Éditeur(s) : Vitale Mascardi
Extrait de : Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus Vol.1 (p. 63)
Résumé : Lignum vitae ou Guajacum sanctum : donne le bois appelé le gaïac ou lignum vitae (bois de vie). Ce bois est très dur et dense et est utilisé pour des applications spéciales. La résine de ce bois est utilisée pour ses vertus médicinales.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 17
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/images/BBX17011-0083i1
BBX17011-0083i1

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
Bamboo Avenue, located in Lacovia, Saint Elizabeth, is also known as “Bamboo Walk.” This avenue, approximately 2.5 miles long, is planted with bamboos forming an arched canopy over the road. Throughout the years the bamboo grove has suffered damage and is becoming less dense. The avenue is protected under the Public Gardens Regulation Act and managed by the Public Gardens Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Slide labeled Jam. south bamboo.
Jamaica -- Caribbean region -- Lacovia, Saint Elizabeth

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00030879/00001

Éditeur(s) : University of Florida Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Under tropical and sub-tropical climates, a sustainable development of agriculture is challenging because of the pest pressure with favorable weather conditions. Implementation of appropriate cropping systems including growing cover crops and crop rotation plays a critical role, which can break up the food chain and life cycles of field pests. Some field trials have demonstrated that among all tested summer cover crops, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L. cv. Tropic sun) can grow vigorously during the rainy summer, cover the land quickly and densely, and it can produce a large quantity of biomass in two to three months. More importantly, sunn hemp can suppress soil root-knot nematodes via releasing some nematicides through its roots and through the decomposition of plant residues. Therefore, growing cover crop â? ? sunn hemp during the crop off season and rotating with valuable vegetable crops in the growing season has become a promising cropping system under the subtropical climate. Such a result may have a potential to be implemented in Caribbean countries to improve the sustainable development of agriculture.

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16313
V16313

Résumé : Arbusto o arbolito de hasta 12 m, ramas armadas con espinas rectas. Hojas pecioladas, compuestas, glabras; 1 a 3 pares de pinas; con folíolos de 12 a 20 pares por pinna, sésiles, linear-oblongos. Flores verde-amarillentas, sésiles, en espigas cilíndricas, densas, de 5 a 10 cm de longitud, pedunculadas. Vaina comprimida, falcada, coriácea indehiscente; semillas aplanadas, ovales de color café.
Arbuste ou petit arbre pouvant atteindre 12 m, branches armées d’épines droites. Feuilles pétiolées glabres, bipennées ou tripennées, dont chaque élément porte 12 à 20 paires de folioles, sessiles, linéaires-oblongues.Fleurs vert-jaunâtres, sessiles, en épis cylindriques, denses, de 5 à 10 cm de longueur, pédonculées. Gousse comprimée, en forme de lame de faucille, coriace indéhiscente; graines plates, ovales, couleur café.
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m high with spreading branches armed with straight spines 0.6-2.5 cm.  Leaves, petiolate 1-4 cm, bipinnate with glands between pairs of pinnae, pinnae 1 pair rarely 2, leaflets 12-20 pairs linear-oblong, 7-16 x 1.5-3.2 mm, apex obtuse or short abrupt point; inflorescence axillary in spikelike racemes, 5-10 cm long; flowers densely packed with pale yellow corolla 2.5 mm long; pod compressed, 7-20 cm x 1-1.6 cm, slightly curved, pale yellow; seeds brown 6 mm embedded in white sweet pulp.
Nativa de América tropical.
Originaire d’;Amérique tropicale.
Native to tropical America.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant259

