Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Linnean Society of London
Résumé : International audience
Although migratory pelagic fishes generally exhibit little geographic differentiation across oceans, as expected from their life-history (broadcast spawning, pelagic larval life, swimming ability of adults) and the assumed homogeneity of the pelagic habitat, exceptions to the rule deserve scrutiny. One such exception is the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), where strong genetic heterogeneity at the regional scale has been previously reported. We investigated the genetic composition of S. commerson across the Indo-West Pacific range using control-region sequences (including previously published datasets), cytochrome-b gene partial sequences, and eight microsatellite loci, to further explore its phylogeographic structure. All haplotypes sampled from the Indo-Malay-Papua archipelago (IMPA) and the southwestern Pacific coalesced into a clade (Clade II) that was deeply separated (14.5% nucleotide divergence) from a clade grouping all haplotypes from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Clade I). Such a high level of genetic divergence suggested the occurrence of two sister-species. Further phylogeographic partition was evident between the western IMPA and the regions sampled east and south of it, i.e. northern Australia, West Papua, and the Coral Sea. Strong allele-frequency differences were found between local populations in the southwestern Pacific, both at the mitochondrial locus (ΦST=0.282-0.609) and at microsatellite loci (^θ=0.202-0.313). Clade II consisted of four deeply divergent subclades (9.0-11.8% nucleotide divergence for the control region; 0.3-2.5% divergence at the cytochrome b locus). Mitochondrial sub-clades within Clade II generally had narrow geographic distribution, demonstrating further genetic isolation. However, one particular haplogroup within Clade II was present throughout the central Indo-West Pacific; that haplogroup was found to be sister-group to an haplogroup restricted to West Papua and the Coral Sea, yielding evidence of recent secondary westward colonization. Such a complex structure is in sharp contrast with the generally weak phylogeographic patterns uncovered to date in other widely distributed, large pelagic fishes with pelagic eggs and larvae. We hypothesize that in S. commerson and possibly other Scomberomorus species, philopatric migration may play a role in maintaining the geographic isolation of populations by annihilating the potential consequences of passive dispersal.
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

ird-00759711
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00759711
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00759711/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Linnean Society of London
Résumé : International audience
Although migratory pelagic fishes generally exhibit little geographic differentiation across oceans, as expected from their life-history (broadcast spawning, pelagic larval life, swimming ability of adults) and the assumed homogeneity of the pelagic habitat, exceptions to the rule deserve scrutiny. One such exception is the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), where strong genetic heterogeneity at the regional scale has been previously reported. We investigated the genetic composition of S. commerson across the Indo-West Pacific range using control-region sequences (including previously published datasets), cytochrome-b gene partial sequences, and eight microsatellite loci, to further explore its phylogeographic structure. All haplotypes sampled from the Indo-Malay-Papua archipelago (IMPA) and the southwestern Pacific coalesced into a clade (Clade II) that was deeply separated (14.5% nucleotide divergence) from a clade grouping all haplotypes from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Clade I). Such a high level of genetic divergence suggested the occurrence of two sister-species. Further phylogeographic partition was evident between the western IMPA and the regions sampled east and south of it, i.e. northern Australia, West Papua, and the Coral Sea. Strong allele-frequency differences were found between local populations in the southwestern Pacific, both at the mitochondrial locus (ΦST=0.282-0.609) and at microsatellite loci (^θ=0.202-0.313). Clade II consisted of four deeply divergent subclades (9.0-11.8% nucleotide divergence for the control region; 0.3-2.5% divergence at the cytochrome b locus). Mitochondrial sub-clades within Clade II generally had narrow geographic distribution, demonstrating further genetic isolation. However, one particular haplogroup within Clade II was present throughout the central Indo-West Pacific; that haplogroup was found to be sister-group to an haplogroup restricted to West Papua and the Coral Sea, yielding evidence of recent secondary westward colonization. Such a complex structure is in sharp contrast with the generally weak phylogeographic patterns uncovered to date in other widely distributed, large pelagic fishes with pelagic eggs and larvae. We hypothesize that in S. commerson and possibly other Scomberomorus species, philopatric migration may play a role in maintaining the geographic isolation of populations by annihilating the potential consequences of passive dispersal.
ISSN: 0024-4066

