Les zones de tolérance à Cuba sous la république : l’enfermement réel et symbolique des femmes publiques Auteur(s) : Moreau-Lebert, Mélanie Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes Résumé : La prostitution est une problématique très intéressante d’une part parce qu’elle est transversale à tous les temps, à toutes les classes sociales, à tous les espaces, et d’autre part parce qu’il s’agit d’un fléau qui se conjugue le plus souvent au féminin. Il s’agit à mon sens du versant spécifique d’une problématique universelle dont personne ne peut s’affranchir sans mettre en jeu l’ensemble de la condition humaine. En effet, la prostitution est le lieu où convergent et se concentrent de façon exacerbée tous les maux d’une société. La femme est malgré elle au centre de ce système dans lequel on retrouve les frustrations, les rapports de domination, de pouvoir, la violence, la misère, la corruption, l’aliénation… La prostitution, tout comme le concept de genre, est une construction sociale, dans laquelle les femmes sont enfermées réellement et symboliquement.D’autre part, si les maux d’une société sont décuplés dans le système de la prostitution, nulle part ailleurs n’existe un tel abîme entre fantasme et réalité. C’est le lieu des fausses représentations et des euphémismes comme le montrent ces deux expressions édulcorées « zones de tolérance » et « femmes publiques ». A Cuba, malgré les tentatives d’éradication de la prostitution dans les premières décennies qui suivirent le triomphe de la Révolution de 1959, la chute du bloc soviétique et la période de pénurie qui s’ensuivit donnèrent lieu à un retour de cette prostitution, sous de nouvelles formes qui persistent aujourd’hui. Cependant, il fut une époque, celle de la première République (1902-1958) durant laquelle Cuba, rongée par un système néocolonial, connût une recrudescence de ce phénomène, dans des proportions jamais égalées. Une époque somme toute récente où les zones de tolérance, espaces où étaient regroupées les maisons closes, occupaient une grande partie de La Havane coloniale ainsi que des quartiers entiers à travers l’île. A l’intérieur de ces zones très lucratives dont profitaient à la fois les proxénètes, policiers, politiques et hommes d’affaires, les femmes cubaines, mais également, dans une grande proportion des Françaises victimes de la traite des Blanches, se trouvaient au cœur d’un système qui étaient à lui seul le symptôme de la frustration néocoloniale, mais également de l’exacerbation du patriarcat.Cette problématique, on ne peut plus actuelle, convoque la pluridisciplinarité, c’est pourquoi j’ai eu recours à des témoignages de prostituées depuis le début du siècle jusqu’à la Révolution, recueillis et publiés à Cuba. Je me suis penchée sur les différents discours sur la prostitution de l’époque, discours politiques et féministes. Les rapports de police, les plaintes déposées par des femmes, les comptes rendus de procès, et les descriptions des médecins-hygiénistes sont autant de sources qui viennent corroborer les témoignages. The republican era in Cuba is a complex and difficult one for the Cuban population. 1898 remains engraved in people’s memories as being a time of great disillusion for a population who, having freed itself from Spanish colonial domination, was deprived of independence by the United States of America. Three years of American intervention sufficed to put power bases into place, guarantee maximal exploitation conditions and organize the legal framework of the American domination over Cuba by means of the Platt Amendment in 1901. The protectorate set up by the United States, followed by a neocolonial system in 1934, relies upon the collaboration of presidents and corrupt governments succeeding each other in power. Corruption, nepotism and violence are put in place in a society in which inequality is dramatically worsening and all moral values are disintegrating. In this context and in a Cuban society governed with patriarchal rules, women are the first victims of the system. After the wars of independence, the only options they have are marriage, work or prostitution. Legitimate marriage is only available to a privileged few. With regards to employment, only 9.8% of women have the opportunity to work and this percentage didn’t change until 1959. It was at this time that prostitution reached unprecedented levels. It wasn’t just the case of a few marginalized women but of thousands of mothers, wives, widows and working women who were trapped in this alienating condition, forced to sell their bodies. Legislation and violence are used to control and restrict the work space for prostitutes, removing these ‘streetwalkers’ from the public eye, grouping them together in tolerance zones with very strict rules, which are in reality in the hands of Cuban and French procurers, and subjecting them to constant inspections carried out by hygienists who physically and symbolically assault women’s bodies. What is more, speeches about prostitution, whether made by politicians, feminists, journalists, doctors or mere observers, contribute significantly to a certain representation of these women. While debates about prostitution have recently shaken public opinion, this work refers back to an episode of Cuba’s history which brings us to reflect upon the evolution of the phenomenon and on its protean nature. Cuba Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6945 http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6945 | Partager |