Résumé : Arbusto o arbolito de hasta 5 m, con látex amarillo lechoso o rojizo. Hojas redondeado-aovadas, 3-5 lobadas, cordadas en la base, agudas o acuminadas en el ápice. Cimas pequeñas, densas, largo-pedunculadas; pétalos blanquecinos oblongo-ovados, densamente pilosos. Cápsula elipsoide, de 2.5 a 4 cm; semillas de 2 cm, negruzcas.
Arbuste ou petit arbre pouvant atteindre 5 m, avec un latex jaune laiteux ou rougeâtre. Feuilles arrondies-ovées, à 3-5 lobes, cordées à la base, à l’extrémité aiguë ou acuminée. Cymes petites, denses, à longs pédoncules; pétales blanchâtres oblong-ovés, à pilosité dense. Capsule ellipsoïdale, de 2,5 à 4 cm. Graines de 2 cm, noirâtres.
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high, with sticky, milky or reddish latex.  Leaves broadly ovate, margins entire or shallowly 3-5-lobed, cordate at base, acute or acuminate at apex, 15cm x 13cm; cymes with or without peduncles; flowers unisexual, born at different times on the same inflorescence, petals green 6-7 mm long; capsule ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm long; seeds blackish ca.2 cm long.
Originaria de América tropical, se ha naturalizado en otras regiones tropicales.
Originaire d’;Amérique tropicale, naturalisée dans d’;autres régions tropicales.
Native to tropical America. Naturalized in other tropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant200

Résumé : Arbol de 10 a 15 m o más, de copa densa, redondeada; corteza resinosa. Hojas alternas, oblongo-lanceoladas, agudas o acuminadas, subcoriáceas. Flores verdosas o amarillentas, fragantes, en grandes panículas; pétalos de 5 mm, glabros. Drupa elipsoidea a oblícuamente reniforme, de 5 a 15 cm, mesocarpo carnoso amarillo, agridulce.
Arbre de 10 à 15 m ou davantage, tête dense, arrondie; écorce résineuse. Feuilles alternes, oblongues-lancéolées, pointues ou acuminées, subcoriaces. Fleurs verdâtres ou jaunâtres, odorantes, en grandes panicules; pétales de 5 mm, glabres. Drupe ellipsoïdale à obliquement réniforme, de 5 à 15 cm, mésocarpe charnu, jaune, aigre-doux.
Tree evergreen, 10-15 m high with a dense, rounded crown of foliage, bark resinous.  Leaves alternate, simple, spirally arranged, lanceolate-elliptical, 10-25 cm x 2.5-8 cm; inflorescence a terminal panicle ca 30 cm long; flowers 5-8 mm in diameter, greenish or yellowish, fragrant; fruit a fleshy drupe, ellipsoid to obliquely reniform, 5-15 cm long.
Nativa del sureste asiático, cultivada en zonas tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mundo.
Originaire du sud-est asiatique, cultivée dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales du monde entier.
Native to Southeast Asia, cultivated in tropical and su

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant220

Résumé : Herbácea de hasta 90 cm, con rizoma tuberoso. Hojas linear-lanceoladas, sésiles, ápice agudo, base cuneada, glabras, de hasta 20 cm de largo. Espigas florales largo-pedunculadas, elipsoides, densas, brácteas ovadas, cuspidadas, verde pálidas; cáliz crenado; corola verde-amarillenta, tubo de 2 cm. Cápsula de 3 valvas, abriendo irregularmente. Existen diferentes cultivares.
Herbacée pouvant atteindre 90 cm, avec rhizome tubéreux. Feuilles linéaires-lancéolées, sessiles, à pointe aiguë, à base cunéiforme, glabres, pouvant atteindre 20 cm de long. Epis floraux à longs pédoncules, ellipsoïdaux, denses, bractées ovées, munies d’une pointe, de couleur vert pâle; calice créné; corolle vert-jaunâtre, tube de 2 cm. Capsule à 3 valves, s’ouvrant irrégulièrement. Il existe plusieurs procédés de culture.
Herb 30-100 cm high, with robust, branched, rhizome near the surface of the soil. Leaves, 5-25 x 1-3 cm, linear-lanceolate, sessile, with acute apex and cuneate base, glabrous; inflorescence cylindrical, spikes 4-7 x 1.5-2.5 cm, corolla yellowish-green; flower produced in the axil of yellowish bracts; fruit a three-valved capsule with small black arillate seeds.
Originaria de Asia tropical, cultivada en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d’;Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia tropical, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant363