ird-00759711
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00759711
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00759711v2/document
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00759711/file/FauvelotBorsa_Scomberomorus%20commerson%20p%20HAL.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
Aromatic amines and structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are produced during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meat. Exposure to some of these chemicals may contribute to the etiology of several common types of human cancers. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant HAA formed in mainstream tobacco smoke: it arises in amounts that are 25-100 times greater than the levels of the arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a human carcinogen. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a prevalent HAA formed in cooked meats. AαC and MeIQx are rodent carcinogens; however, their carcinogenic potency in humans is unknown. A preliminary assessment of the carcinogenic potential of these HAAs in humans was conducted by examining the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to form DNA adducts of AαC and MeIQx, in comparison to 4-ABP, followed by the kinetics of DNA adduct removal by cellular enzyme repair systems. The principal DNA adducts formed were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. Comparable levels of DNA adducts were formed with AαC and 4-ABP, whereas adduct formation was ∼5-fold lower for MeIQx. dG-C8-AαC and dG-C8-4-ABP were formed at comparable levels in a concentration-dependent manner in human hepatocytes treated with procarcinogens over a 10,000-fold concentration range (1 nM-10 μM). Pretreatment of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, resulted in a strong diminution of DNA adducts signifying that P450 1A2 is a major P450 isoform involved in bioactivation of these procarcinogens. The kinetics of adduct removal varied for each hepatocyte donor. Approximately half of the DNA adducts were removed within 24 h of treatment; however, the remaining lesions persisted over 5 days. The high levels of AαC present in tobacco smoke and its propensity to form persistent DNA adducts in human hepatocytes suggest that AαC can contribute to DNA damage and the risk of hepatocellular cancer in smokers.
ISSN: 0893-228X

inserm-00869907
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00869907
DOI : 10.1021/tx4002226
PUBMED : 23898916

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Deep-sea bivalves of the subfamily Bathymodiolinae (family Mytilidae) are very widespread and form dense beds in reduced environments such as hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Bathymodiolus mussels recently discovered on African cold seeps strangely resemble Gulf of Mexico and Barbados seep species. This raises intriguing questions regarding their taxonomic relationships and their dispersal capabilities across the Atlantic equatorial belt. The morphological study of the shell and soft parts of mussels from either sites of the Atlantic shows that they form two distinct groups: the Bathymodiolus boomerang group (also including Bathymodiolus heckerae and a species from Africa), and the Bathymodiolus childressi group (also including Bathymodiolus mauritanicus and one species from Barbados). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) confirmed morphological analyses and the existence of two amphi-Atlantic complexes of species. Both ITS2 and COI phylogenies indicate almost no difference between the two eastern Atlantic seep mussels (Bathymodiolus sp. A and B. mauritanicus) and their western Atlantic counterparts (B. boomerang and Bathymodiolus sp. B; Barbados Prism cold seeps). In the B. boomerang complex, B. heckerae seems to differ from the Barbados and the African species, whereas these latter two are not distinguishable. In the B. childressi complex, relationships are less clear and do not support the description of new species from the Barbados. Past and present-day connections across the Atlantic are discussed in the light of both larval dispersal capabilities of the mussels and the equatorial Atlantic circulation to appreciate whether these species could represent true amphi-Atlantic species.
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (0967-0637) (Elsevier), 2007-11 , Vol. 54 , N. 11 , P. 1890-1911

