
PUBMED : 25788097

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
1. A substantial fraction of the freshwater available in neotropical forests is impounded within the rosettes of bromeliads that form aquatic islands in a terrestrial matrix. The ecosystem functioning of bromeliads is known to be influenced by the composition of the contained community but it is not clear whether bromeliad food webs remain functionally similar against a background of variation in the understorey environment. 2. We considered a broad range of environmental conditions, including incident light and incoming litter, and quantified the distribution of a very wide range of freshwater organisms (from viruses to macroinvertebrates) to determine the factors that influence the functional structure of bromeliad food webs in samples taken from 171 tank-bromeliads. 3. We observed a gradient of detritus-based to algal-based food webs from the understorey to the overstorey. Algae, rotifers and collector and predatory invertebrates dominated bromeliad food webs in exposed areas, whereas filter-feeding insects had their highest densities in shaded forest areas. Viruses, bacteria and fungi showed no clear density patterns. Detritus decomposition is mainly due to microbial activity in understorey bromeliads where filter feeders are the main consumers of microbial and particulate organic matter (POM). Algal biomass may exceed bacterial biomass in sun-exposed bromeliads where amounts of detritus were lower but functional diversity was highest. 4. Our results provide evidence that tank-bromeliads, which grow in a broad range of ecological conditions, promote aquatic food web diversity in neotropical forests. Moreover, although bromeliad ecosystems have been categorised as detritus-based systems in the literature, we show that algal production can support a non-detrital food web in these systems.
ISSN: 0046-5070

hal-00819103
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00819103

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : IGARSS 2015, Milan, ITA, 26-/07/2015 - 31/07/2015
International audience
LiDAR remote sensing has been shown to be a good technique for the estimation of forest parameters such as canopy heights and aboveground biomass. Whilst airborne LiDAR data are in general very dense but only available over small areas due to the cost of their acquisition, spaceborne LiDAR data acquired from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) have a coarser acquisition density associated with a global cover. It is therefore valuable to analyze the integration relevance of canopy heights estimated from LiDAR sensors with ancillary data such as geological, meteorological, and phenological variables in order to propose a forest canopy height map with good precision and high spatial resolution.In this study, canopy heights extracted from both airborne and spaceborne LiDAR, were first extrapolated from available environmental data. The estimated canopy height maps using random forest (RF) regression from the airborne or GLAS calibration datasets showed similar precisions (RMSE better than 6.5 m). In order to improve the precision of the canopy height estimates regression-kriging (kriging of RF regression residuals) was used. Results indicated an improvement in the RMSE (decrease from 6.5 to 4.2 m) for the regression-kriging maps from the GLAS dataset, and from 5.8 to 1.8 m for the regression-kriging map from the airborne LiDAR dataset.
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2015 IEEE International
Milan, Italy

hal-01244677
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01244677/file/mt2015-pub00044297.pdf
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326729

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : Tropical forests determine global biogeochemical cycles to a large extent, but control factors for key ecosystem processes such as decomposition remain poorly understood. With a full-factorial C (cellulose), N (urea), and P (phosphate) fertilization experiment, we tested the relative importance of C and nutrient limitation on litter decomposition in a mature lowland moist forest of French Guiana. Despite the previously demonstrated litter C quality control over decomposition and the very low soil P content (0.1 mg g(-1) of soil) at our study site, fertilization with C or P alone did not increase the decomposition of a wide range of litter types (N:P ratios between 20 and 80). Nitrogen fertilization alone also had no effect on decomposition. However, the combined fertilization with N and P resulted in up to 33.5% more initial litter mass lost, with an increasing effect with wider litter N:P ratios. Soil fauna strongly stimulated litter mass loss and enhanced nutrient fertilization effects. Moreover, nutrient effects on decomposition increased with additional C fertilization in the presence of fauna. Our results suggest that increased N availability is required for a positive P effect on decomposition in the studied P-poor tropical forest. Further stimulation of decomposition by C amendment through priming indicates energy limitation of decomposers that is co-determined by nutrient availability. The demonstrated intricate control of the key resources C, N, and P on decomposition calls for an intensified research effort on multiple resource limitation on key processes in tropical forests and how they change under multiple human impacts.
ISSN: 1432-9840

hal-01032414
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032414
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-012-9564-9