Résumé : Arbusto delgado de hasta 2 m de altura, aromático, ramas corto-pilosas. Hojas oblongas a elípticas, u ovadas a ovado-oblongas de 2-4 cm de largo, generalmente obtusas o redondeadas en el ápice, redondeadas o subcordadas en la base; densamente pilosas en el haz, densamente tomentosas y glandulares en el envés; márgenes finamente crenados. Flores en espigas subglobosas a oblongas de 4-12 mm de largo; corola blanca.
Arbuste mince pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut, aromatique, branches courtes et pileuses. Feuilles oblongues à elliptiques, ou ovées à ovées-oblongues de 2-4 cm de long, généralement obtuses ou arrondies à la pointe, arrondies ou subcordées à la base; très pileuses sur le dessus, très tomenteuses et glandulaires sur le dessous; bords finement crénés. Fleurs en épis subarrondies à oblongues de 4-12 mm de long; corolle blanche.
Slender shrub, up to 2 m in height, aromatic, branches short-pilose.  Leaves oblong to elliptic, or ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-4 cm in length, generally obtuse or round at the tip, round or subcordate at the base, densely pilose at the sheaf, densely tomentose and glandular on the underside; margins finely crenate.  Flowers in subglobose to oblong spikes, 4-12 mm in length; corolla white.
Sur de Texas a Nicaragua.
Du Sud du Texas jusqu’;au Nicaragua.
Southern Texas to Nicaragua.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant213

Résumé : Herbácea perenne erecta, de 1 a 2 m, formando densos macollos. Hojas de hasta 1 m de longitud, estrechadas hacia ambos extremos. Inflorescencia de hasta 60 cm; los segmentos de los racimos vellosos; espiguillas sésiles, sin cerdas, lineares a linear-lanceoladas, planas en el dorso.
Herbacée pérenne, dressée, de 1 à 2 m, formant des touffes denses. Feuilles pouvant atteindre 1 m de long, fines aux deux extrémités. Inflorescence pouvant atteindre 60 cm; les grappes présentent des segments velus; petits épis sessiles, sans barbes, linéaires à linéaire-lanceolés, dos aplati.
Erect, densely, tufted perennial grass. Leave blades 1 m x 5-15 mm, narrowing towards both ends, margins rough.  Flowering panicles rarely formed; inflorescence up to 60 cm long and drooping, spikes sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate.
Originaria de la India, cultivada en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire de l’;Inde, cultivée dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to India, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant154

Résumé : Arbusto de 2 a 3 m, aromático, de madera suave. Hojas ovadas u oblongo-ovadas de hasta 60 cm de largo, agudas a corto acuminadas en el ápice, cordadas en la base, lóbulos basales redondeados, marcadamente desiguales. Espigas de color verde pálido, de 10 a 20 cm de largo; brácteas redondeadas y densamente ciliadas. Frutos pequeños agrupados en las espigas.
Arbuste pouvant atteindre 2 à 3 m, aromatique, bois tendre. Feuilles ovées ou oblongues-ovées, pouvant avoir 60 cm de long, à l’extrémité aiguë à terminée en pointe courte, cordées à la base, lobes à base arrondie, fortement inégaux. Epis de couleur vert pâle, de 10 à 20 cm de long; bractées arrondies et pourvues de cils denses. Petits fruits groupés sur les épis.
Soft-wooded aromatic shrub or tree 1-6m high.  Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical, 20-40 x 12-25 cm, acute to short acuminate at the apex, deeply and unequally cordate-auriculate at base, margins densely white-ciliate, petiole winged to the apex; inflorescence a spike, whitish to light yellow, pendulous, 10-20 cm x 3-5 mm; fruit, small, three-angled.
Nativa del sureste de México y Centroamérica, cultivada y naturalizada en Cuba y Florida.
Originaire du sud-est du Mexique et de l’;Amérique Centrale, cultivée et naturalisée à Cuba et en Floride.
Native to southeast Mexico and Central America