Droits : 2007 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-4064.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.004
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4064/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
Symbioses with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium are widespread among marine invertebrates and protists, especially in nutritionally demanding habitats, such as tropical coral reefs, where they play a major role in ecosystem survival. Moreover, apart from corals and sea anemones, many of the Symbiodinium species and clades involved in these partnerships remain to be characterized. This study provides new insights into nudibranch and sponge associations with Symbiodinium by sequencing regions of the Symbiodinium 28S rDNA and the host mitochondrial COI oxidase. Specimens were sampled between 2011 and 2013 from locations around the islands of Moorea and Tahiti, French Polynesia. Our results revealed that some of the sponges and nudibranchs harbored typical Symbiodinium from clade B or C while others harbored new, undescribed Symbiodinium-like dinoflagellates. A detailed analysis of the different life stages of the nudibranch Phestilla lugubris and of its specific coral prey, Porites rus, suggests a prey-predator horizontal transfer of the symbiont and its vertical inheritance from the parent to the eggs.
Les symbioses à zooxanthelles, dinoflagellés du genre Symbiodinium, sont largement répandues chez les invertébrés marins et les protozoaires, notamment dans les eaux oligotrophes, où ils jouent un rôle important dans la survie des récifs coralliens. De plus, excepté chez les coraux et les anémones, les différentes espèces et clades de Symbiodinium impliqués dans ces associations restent à être caractérisés. Notre étude, grâce à l’utilisation des marqueurs génétiques 28S ADNr des Symbiodinium et la sous-unité 1 de la cytochrome oxydase mitochondriale (COI) de l’hôte, procure de nouvelles données quant aux associations des éponges et des nudibranches avec les Symbiodinium. L’échantillonnage a eu lieu autour de Moorea et de Tahiti (Polynésie française), entre 2011 et 2013. Nos résultats révèlent que certaines espèces d’éponges et de nudibranches possèdent les clades B et C communément retrouvés, chez les coraux notamment, alors que d’autres présentent de nouveaux dinoflagellés « Symbiodinium-like ». Une analyses détaillée des Symbiodinium à différents stades du cycle de vie du nudibranche corallivore Phestilla lugubris et de son corail hôte Porites rus suggèrent l’existence d’un transfert horizontal de Symbiodinium proie–prédateur et un transfert vertical du parent P. lugubris à ses œufs.
ISSN: 1631-0691

hal-01145518
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145518
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.01.005

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : The reef fauna connectivity of the West Indian Ocean (WIO) is one of the least studied globally. Here we use genetic analyses of the grouper Epinephelus merra (Bloch 1793) to determine patterns of connectivity and to identify barriers to dispersal in this WIO marine area. Phylogeographic and population-level analyses were conducted on cytochrome b sequences and microsatellites (13 loci) from 557 individuals sampled in 15 localities distributed across the West Indian Ocean. Additional samples from the Pacific Ocean were used to benchmark the WIO population structure. The high level of divergence revealed between Indian and Pacific localities (of about 4.5% in sequences) might be the signature of the major tectonic and climatic changes operating at the Plio-Pleistocene transition, congruently with numerous examples of Indo-Pacific speciation. In comparison, the E. merra sequences from the Indian Ocean constitute a monophyletic clade with a low average genetic distance (d < 0.5%). However both genetic markers indicated some structure within this ocean. The main structure revealed was the isolation of the Maldives from the WIO localities (a different group signature identified by clustering analysis, great values of differentiation). Both marker types reveal further significant structure within the WIO, mainly the isolation of the Mascarene Islands (significant AMOVA and isolation-by-distance patterns) and some patchy structure between the northernmost localities and within the Mozambique Channel. The WIO genetic structure of E. merra appeared congruent with main biogeographic boundaries and oceanographic currents.
Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective (0173-9565) (Wiley-blackwell), 2015-09 , Vol. 36 , N. 3 , P. 447-461

Droits : 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00189/30046/28566.pdf
DOI:10.1111/maec.12153
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00189/30046/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Résumé : International audience
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) are widely distributed environmental contaminants, known as potent ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These chemicals trigger an early and transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), required for AhR-related effects of PAHs. The mechanisms involved in this calcium mobilization were investigated in the present study. We demonstrated that B(a)P-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) induction was prevented in endothelial HMEC-1 cells by counteracting β2-adrenoreceptor (β2ADR) activity using pharmacological antagonists, anti-β2ADR antibodies, or siRNA-mediated knockdown of β2ADR expression; by contrast, it was strongly potentiated by β2ADR overexpression in human kidney HEK293 cells. B(a)P was shown, moreover, to directly bind to β2ADR, as assessed by in vitro binding assays and molecular modeling. Pharmacological inhibition and/or siRNA-mediated silencing of various signaling actors acting downstream of β2ADR in a sequential manner, such as G protein, adenylyl cyclase, Epac-1 protein, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))/IP(3) receptor, were next demonstrated to prevent B(a)P-induced calcium signal. Inhibition or knockdown of these signaling elements, as well as the use of chemical β-blockers, were finally shown to counteract B(a)P-mediated induction of cytochrome P-450 1B1, a prototypical AhR target gene. Taken together, our results show that B(a)P binds directly to β2ADR and consequently utilizes β2ADR machinery to mobilize [Ca(2+)](i), through activation of a G protein/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/Epac-1/IP(3) pathway. This β2ADR-dependent signaling pathway activated by PAHs may likely be crucial for PAH-mediated up-regulation of AhR target genes, thus suggesting a contribution of β2ADR to the health-threatening effects of these environmental pollutants.
ISSN: 0021-9258

hal-00682497
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682497
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M111.319970
PUBMED : 22167199