El Templete, Habana Auteur(s) : unknown Éditeur(s) : Detroit Photographic Company Detroit Photographic Company ( [Detroit, Mich.] ) Résumé : This small, Greek Revival memorial borders the east side of the Plaza de Armas. It commemorates the city's first Catholic mass and town council meeting, which took place on the site in 1519. The temple was built in 1828. The first mass took place under a silk-cotton tree, so a tree of this species shades El Templete. Once or twice each century, the tree grows too large for the site, and is replaced. Digital image. 2005. 400 ppi, 2784 x 3696 pixels, 29.4 mb rgb tif. Photochrom, in 11 x 14 in. window mat, filed in Detroit Photograph Company. Photochroms. Box 2. Havana (Cuba) Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution. 1991-528-7 | Partager |
Obras de don José Antonio Saco Auteur(s) : Saco, José Antonio, 1797-1879 Vingut, Francisco Javier ( ed ) Vingut, Gertrude Fairfield ( ed ) Éditeur(s) : Libreria americana y estrangera de R. Lockwood é hijo Libreria americana y estrangera de R. Lockwood é hijo ( Neuva York ) Résumé : (Statement of Responsibility) Compiladas por primera vez y publicadas en dos tomos, por un paisano del autor ... Vol. 1 edited by Francisco Javier Vingut; v. 2 (without date) by Gertrude (Fairfield) Vingut. The phrase "por un paisano del autor" does not occur on t.-p. of v. 2. Many of the articles have reprinted title-pages of original editions. Réplica á la contestacion del señor fiscal de la real hacienda de la Habana, don Vicente Vazquez Queipo, en el informe sobre el fomento de la poblacion blanca, etc., en la isla Cuba.--2. t. Ideas sobre la incorporacion de Cuba en los Estados-Unidos. Réplica de don José Antonio Saco á los anexionistas que han impugnadosus Ideas sobre la incorporacion de Cuba en los Estados-Unidos. La situacion politico de Cuba y su remedio. Cuestion de Cuba. Apendice: Tablas necrolójicas del cóleramorbus en la ciudad de la Habana y sus arrabales, formadas ... for d. Ramon de la Sagra, analizadas por don José Antonio Saco. Memoria sobre caminos en la isla de Cuba. Noticias del Brasil en 1828 y 1829, por ... R. Walsh, y analizadas por don José Antonio Saco. Discurso pronunciado por ... don José Antonio Saco á la apertura de la clase de filsofía del Colejio seminario de San Cárlos de la Habana, el 14 de setiembre de 1822. Cuba Cuba Spain 001056968 23185705 AFE0523 | Partager |
La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre memorial ; The Bryant Slides Collection ; The Bryant Slides Collection, Cuba Auteur(s) : Unknown ( Photographer ) Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location. A rural memorial to Our Lady of Charity of Cobre, Cuba's patron saint. The picture shows several children leaving flowers to the saint, which is believed to bring prosperity. La Virgen is a focus of popular devotion in Cuba, not just for Catholics but also for followers of Santería as well as even those who are not otherwise religious. The beloved Virgin of Charity was declared the patron saint of Cuba by the pope in 1916. Cuba -- Caribbean region Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu CFM1972_01a Sheet 28: 4 http://ufdc.ufl.edu/CA01200443/00001 | Partager |
Virginia's martyrs, Santiago de Cuba ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Notation by Manuel R. Bustamante (donor) affixed on verso: "Panteón de las Víctimas del Virginia en Santiago de Cuba." 1900-1920 CHC5017 Santiago de Cuba (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170005330001001 1436 | Partager |
Parque de José Luz Caballero, La Habana, Cuba ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Auteur(s) : Corral, Ramón ( Photographer ) Résumé : Written on front: "173", "Parque de José Luz Caballero, Habana", "R. Corral" CHC5017 Havana (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170002770001001 1560 | Partager |
Large building in Havana, Cuba ; The Bryant Slides Collection ; The Bryant Slides Collection, Cuba Auteur(s) : Unknown ( Photographer ) Varela, Enrique Luis ( Architect ) Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location. This photograph shows a large building which is part of Havana's public square, which was originally called la Plaza Cívica (Civic Square), but after the Cuban Revolution was renamed "Plaza de la Revolución" or "Revolution Square." The large tower is a memorial to Jose Marti, which was erected during the Presidency of Fulgencio Batista. The square and the memorial were completed in 1959, the year that Fidel Castro came to power. This picture includes many vehicles of the 1950. In front of the building are two billboards. The billboard on the right is a political ad for, then president Batista. It reads "Paz, Trabajo, progreso" - meaning "Peace, Work and Progress." The 109 m (358 ft) tower, designed by a team of architects led by Enrique Luis Varela, is in the form of a five-pointed star, encased in grey Cuban marble from the Isla de la Juventud. Cuba -- Caribbean region -- Havana Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu CFM1972_01a Sheet 26: 17 http://ufdc.ufl.edu/CA01200416/00001 | Partager Voir aussi Plaza de la Revolucion (Havana, Cuba) La Plaza Civica (Havana, Cuba) Plazas -- Cuba -- Havana Havana (Cuba) -- Description and travel Jose Marti Memorial -- Revolution Square Marti, Jose -- 1853-1895 -- Congresses Automobiles -- Cuba -- 1950-1960 Billboards -- Cuba -- Havana Advertising, Political -- Cuba -- Havana -- 1950-1960 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company -- Products -- Cuba -- 1950-1960 |