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant283

Résumé : Planta acaulescente o con tallo corto, estolonífera. Hojas lanceoladas, de 30 a 60 cm, largo-acuminadas, espinoso-dentadas. Inflorescencia en escapo de hasta 1.2 m con brácteas lanceoladas o aovadas, agudas; flores amarillas de 2.5 cm de longitud en racimos densos de 10 a 30 cm. Cápsulas (fruto) dehiscentes, con semillas negras.
Plante sans tige apparente ou à tige courte, stolonifère. Feuilles lancéolées, longues de 30 à 60 cm, terminées en pointe fine, épino-dentées. Stipe pouvant atteindre 1,2 m, grappes denses de 10 à 30 cm, bractées lancéolées ou ovées, en pointe.Fleurs jaunes de 2,5 cm de longueur en grappes denses de 10 à 30 cm. Fruit: capsule déhiscente; graines noires ailées.
Acaulescent or short-stemmed stoloniferous plant.  Leaves lanceolate, 30-60 cm in length,  long-acuminate, spiny-serrate.  Inflorescence on scape of up to 1.2 m long, with sharp lanceolate or ovate bracts; yellow flowers, 2.5 cm long, in dense 10-30 cm long racemes.  Dehiscent capsules (fruit), with black seeds.
Oriunda del Mediterráneo, ampliamente cultivada en los trópicos y subtrópicos
Originaire du bassin méditerranéen, largement cultivée en milieu tropical et subtropical.
Native to the Mediterranean, widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant14

Résumé : Planta herbácea, arrosetada, de hasta 20 cm de longitud, a menudo formando grupos. Hojas, alternas, sésiles, densamente imbricadas, linear-lanceoladas, acuminadas, verdes en ambas superficies o purpúreas en el envés. Pedúnculos, a menudo ramificados arriba; brácteas cimbiformes, ovadas, opuestas, glabras y agudas; inflorescencia incluida en la bráctea; sépalos ovado-lanceolados; pétalos ovados, blancos. Cápsula ovoidea.
Plante herbacée, feuilles basilaires disposées en couronnes serrées, pouvant atteindre 20 cm de longueur, souvent en groupes. Feuilles alternes, sessiles, densément imbriquées, linéaires-lancéolées, acuminées, vertes sur les deux faces ou avec le dessous pourpre. Pédoncules à la partie supérieure souvent ramifiée; bractées naviculaires, ovées, opposées, glabres et aiguës; inflorescence incluse sur la bractée; sépales ovo-lancéolés; pétales ovés, blancs. Capsule ovoïde.
Herb 40-70 cm high, forming large colonies, stems thick and covered with withered leaves. Leaves alternate, sessile, densely imbricate, linear-lanceolate, 20-35 x 3-5 cm, dark green above, purple beneath and along the margins; inflorescence axillary,  umbelliform cyme enclosed by compressed spathe-like bracts, 3-4.5 cm broad and 2-3 high, petals white 5-8 mm long; capsule 3-angled 4.5 mm long.
México, Guatemala, Belice y las Antillas.
Mexique, Guatemala, Belize et Antilles.
Mexico, Guatemala, Belice and the Antilles.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant351

Résumé : Herbácea perenne, con rizoma corto y grueso. Hojas en rosetas basales ovadas o elípticas, de márgenes enteros o dentados, largo pediceladas. Inflorescencia en escapo de hasta 50 cm de largo; espigas linear-cilíndricas, densas, de 5 a 25 cm; flores sésiles; sépalos ovados, verdes. Cápsula elipsoide de 2 a 4 mm, con 5 o más semillas.
Herbacée pérenne, à rhizome court et gros. Feuilles en rosettes basales ovées ou elliptiques, à bords entiers ou dentés, avec longs pédicelles. Inflorescence sur hampe pouvant atteindre 50 cm de long; épis linéaires-cylindriques, denses, de 5 à 25 cm; fleurs sessiles; sépales ovés, verts. Capsule ellipsoïdale de 2 à 4 mm, avec 5 graines ou davantage.
Annual or perennial acaulescent herb with a taproot producing numerous fibrous lateral roots. Leaves, glabrous, forming a basal rosette, petioles 2-15 cm long, blades ovate to elliptic, 2.5-25 x 3-12 cm, base abruptly narrow, apex obtuse, margins coarsely dentate; inflorescence a spike spike, linear-cylindrical, 5-25 cm x 6-8 mm, scape 10-30 cm. long; flowers perfect, corolla lobes 0.5-1 mm long, numerous, sessile, green; fruit a capsule ovate-elliptic 3-4 mm long, seeds brown, oblong 1 x 0.7 mm.
Oriunda del viejo mundo, naturalizada en gran parte del mundo.
Originaire de l’;Ancien Monde, naturalisée dans une grande partie du monde.
Native to the Old World, naturalized in most parts of the world.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant286