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), are widely distributed environmental contaminants exerting toxic effects such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, mainly associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and the subsequent induction of cytochromes P-450 (CYP) 1-metabolizing enzymes. We previously reported an up-regulation of AhR expression and activity in primary cultures of human T lymphocyte by a physiological activation. Despite the suggested link between exposure to PAHs and the risk of lymphoma, the potential of activated human T lymphocytes to metabolize AhR exogenous ligands such as B[a]P, and produce DNA damage has not been investigated. In the present study, we characterized the genotoxic response of primary activated T lymphocytes to B[a] P. We demonstrated that, following T lymphocyte activation, B[a]P treatment triggers a marked increase in CYP1 expression and activity generating, upon metabolic activation, DNA adducts and double-strand breaks (DSBs) after a 48-h treatment. At this time point, B[a]P also induces a DNA damage response with ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase activation, thus producing a p53-dependent response and T lymphocyte survival. B[a]P activates DSB repair by mobilizing homologous recombination machinery but also induces gene mutations in activated human T lymphocytes which could consequently drive a cancer process. In conclusion, primary cultures of activated human T lymphocytes represent a good model for studying genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants such as PAHs, and predicting human health issues.
ISSN: 0006-2952

hal-01560145
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560145
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560145/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560145/file/Liamin%20et%20al.%20-%20Benzo%5Ba%5Dpyrene-induced%20DNA%20damage%20associated%20with%20.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.025

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Linnean Society of London
Résumé : Disentangling the impact of landscape features such as rivers and historical events on dispersal is a challenging but necessary task to gain a comprehensive picture of the evolution of diverse biota such as that found in Amazonia. Adenomera andreae, a small, territorial, terrestrial frog species of the Amazonian forest represents a good model for such studies. We combined cytochrome b sequences with 12 microsatellites to investigate the genetic structure at two contrasted spatial scales in French Guiana: along a similar to 6-km transect, to evaluate dispersal ability, and between paired bank populations along a similar to 65-km stretch of the Approuague river, to test the effect of rivers as barriers to dispersal. We observed significant spatial genetic structure between individuals at a remarkably small geographical scale, and conclude that the species has a restricted dispersal ability that is probably tied to its life-history traits. Mitochondrial and microsatellite data also indicate a high level of differentiation among populations on opposite banks of the river, and, in some cases, among populations on the same riverbank. These results suggest that the observed population structure in A. andreae is the result of restricted dispersal abilities combined with the action of rivers and Quaternary population isolation. Given that Amazonia hosts a great portion of anurans, as well as other small vertebrates, that display life-history traits comparable with A. andreae, we argue that our analyses provide new insights into the complex interactions among evolutionary processes shaping Amazonian biodiversity. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 356373.
ISSN: 0024-4066

hal-01032422
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032422
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01871.x

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : The history of colonization and dispersal in fauna distributed among deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems remains enigmatic and poorly understood because of an inability to mark and track individuals. A combination of molecular, morphological and environmental data improves understanding of spatial and temporal scales at which panmixia, disruption of gene flow or even speciation may occur. Vestimentiferan tubeworms of the genus Escarpia are important components of deep -sea cold seep ecosystems, as they provide long-term habitat for many other taxa. Three species of Escarpia, Escarpia spicata [Gulf of California (GoC)], Escarpia laminata [Gulf of Mexico (GoM)] and Escarpia southwardae (West African Cold Seeps), have been described based on morphology, but are not discriminated through the use of mitochondrial markers (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1; large ribosomal subunit rDNA, 16S; cytochrome b). Here, we also sequenced the exon-primed intron-crossing Haemoglobin subunit B2 intron and genotyped 28 microsatellites to (i) determine the level of genetic differentiation, if any, among the three geographically separated entities and (ii) identify possible population structure at the regional scale within the GoM and West Africa. Results at the global scale support the occurrence of three genetically distinct groups. At the regional scale among eight sampling sites of E. laminata (n=129) and among three sampling sites of E. southwardae (n=80), no population structure was detected. These findings suggest that despite the patchiness and isolation of seep habitats, connectivity is high on regional scales.
Molecular Ecology (0962-1083) (Wiley-blackwell), 2013-08 , Vol. 22 , N. 16 , P. 4147-4162

