Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Chalkidiki block is a major domain in the North Aegean that, contrary to other domains in the region, largely escaped thermal perturbations during Tertiary extension. As a result, the Chalkidiki block is an ideal candidate to glean information related to the timing of Mesozoic thermal events using appropriate geochronological techniques. We have undertaken a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) study (U-Th-Pb on monazites and U-Pb on zircons) coupled with 40Ar/39Ar dating on nine samples from various structural levels within the thrust system of the Chalkidiki block. The eastern, and structurally lower part of the system revealed a complete isotopic reset of Carboniferous – Early Triassic monazites coeval with partial monazite destruction, REE-mobilisation and formation of apatite-allanite-epidote coronas at ~ 132 Ma, a reaction that is commonly observed in amphibolite-facies rocks. These coronas formed after crystallisation of garnet (i.e., at T > 580 °C) and, in all probability, either close to the peak-temperature conditions (~ 620 °C) on a prograde path or during retrogression between the peak-temperature and the low-temperature boundary of the amphibolite facies. Cooling of these rocks and arrival at mid-crustal levels occurred at 95–100 Ma. By contrast, the western, and structurally uppermost part of the system went through the same event by 120–125 Ma. Further structural considerations with respect to medium-temperature geochronology data imply that syn-metamorphic thrusting must have ceased by early Late Cretaceous. We emphasize that, with the sole exception of the Chalkidiki block, no pre-45 Ma medium-temperature geochronology data are preserved in other North Aegean domains, a feature that is clearly related to the extension-induced thermal perturbation of the region during the Tertiary.
ISSN: 0040-1951

insu-01329472
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01329472
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01329472/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01329472/file/kydonakis-tectono-2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Subduction infancy corresponds to the first few million years following subduction initiation, when slabs start their descent into the mantle. It coincides with the transient (yet systematic) transfer of material from the top of the slab to the upper plate, as witnessed by metamorphic soles welded beneath obducted ophiolites. Combining structure–lithology–pressure–temperature–time data from metamorphic soles with flow laws derived from experimental rock mechanics, this study highlights two main successive rheological switches across the subduction interface (mantle wedge vs. basalts, then mantle wedge vs. sediments; at ∼800 °C and ∼600 °C, respectively), during which interplate mechanical coupling is maximized by the existence of transiently similar rheologies across the plate contact. We propose that these rheological switches hinder slab penetration and are responsible for slicing the top of the slab and welding crustal pieces (high- then low-temperature metamorphic soles) to the base of the mantle wedge during subduction infancy. This mechanism has implications for the rheological properties of the crust and mantle (and for transient episodes of accretion/exhumation of HP-LT rocks in mature subduction systems) and highlights the role of fluids in enabling subduction to overcome the early resistance to slab penetration.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01383368
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383368
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383368/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383368/file/Agard_2016_Plate_interface.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.054

Résumé : L’ingénierie agroécologique vise à produire des savoirs actionnables, pour concevoir des systèmes de cultures économiquement et écologiquement performants, par la valorisation de régulations naturelles. Notre problématique est centrée sur la santé des cultures, et plus particulièrement sur la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien alors qu’une souche extrêmement agressive menace la production de tomates en plein champ en Martinique. La nécessité d’explorer et de développer des alternatives aux méthodes conventionnelles de protection des plantes (variétés résistantes, pesticides), actuellement inefficaces, invite à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de conception innovante. Nos travaux montrent que la mobilisation d’une barrière rhizosphérique est une stratégie de régulation biologique alternative. Différents processus y contribuent, telle que la mycorhization, symbiose entre racines et champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, présents dans la plupart des sols. Nous montrons que la mobilisation de réseaux de mycorhizes indigènes à partir d’un sol agricole permet une mycorhization précoce de la tomate. De plus, l’association de plantes aux propriétés mycorhizotrophes et assainissantes en conditions contrôlées montre des effets bioprotecteurs partiels et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de combinaisons entre processus. Ces combinaisons sont mobilisables par des leviers d’actions multi-scalaires. Nous avons produit une grille d’analyse générique de ces leviers d’action pour la conception, par des trajectoires d’innovation multidirectionnelles, de « systèmes de culture bioprotégés ». Dans le contexte agricole martiniquais, une démarche d’apprentissage permet en effet l’émergence d’une dynamique de co-conception de systèmes de cultures recourant aux plantes mycorhizotrophes. Nos travaux proposent des outils pour une exploration collective de nouvelles stratégies de gestion durable de la santé des cultures.