Descripcion de diferentes piezas de historia natural las mas del ramo maritimo Auteur(s) : Parra, Antonio ( Parra y Callado ) Mesa, Rosa Quintero ( associated name ) Imprenta de la Capitania General Éditeur(s) : En la Imprenta de la Capitania General En la Imprenta de la Capitania General ( En La Havana ) Résumé : (Statement of Responsibility) su autor don Antonio Parra. Purchased in memory of Rosa Mesa, Latin American Librarian. Cuba Cuba Cuba Havana Cuba Havana 002663954 13255723 AND1110 f 17000224 | Partager |
Obras de don José Antonio Saco Auteur(s) : Saco, José Antonio, 1797-1879 Vingut, Francisco Javier ( ed ) Vingut, Gertrude Fairfield ( ed ) Éditeur(s) : Libreria americana y estrangera de R. Lockwood é hijo Libreria americana y estrangera de R. Lockwood é hijo ( Neuva York ) Résumé : (Statement of Responsibility) Compiladas por primera vez y publicadas en dos tomos, por un paisano del autor ... Vol. 1 edited by Francisco Javier Vingut; v. 2 (without date) by Gertrude (Fairfield) Vingut. The phrase "por un paisano del autor" does not occur on t.-p. of v. 2. Many of the articles have reprinted title-pages of original editions. Réplica á la contestacion del señor fiscal de la real hacienda de la Habana, don Vicente Vazquez Queipo, en el informe sobre el fomento de la poblacion blanca, etc., en la isla Cuba.--2. t. Ideas sobre la incorporacion de Cuba en los Estados-Unidos. Réplica de don José Antonio Saco á los anexionistas que han impugnadosus Ideas sobre la incorporacion de Cuba en los Estados-Unidos. La situacion politico de Cuba y su remedio. Cuestion de Cuba. Apendice: Tablas necrolójicas del cóleramorbus en la ciudad de la Habana y sus arrabales, formadas ... for d. Ramon de la Sagra, analizadas por don José Antonio Saco. Memoria sobre caminos en la isla de Cuba. Noticias del Brasil en 1828 y 1829, por ... R. Walsh, y analizadas por don José Antonio Saco. Discurso pronunciado por ... don José Antonio Saco á la apertura de la clase de filsofía del Colejio seminario de San Cárlos de la Habana, el 14 de setiembre de 1822. Cuba Cuba Spain 001056968 23185705 AFE0523 | Partager |
Monument to Cuban poet José María Heredia ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Monument to Cuban poet José María Heredia (1803-1839). Written on verso: "Cover April" and "Used 1921." Probably used by the Munson Steamship Line in their publication, The Cuba Review. 1920-1930 CHC5017 Havana (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170002450001001 1397 | Partager |
Monument with inscription "A la Gloria del Mambí Victorioso" ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Written on recto: "A la Gloria del Mambi Victorioso (Monumento en Loma San Juan) Abril 12/38." Photograph originally part of scrapbook. 1930-1940 CHC5017 Cuba Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170005350001001 1342 | Partager |
Maps of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base Auteur(s) : Matlock, Frances Caribbean--Cuba--Guantánamo Bay Naval Base Droits : [cc by-nc-nd] This item is licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivative License. This license allows others to download this work and share them with others as long as they mention the author and link back to the author, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00030817/00001 | Partager |
Interview with Anita Lewis Isom Auteur(s) : Guantánamo Public Memory Project Droits : [cc by-nc-nd] This item is licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivative License. This license allows others to download this work and share them with others as long as they mention the author and link back to the author, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015536/00001 | Partager |
Cookbook: "What's Really Cooking in Gitmo!" Éditeur(s) : Teagle & Little, Inc. ( Norfolk, VA ) Droits : [cc by-nc-nd] This item is licensed with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivative License. This license allows others to download this work and share them with others as long as they mention the author and link back to the author, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00016258/00001 | Partager |
Vista General del Monumento al Maine, La Habana ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Monument in Havana, Cuba, dedicated to the victims of the explosion of the USS Maine (1895), dedicated on 8 Mar. 1925. Creators: Félix Cabarrocas and Moisés de Huerta (1881-1962). Written on recto: "República de Cuba", "No.9600", "Secretaría de Obras Públicas", "Oct. 7. 1929", "Vista general del monumento al Maine." Embossed stamp (mark) on recto: "Library of Manuel R. Bustamante" (donor). Notations on verso include illegible address and "Maine Monument -- Havana, Cuba." 1920-1930 CHC5017 Havana (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170002430001001 1567 | Partager |
Marine Barracks, Guantánamo Bay ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Marine monument on McCalla Hill, at the United States Naval Base. 1900-1920 CHC5017 Guantánamo (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170004570001001 1446 | Partager |
Agramonte Park, Camagüey, Cuba ; Manuel R. Bustamante Photograph Collection. Résumé : Written on front: "No. 92." Written on verso: "Agramonte Monument at Agramonte Park, Camagüey." CHC5017 Camagüey (Cuba) Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html chc50170003690001001 1470 | Partager |