Résumé : Herbácea anual o bianual de 20 a 80 cm de alto, tallos con indumento hirsuto-glanduloso. Hojas estrechamente sagitadas, linear-lanceoladas, ápice agudo o acuminado, margen generalmente revoluto, el haz verde densa o escasamente hirsuto-glanduloso, envés con indumento lanoso. Inflorescencia glomerular simple o corimbosa; corola amarilla en ocasiones con ápice café. Aquenios oblongos o estrechamente obovados, de color café.
Herbacée annuelle ou bisannuelle de 20 à 80 cm de haut, tiges avec revêtement hirsute-glanduleux. Feuilles étroitement sagittées, linéaires-lancéolées, pointe aiguë ou acuminée, bord généralement enroulé sur lui-même, dessus vert dense ou légèrement hirsute-glanduleux, dessous avec revêtement laineux. Inflorescence glomérulée simple ou corymbuleuse; corolle jaune parfois avec pointe couleur café. Akènes oblongs ou étroitement ovés, couleur café.
Annual or biannual herb, 20-80 cm high.  Stems with hirsute-glandulose.  Leaves, linear-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, margin usually revolute, veinsgreen, densely or scarcely hirsute-glandulose, underside with wooly surface.  Inflorescence head, simple or corymbose; corolla yellow, sometimes with coffee-colored apex.  Achenes oblong or tightly obovate, coffee-colored.
América tropical y subtropical.
Amérique tropicale et subtropicale.
Tropical and subtropical America.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant258

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : During 84 days, the effects of density on juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (76 +/- 16 g) were studied in an experimental tank-based flow through system. Performance, stress response and resistance to virus infection were analysed under five stabilized rearing densities: 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100 kg m(-3). Water quality parameters (CO2, total ammonia nitrogen and O-2) were measured and maintained close to the recommended values for farmed sea bass by adjusting water renewal exchange. No significant differences were observed between density treatments, neither on stress response (cortisol) nor susceptibility to nodavirus. With regards to biological performances, the daily feed intake and specific growth rate were significantly lower in fish reared at the 100 kg m(-3) density. Results on the effects of density in sea bass reared in flow through (present study) and in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) (Sammouth et al. 2009) were compared as a contribution to the identification of density not affecting health and welfare in farmed sea bass.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2010-01 , Vol. 23 , N. 1 , P. 109-117