Agroecological engineering aims to produce actionable knowledge to design economically and environmentally efficient cropping systems, based on the exploitation of natural regulation mechanisms. Our issue is centered on crop health, especially on the plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt agent), of which an extremely aggressive strain threatens field tomato production in Martinique. The need to explore and develop alternatives to conventional methods of plant protection (resistant varieties, pesticides), ineffective in our case, calls for the implementation of an innovative design approach. Our work shows that the protection of the roots via the formation of a self-sustaining rhizospheric barrier may be an alternative biological control strategy. Different processes contribute, such as mycorrhizal symbiosis between roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are present in most soils. We show that the mobilization of indigenous mycorrhizal networks from an agricultural soil allows early mycorrhization of tomatoes. In addition, the association of plants with mycorrhizal and sanitizing properties in controlled conditions showed partial bioprotective effects and opens up new prospects for combinations between processes. These combinations may be exploited in various ways. We produced a generic analysis grid of key levers to design "healthy cropping systems " through multi-directional innovation trajectories. In Martinique's agricultural context, a learning process allows the emergence of a dynamic co-design of cropping systems using mycorrhizal plants. Our work thus provides tools for collective exploration of new sustainable management strategies for crop health.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0828/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
CK chondrites are highly oxidized meteorites containing abundant magnetite and trace amounts of Fe,Ni metal. Although the group is predominately composed of equilibrated meteorites (types 4-6), in recent years a significant number of new samples have been classified as being either CK3 or CK3-anomalous. These unequilibrated CKs often display a close affinity with members of the CV oxidized subgroup. CKs and CVs (oxidized subgroup) may therefore form a continuum and by implication could be derived from a single common parent body. To investigate the relationship between these two groups a detailed study of the oxygen isotope composition, opaque mineralogy and major and trace element geochemistry of a suite of CV and CK chondrites has been undertaken. The results of oxygen isotope analysis confirm the close affinity between CV and CK chondrites, while excluding the possibility of a linkage between the CO and CK groups. Magnetites in both CV and CK chondrites show significant compositional similarities, but high Ti contents are a diagnostic feature of the latter group. The results of major and trace element analysis demonstrate that both CV and CK chondrites show overlapping variation. Supporting evidence for a single common source for both groups comes from their similar cosmic-ray exposure age distributions. Recent reflectance spectral analysis is consistent with both the CVs and CKs being derived from Eos family asteroids, which are believed to have formed by the catastrophic disruption of a single large asteroid. Thus, a range of evidence appears to be consistent with CV and CK chondrites representing samples from a single thermally stratified parent body. In view of the close similarity between CV and CK chondrites some modification of the present classification scheme may be warranted, possibly involving integration of the two groups. One means of achieving this would be to reassigned CK chondrites to a subgroup of the oxidized CVs. It is recognized that a full evaluation of this proposal may require further study of the still poorly understood CK3 chondrites.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-00474633
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00474633
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.11.029

Résumé : Le pâturage, principal mode d’alimentation en zone tropicale, est souvent dévalorisé car il est associé à des performances animales jugées insuffisantes, et peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement. Même si l’alimentation à l’auge permet de meilleures productions, ce mode de conduite présente également des inconvénients, en termes d’investissements, de rentabilité économique, d’impact des rejets sur l’environnement et de qualité des produits. Une intensification de la conduite au pâturage semble donc une voie d’avenir, mais nécessite une meilleure connaissance de ce mode de conduite et de ses conséquences sur l’alimentation et les performances des animaux. Il apparait également nécessaire de comparer l’élevage au pâturage et à l’auge sur des critères homogènes, en dissociant les composantes de ces modes de conduite.L’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer et de comparer la conduite au pâturage et la conduite hors sol, en tenant compte également de la distribution ou non de concentré, sur l’alimentation, la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et la consommation d’eau. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié au cours d’une expérimentation, les effets de ces deux modes de conduite sur la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et de carcasse de taurillons Créoles abattus à deux âges (précoce vs tardif). Les taurillons à l’auge avaient une croissance plus rapide, des poids de carcasse plus élevés, ainsi que des carcasses plus grasses. Nous avons observé qu’abattre plus tardivement au pâturage (17 et 21 mois vs 14 et 17 mois à l’auge), permettait d’atteindre des poids finaux similaires à ceux obtenus à l’auge et des carcasses de meilleure qualité, plus riche en muscle. Nous avons expliqué la majorité de nos résultats par les effets combinés des modes de conduite et de l’alimentation et avons voulu étudier leurs effets respectifs. Dans un second temps, l’étude des effets du mode de conduite a été faite dans un premier temps, par le biais d’une méta-analyse. Les performances des animaux à l’auge étaient meilleures qu’au pâturage, mais ces effets dépendaient de la stratégie de complémentation. De cette méta-analyse est également apparu le manque d’études auge vs pâturage sur l’alimentation et à ration égale. Afin d’étudier les effets respectifs du mode de conduite et de la stratégie de complémentation, un dispositif analytique avec des taurillons élevés à l’auge et au pâturage complémentés ou non avec du concentré a été mis en place. Dans un premier temps, une étude méthodologique menée grâce à ce dispositif nous a permis d’identifier que la SPIR permettait la meilleure estimation de la dMO, l’OMI et la MODI au pâturage. Les résultats de l’étude analytique ont montré que les animaux au pâturage utilisaient mieux leur alimentation pour leur croît que ceux à l’auge et la stratégie de complémentation influençait davantage ces variables que le mode de conduite. Avec une stratégie de complémentation appropriée, les animaux au pâturage peuvent atteindre des performances similaires à celles obtenues à l’auge.
Grazing, main way of feeding ruminants in the tropics, is often undervalued because it is associated with animal performance deemed insufficient, and may have adverse effects on the environment. Even if stall feeding allows better production, this way of feeding has drawbacks in terms of investment, profitability, impact of emissions on the environment and product quality. Intensification of grazing seems a way forward, but requires a better understanding of this way of feeding and its impact on feeding and animal performance. It also appears necessary to compare grazing and stalls feeding on homogeneous criteria, separating the components of these modes of management.The aim of the thesis is to evaluate and compare stalls and pasture feeding environment, taking into account also the distribution or not of concentrate on feeding, growth, slaughter characteristics and water consumption. At first , we studied in an experiment , the effects of these two feeding systems on growth, slaughter and carcass characteristics of Creoles bulls slaughtered at two ages (early vs. late ). Bulls fed in trough grew faster, had greater carcass weight and fatter carcasses. We observed that a later slaughter of grazing animals (17 and 21 months vs. 14 and 17 months in stalls), allowed to reach final weights similar to those obtained in stalls and carcasses richer in muscle. We explained most of our results by the combined effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy and wanted to study their effects. In a second step, the study of the effects of feeding environment was made in first instance, through a meta-analysis. Stalls fed animals had greater performances than pasture fed ones, but these effects depended on complementation strategy. This meta-analysis also highlighted the lack of knowledge on intake and digestibility at pasture, which is a limitation on attempts to compare with measurements carried out in trough-fed animals. To investigate the relative effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy, we conceived an analytical trial with Creole bulls reared in stalls and at pasture, supplemented or not with concentrate. First of all, this analytical trial was the support of a methodological study, which identified that the NIRS method allows the best estimate of the OMD, OMI and DOMI at pasture. The analytical trial showed that grazing animals had better feed efficiency feed for their growth than stall fed ones and complementation strategy influenced more these variables than feeding environment. With an appropriate strategy for complementation, grazing animals can achieve similar performance to those obtained at the trough.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0675/document