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CRC Press
Résumé : Among the ecosystem services provided by forests, wood provisioning takes a central position. Wood and derived products have played a critical role in the evolution of human kind and demand for raw material is increasing in a foreseeable future. Wood is used for energy production, construction and a wide variety of products for which different properties are required. Anatomical, chemical and physical properties of wood are determined through a complex process called xylogenesis controlled by internal and external signals and occurring during the life of the tree. In this chapter we describe i/how wood is formed and ii/the different factors controlling this developmental process with emphasis on the molecular machinery involved, iii/the functions of wood and iv/the biotechnology approaches developed to improve wood biomass production and properties genetically.
Tree Biotechnology

ISBN : 978-1466597143
hal-01032436
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032436

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : In the context of an ongoing monitoring study on the impacts of gold-mining activities on critical ecosystem processes, we explored the use of soil Denitrifying Enzyme Activity (DEA) and Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR) as ecosystem indicators in tropical rainforests of French Guiana. We also propose DEA/SIR ratio as ecosystem attribute able to describe the state of an ecosystem and to reflect changes in ecological processes. With this purpose, we measured SIR, DEA and DEA/SIR ratio in five gold-mining areas and five surrounding natural reference rainforests. We also measured indicators in two conditions of spontaneous regeneration of vegetation (stratified or not) and two conditions of soil rehabilitation (prior preparation of soils or not). We showed a high variability of DEA, SIR and DEA/SIR ratio in the natural reference forests. This pointed out the necessity to identify relevant reference systems - i.e. proving a close match in all relevant ecological dimensions - to compare with closed perturbed systems in order to assess the levels of alterations after disturbances. Results showed a high impact of gold mine on microbial processes with a strong decrease of DEA (10-fold lower), SIR (2-fold lower) and DEA/SIR ratio (8-fold lower) in perturbed areas in comparison with natural reference forests. The type of spontaneous vegetation (stratified or not) influenced the values of indicators as well as prior rehabilitation of soils, demonstrating the capacity of DEA. SIR and DEA/SIR ratio to respond in proportion to the perturbation (robustness) and to the different levels of restoration (sensitivity). The systematic decrease of the ratio DEA/SIR observed in the studied perturbed situations demonstrates clearly that the structure of microbial communities has been also modified. The ratio DEA/SIR proved to be robust and sensitive, and able to describe in fairly fine way changes of soil microbial communities in terms of structure and function in gold mine areas and during processes of restoration. We propose to use DEA, SIR and DEA/SIR ratio as bioindicators of both structural and functional aspects of C and N cycling in soils. Together with others bioindicators based on key supporting functions in soils, these indicators should accurately evaluate the ecological potential of natural ecosystems and the levels of degradation in case of land-use changes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1470-160X

hal-01190730
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190730
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.021
PRODINRA : 213639

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The main biological function of reaction wood is to act as “muscle” for trees, enabling them to control their posture and right stems when they are permanently disturbed from their set-point inclination by gravity or winds. The key property to achieve this function is the development of high mechanical stress during the formation of reaction wood cells, called “maturation strains”. Moreover, this function is basically performed through the asymmetric formation of wood (in quantity or quality) around the tree circumference. This asymmetry enables stems to bend upward or to compensate for the downward bending induced by gravity, as an asymmetric force associated to maturation strains creates a bending moment (i.e. one side of the stem “pulls” the other one). We will discuss the traits (cross sectional size and shape, wood features as G fibers or microfibril angle, eccentric growth even in usual or extreme cases as buttresses, total biomass growth and height of center of mass, stem lean and set-point angle) involved to understand how the posture control works. We will give simple formulas to estimate a “muscle efficiency” from biomechanical modeling. We will give practical methods to estimate all the involved traits, especially maturation strains from direct and indirect measurements, in peripheral functional wood or by retrospective dendrochronological analysis. Then, we will illustrate how tree stem tropisms and especially gravitropism, widely studied by physiologists, are key processes in natural ecosystems, through practical examples from tropical rainforest tree communities and regeneration of European mixed beech forests. Using the previous definition of postural control efficiency, we will show that the cross section size is rapidly a limiting factor, opposing the extreme strategies of flexible small stems, which bend easily but also right themselves quickly, to stiff big stems. Lastly, as wood in living trees ensures general storage, defence, vascular and skeletal functions, we will ask general questions about synergies and trade-offs between posture control and other functions.
Botany 2014 : new frontiers in botany
Boise, United States