Droits : 2010 EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11287/7824.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2009056
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11287/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
TEM Study of Heavitree quartzite deformed at high temperatures and a pressure of 1.5 GPa with three different preparations: water-added, vacuum dried, and sodium doped show a wide range of dislocation microstructure. The vacuum dried sample has a very heterogeneous dislocation distribution varying from almost no dislocations to very high densities. Dislocation nucleation occurs by cross-slip mechanisms, such as Frank-Read sources and Orowan loops around hard inclusions. Shear bands develop in the basal plane composed of two closely spaced shear planes. Dislocations have straight segments and they are aligned along directions of dense packing, suggesting strong Peierls stress control due to the crystal structure. No voids, bubbles or dislocation walls where observed in the vacuum dried sample. The sodium-doped sample had a homogeneous high dislocation density. The water-added sample has a significantly lower, relatively uniform dislocation density. Bubbles associated with dislocations are seen in every grain. Dislocations were either present in loops around bubbles or as straight dislocations with small bubbles spaced along the dislocation line. Some of the long straight dislocations are aligned parallel to the c-axis. Sub-grains where very frequent, sometimes form cells of about 2 p,m in diameter with straight edges. Analysis of dislocations show 1/3 < a > and [c] dislocations in sub-grain walls and free 1/3 < a > dislocations on prism planes. There is clear evidence for dislocation climb with sub-grain walls, dislocation cells, dislocation junctions and dislocation debris of small loops. The major difference between vacuum dried and water-added samples are the homogeneity of the microstructure and evidence for climb in the water-added sample. Glide is clearly difficult, with a high Peierls stress in the vacuum dried sample as shown by areas of very low and very high dislocation density and the crystallographic control of dislocation line direction. The sodium-doped sample indicates that nucleation was easy by the high homogenous dislocation density, but no climb recovery has taken place. The density is high and the dislocations are strongly interacting causing tangles; no evidence for crystallographic control can be observed at these levels of strain. The activation energy for creep in Heavitree quartzite decreases with inferred water content of the specimens form 185 kJ mol(-1) for vacuum dried to 151 for 0.4 wt% water-added samples. Analysis of diffusion data for oxygen under hydrothermal conditions and inferred diffusion data for the hydrogarnet defect and dislocation velocity suggests activation energies for these processes are similar to the activation energy for the dislocation creep of Heavitree quartzite and other quartz aggregates. For data from the previously published experiments with the highest stress resolution there is a correlation between the A pre-factor in the power law creep equation and the activation energy for creep. It is speculated that the correlation may be due to variable hydrogarnet defect concentrations.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00413112
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413112
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Geosciences Union
Résumé : Xylem density is a physical property of wood that varies between individuals, species and environments. It reflects the physiological strategies of trees that lead to growth, survival and reproduction. Measurements of branch xylem density, ρx, were made for 1653 trees representing 598 species, sampled from 87 sites across the Amazon basin. Measured values ranged from 218 kg m−3 for a Cordia sagotii (Boraginaceae) from Mountagne de Tortue, French Guiana to 1130 kg m−3 for an Aiouea sp. (Lauraceae) from Caxiuana, Central Pará, Brazil. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in average ρx across regions and sampled plots as well as significant differences between families, genera and species. A partitioning of the total variance in the dataset showed that species identity (family, genera and species) accounted for 33% with environment (geographic location and plot) accounting for an additional 26%; the remaining "residual" variance accounted for 41% of the total variance. Variations in plot means, were, however, not only accountable by differences in species composition because xylem density of the most widely distributed species in our dataset varied systematically from plot to plot. Thus, as well as having a genetic component, branch xylem density is a plastic trait that, for any given species, varies according to where the tree is growing in a predictable manner. Within the analysed taxa, exceptions to this general rule seem to be pioneer species belonging for example to the Urticaceae whose branch xylem density is more constrained than most species sampled in this study. These patterns of variation of branch xylem density across Amazonia suggest a large functional diversity amongst Amazonian trees which is not well understood.
ISSN: 1726-4170

hal-01032137
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032137

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques. Ifremer Brest [ACTES COLLOQ. IFREMER.]. 1986
Résumé : Bacterial density of the coelenteric fluid (CF) of some anthozoan species was determined in situ and under laboratory conditions. In all species examined bacterial density of the CF was higher in the gastral cavity than in ambient ranging from 10 super(5) up to 5 x 10 super(6) cells. ml super(-1). Incubation experiments with the CF indicate that a bacterial population within the coelenteron is efficiently controlled by the CF, favoring bacterial growth if bacterial densities are low in the CF and showing clearance activity at high bacterial densities. Feeding of pre-starved anthozoans caused a rapid response of coelenteric rod-shaped bacteria. Evidence is presented that coelenteric bacteria are digested periodically although they contribute 1% to the respiratory carbon losses of the antozoans tested. Therefore, it is more likely that the coelenteric bacterial population provide other substances which cannot be synthesized by the host.
La densité des bactéries du fluide gastrique de différents anthozoaires a été déterminée in situ et au laboratoire. Pour toutes les espèces étudiées, la densité des bactéries dans le fluide gastrique était plus élevée que dans l'eau ambiante et comprise entre 105et 106 cellules m"1. Des expériences d'incubation du fluide gastrique montrent que la population bactérienne est contrôlée efficacement par ce fluide gastrique, favorisant la croissance de bactéries lorsque la densité est faible mais révélant des activités de digestion lorsque la densité est élevée. En nourrissant des anthozoaires mis àjeun plusieurs jours, on provoque une réaction rapide des bactéries déforme bacillaire. Certaines observations montrent que les bactéries gastriques se développent et sont digérées par cycle dans le coelenteron. Néanmoins, la contribution en carbone de ces dernières, comparée aux pertes d'énergie par Sa respiration, représenterait moins de i ','-£. li est probable que cette population bactérienne fournisse des substances qui ne peuvent être synthétisées par i'hôte.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1984/acte-989.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/989/