Droits : 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00152/26354/24515.pdf
DOI:10.1111/mec.12379
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00152/26354/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are formed in cooked meat, poultry and fish but also arise in tobacco smoke and exhaust gases. HAA are potential human carcinogens, which require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxicity. Human tissues can bioactivate HAA to produce reactive intermediates that bind to DNA. HAA DNA adduct formation occurs in human hepatocytes; however, the potential of HAA to form DNA adducts has not been investigated in human T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the ability of human T lymphocytes activated with PMA/Ionomycin or CD3/CD28 to express functional CYP1 activity and bioactivate three major HAA: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) to form DNA adducts. Adducts were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage scan mass spectrometry. The highest level of DNA adducts occurred for AαC (16 adducts per 109 nucleotides), followed by PhIP (9 adducts per 109 nucleotides). In contrast, DNA adducts formed from MeIQx and the structurally related aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl, a known human carcinogen, were below the limit of detection (< 3 adducts per 109 nucleotides). Moreover, we demonstrate that AαC is a potent inducer of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activity through a transcriptional mechanism involving the AhR pathway. Overall, our results highlight the capacity of activated human T lymphocytes to more efficiently bioactivate AαC to form DNA adducts than other prominent HAA or 4-ABP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:656-667, 2016.
ISSN: 0893-6692

hal-01400486
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01400486
DOI : 10.1002/em.22059
PUBMED : 27801952

Éditeur(s) : Royal Soc
Résumé : Since its description from the Galapagos Rift in the mid-1980s, Archinome rosacea has been recorded at hydrothermal vents in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Only recently was a second species described from the Pacific Antarctic Ridge. We inferred the identities and evolutionary relationships of Archinome representatives sampled from across the hydrothermal vent range of the genus, which is now extended to cold methane seeps. Species delimitation using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) recovered up to six lineages, whereas concatenated datasets (COI, 16S, 28S and ITS1) supported only four or five of these as clades. Morphological approaches alone were inconclusive to verify the identities of species owing to the lack of discrete diagnostic characters. We recognize five Archinome species, with three that are new to science. The new species, designated based on molecular evidence alone, include: Archinome levinae n. sp., which occurs at both vents and seeps in the east Pacific, Archinome tethyana n. sp., which inhabits Atlantic vents and Archinome jasoni n. sp., also present in the Atlantic, and whose distribution extends to the Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans. Biogeographic connections between vents and seeps are highlighted, as are potential evolutionary links among populations from vent fields located in the east Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and Atlantic and Indian Oceans; the latter presented for the first time.
Proceedings Of The Royal Society B-biological Sciences (0962-8452) (Royal Soc), 2013-11 , Vol. 280 , N. 1770 , P. 1-9

Droits : 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26814/24961.pdf
DOI:10.1098/rspb.2013.1876
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26814/

Éditeur(s) : Canadian Science Publishing, Nrc Research Press
Résumé : Examining the genetic structure of species allows an estimate of the level of evolutionary connectivity between localities; this information is important for marine biodiversity protection, in particular, for the delineation of marine protected areas. In this context, a total of 601 Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775) were sampled in 16 localities of the western Indian Ocean and analyzed with both mitochondrial cytochrome b sequencing and eight microsatellite loci genotyping. Both genetic markers indicate that differentiation was not significant even between samples separated by more than 4000 km. This absence of genetic differentiation among samples was favored by ecological plasticity of the species and is now ensured by resultant high levels of dispersal. Nevertheless, some significant genetic structure was detected for the areas of Mauritius and Moroni, as well as within populations in all localities, which will have to be explained by additional studies on local processes.
Canadian Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Sciences (0706-652X) (Canadian Science Publishing, Nrc Research Press), 2012-05 , Vol. 69 , N. 5 , P. 842-853

Droits : 2012 Published by NRC Research Press
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00079/19044/16647.pdf
DOI:10.1139/F2012-012
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00079/19044/