hal-01627031
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01627031

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Diffusion du document : INRA Documentation de Centre, Domaine de Duclos, 97170 Petitt-Bourg (Guadeloupe, France) Diplôme : DEA
il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATION
Because soil respiration representes 80% of ecosystem respiration, it is a major flux between biosphere and atmosphere. We examined the effects of root and litter exclusion on soil CO! efflux (Rsu1) using trenching and litter exclusion in a tropical plantation constituted of trees seedlings installed in 16 mono-specific stands 20 years ago near Kourou, French Guyana. Soil CO2 efflux was measured using an infra red gas analyser (PP System,EGM4 ) at 16 randomly distributed plot in each treatment: control, root exclusion, litter exclusion and both root and litter exclusion. in the plantation. We measured R'1l1during four periods, and we have collected soil samples, litter biomass and measured moisture at 5 cm depth in the soil. Soil CO, efflux varied significantly among species from 2,8±O,7f1mo l. m''. s' (mean ± standard deviation) to 7.4± 1.7fLmol. n'-' . s ' for Qualea rosea and Vochys ia tomentosa, respectively. 1'0 significant correlation was found between RSIlI variability and soil moisture, which is mostly related to soil texture in the experimental site. Soil CO2 efflux was significantly reduced in litter exclusion treatment and root exclusion plots (6 months litter and/or root exclusion) during ail measurements period and for ail species, compared to control plots. The reduction of soil CO, efflux was higher in plot without root than in plot without litter of control plot (42% and 25%, respectively). There was an import ant specific diversity in these reductions . We estimated the contribution of roof respiration (Rr) to total Rso1 by calculating the difference between Rso1 control and Rsn l root exclusion plot corrected for the decomposition of root that were killed following t re n e h in ~. Thus the heterotrophic component of soil carbon efflux accounts for 46% of total carbon efflux (1,9f1 mol. rn" . s•') while root respiration accounts for 54% of soil carbon release (2,3 ~t mo l. m-2 S-I) . Because there was a negative and significant correlation between microbial respiration (Rrn) and C/N of mature leaves it seemed to be possible to predict Rm if we known the mature leaves quality. In addition a good estimate theorical R ~, values from R~, measured in different treatments.
La respiration du sol en représentant une part de 80% de la respiration de l'écosystème apparaît être un flux majeur entre la biosphère et l'atmosphère. Nous avons étudié les effets de l'exclusion racinaire et de la litière sur le flux de CO, du sol (R ~ , ) en utilisant la méthode de " Trench-plots" et de suppression de litière dans une plantation d'arbres tropicaux. Ces arbres, âgés de 20 ans ont été plantés sur un sol uniforme, près de Kourou en Guyane française, en 16 placeaux mono-spécifiques. Pour mesurer les flux de CO2 provenant du sol, nous avons utilisé un analyseur différentiel de gaz infrarouge portable muni d'une chambre. Les mesures ont été faites sur 4 traitements différents tels que : le contrôle, l'exclusion racinaire, l'exclusion de litière et l'exclusion de litière et de racine et ce, répétés sur chacune des 16 placettes mono-spécifiques. Cette étude comporte 4 campagnes de mesures. Nous avons également effectué des prélèvements de sol de litière et nous avons fait des mesures d’humidité de sol à une profondeur de 5 cm. Les flux de C01 du sol varient fortement entre espèces de 2.8±O.7 ~t m o 1. m-2. sol à 7 A± 1. 7 ~t m o l. m•1 sol pour Qua/ev rosea ct Vochysto tomentasa, respectivement. Il n'existe pas de corrélation significative entre les variations de Rw l ct celles de l'humidité du sol (indication sur la texture du sol de la plantation ). Nous avons observé que Rso1 était significativement plus faible dans les placeaux sans racines et/ou sans litière (6 mois après la mise en place de l'expérimentation) pour toutes les campagnes de mesures et pour toutes les espèces que dans les placeaux contrôlés. Cette réduction du flux de CO2 du sol est plus forte dans les "trench-plots " que dans les traitement s d'exclusion de litière avec 42 et 25% respectivement. Un effet "traitement " et un effet "espèce" important expliquent 3 1"/.. ct 13% de la variabilité totale de R~. Nous avons cherché à connaître la contribution des racines dans les valeurs de R""I. en comparant le flux de CO2 provenant du sol sur des "trench -plot s'' au flux de COl provenant du sol dans les placeaux contrôlés . Cette estimation a été corrigée pour prendre en compte la décomposition des racines tuées par les tranchées. Ainsi, la composante appartenant aux micro -organismes représente 46% du flux total de carbone provenant du sol (1.9Jlmo l. m-2 S•I ) alors que la respiration des racines représente 54% du dégagement de carbone (2 ,3~lmol. m ol . 5-La respiration des micro-organismes pourrait être estimée en mesurant le C/N des feuilles matures puisqu'il existe une corrélation significative et négative entre les deux. Enfin les résultats obtenus sur les différents traitements permettent d'obtenir une bonne estimation de la respiration du sol avec un RSIlI théorique corrélé à 66% avec les valeurs réelles mesurées.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189239

hal-01189239
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189239
PRODINRA : 18212