Résumé : Hierba o arbusto densamente ramificado. Hojas con pecíolo delgado, solitarias o en pares, ovadas u ovado-lanceoladas, ápice acuminado. Dos flores o más en cada nudo, rara vez una; cáliz truncado o con lóbulos diminutos; corola blanco-verdosa o blanco amarillenta. Fruto rojo, de 1.5 a 3 cm de diámetro, elipsoide-lanceolado o lanceolado, con ápice agudo. Semillas cremosas a amarillentas. Especie muy elastica con una gran cantidad de cultivares que poseen una gran diversidad de forma en sus frutos.
Herbe ou arbuste à ramifications denses. Feuilles avec pétiole fin, solitaires ou par paires, ovalées ou ovalées-lancéolées, acuminées. Deux fleurs ou plus sur chaque noeud, rarement une; calice tronqué ou à très petits lobes; corolle blanche-verdâtre ou blanche-jaunâtre. Fruit rouge, de 1,5 à 3 cm de diamètre, ellipsoïde-lancéolé ou lancéolé, acuminé. Graines de couleur crème à jaunâtre. Espèce très élastique par une grande quantité de cultivars possédant une grande variété de formes de fruits.
Annual shrub densely branching.  Leaf with thin petiole, either single or in pairs, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with acuminate tip; flowers solitary or two or moreper node, 5-petals, whitish-green or whitish-yellow; fruit 1.5- 3.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoid-lanceolate or lanceolate with acute tip, crinkled, red, green, yellow or orange; seeds cream or yellowish.
Originaria de América tropical. Cultivada en zonas tropicales y templadas.
Originaire d';Amérique tropicale. Cultivée dans les zones tropicales et tempérées.
Tropical America.  Cultivated in regions with tropical and moderate climates.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant90

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Botanical Society of America
Résumé : Premise of the study : Wood density correlates with mechanical and physiological strategies of trees and is important for estimating global carbon stocks. Nonetheless, the relationship between branch and trunk xylem density has been poorly explored in neotropical trees. Here, we examine this relationship in trees from French Guiana and its variation among different families and sites, to improve the understanding of wood density in neotropical forests. Methods : Trunk and branch xylem densities were measured for 1909 trees in seven sites across French Guiana. A major-axis fit was performed to explore their general allometric relationship and its variation among different families and sites. Key results : Trunk xylem and branch xylem densities were significantly positively correlated, and their relationship explained 47% of the total variance. Trunk xylem was on average 9% denser than branch xylem. Family-level differences and interactions between family and site accounted for more than 40% of the total variance, whereas differences among sites explained little variation. Conclusions : Variation in xylem density within individual trees can be substantial, and the relationship between branch xylem and trunk xylem densities varies considerably among families and sites. As such, whole-tree biomass estimates based on non-destructive branch sampling should correct for both taxonomic and environmental factors. Furthermore, detailed estimates of the vertical distribution of wood density within individual trees are needed to determine the extent to which relying solely upon measures of trunk wood density may cause carbon stocks in tropical forests to be overestimated.
ISSN: 0002-9122

hal-01032401
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032401
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.1000034