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CRC Press
Résumé : Among the ecosystem services provided by forests, wood provisioning takes a central position. Wood and derived products have played a critical role in the evolution of human kind and demand for raw material is increasing in a foreseeable future. Wood is used for energy production, construction and a wide variety of products for which different properties are required. Anatomical, chemical and physical properties of wood are determined through a complex process called xylogenesis controlled by internal and external signals and occurring during the life of the tree. In this chapter we describe i/how wood is formed and ii/the different factors controlling this developmental process with emphasis on the molecular machinery involved, iii/the functions of wood and iv/the biotechnology approaches developed to improve wood biomass production and properties genetically.
Tree Biotechnology

ISBN : 9781466597143
hal-01204210
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204210
PRODINRA : 257126

Résumé : Le maintien de ressources génétiques suffisamment larges est nécessaire pour assurer la viabilité et le potentiel évolutif des populations naturelles. Cette thèse a le principal objectif de caractériser la diversité et la variabilité génétique chez le genre Virola (Myristicaceae) pour décrire les processus évolutifs qui en sont à l'origine. Premièrement,une étude de la régénération d'un échantillonnage exhaustif de V. michelii a été menée dans une parcelle du dispositif expérimental de Paracou ayant subi une exploitation forestière de faible intensité et comparée à une parcelle témoin. La diversité génétique mesurée à partir de marqueurs AFLP (Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism, N=229) en zones perturbées s'est révélée être plis grande qu'en zone non-perturbées. Puis, l'adaptation locale a été étudiée à travers ces mêmes individus et certains loci (AFLP) montrent une sélection divergente pour des environnements contrastés, indiquant un signe d'adaptation. Enfin, l'étude des niveaux de divergence génétique chez trois espèces de Virola du bouclier guyanais (V. michelii, V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent que deux d'entre elles (V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent de fortes similarités génétiques malgré leur distribution sur des environnements contrastés. des Flux de gènes intersécifiques ont été mis en évidence chez ces deux espèces-soeurs et l'hypothèse d'une spéciation écologique est avancée. Ce travail a permis d'aborder différents processus évolutifs à l'origine de la diversité génétique actuelle chez ces espèces forestières tropicales et peut fournir une contribution pour appréhender le devenir des populations.
Genetic diversity is an essential component of biodiversity. The maintenance of sufficient genetic resources is needed to ensure the adaptive potential and the viability of natural populations. In the current context of global changes, the study of adaptation in living organisms is a key task, particularly for tropical forest trees that are dominant components (in terms of biomass and as ecological drivers) of some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize genetic diversity and genetic variability to understand the evolutionary processes that act on them. This ecological-genetic study was carried out at the interspecific and intraspecific level in the Virola genus.If overall high levels of genetic diversity are a guarantee of prosperity for the future of the species, it seems essential to perform studies on the impact of environmental disturbance on genetic diversity. In the first section, the genetic consequences of regeneration dynamics were studied in an exhaustive sample of V. michelii in a low-intensity logging plot and in a control plot at the Paracou experimental site. A greater genetic diversity, measured from AFLP markers (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, N = 229), was found in perturbed areas. Because studying genetic diversity within species may be useful for understanding species adaptation to environmental changes, in the second section. I studied local adaptation in a population of V. michelii on the Paracou experimental site. A genome scan approach with AFLPs (N = 229) was conducted on 77 adult individuals and 401 juveniles to identify genetic differences between populations associated to contrasting conditions for an array of environmental variables. Some loci (N = 2) were found to be subject to divergent selection, indicating adaptation to contrasting habitats.In the third section, the study of levels of genetic divergence in three Virola species of the Guiana Shield (V. michelii, V. surinamensis and V. kwatae) was investigated for nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. V. surinamensis and V. kwatae showed strong genetic similarities despite their contrasting habitats preferences. Coalescent analyses have revealed, on one hand, a recent divergence between these two species suggesting an ecological speciation, and one the other hand that interspecific gene flow occurs between these sister-species.This work focuses on understanding evolutionary processes shaping genetic diversity and provides a useful contribution for biodiversity conservation programs.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0480/document