Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

Résumé : Monitoring n° 24 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2006. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for twenty-one years.
L’étude de surveillance n° 24 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l’année 2006. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L’année 2006 est la 21è année de fonctionnement de la Centrale de Flamanville.

Droits : 2007 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11639/8297.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11639/

Résumé : Monitoring n°21 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2003. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for eighteen years.
L'étude de surveillance n°21 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2003. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2003 est la 18è année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : 2004 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11363/7936.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11363/

Résumé : The monitoring report (n° 26) of the nuclear power plant located in Flamanville (France) takes into account studies carried out between March and September 2008. Environmental effects and potential impacts of the aquatic system are reported through different chapters : hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos. This power plant has been in operation for twenty-three years.
L’étude de surveillance n° 26 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l’année 2008. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L’année 2008 est la 23ème année de fonctionnement de la Centrale de Flamanville.

Droits : 2009 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00026/13683/10762.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00026/13683/

Résumé : Monitoring n°22 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2004. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for nineteen years.
L'étude de surveillance n°22 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2004. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2004 est la 19ème année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : 2005 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/rapport-1028.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1028/

Résumé : Monitoring n°20 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2002. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for seventeen years.
L 'étude de surveillance n°20 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2002. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2002 est la 17éme année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : 2003 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11362/7935.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11362/

Résumé : Monitoring n° 25 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2007. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for twenty-two years.
L'étude de surveillance n° 25 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2007. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2007 est la 22è année de fonctionnement de la Centrale de Flamanville.

Droits : 2008 iFREMER
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/rapport-4046.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4046/

Résumé : This synthesis report assesses the current state of the marine hydrobiological knowledge acquired in the surroundings of the Flamanville electronuclear site (north-west of Cotentin), in the framework of the various project and monitoring programs in the pelagic, benthic and halieutic domains carried out on this site since 1976. Each domain is divided, as much as necessary, into different study areas such as hydrobiology, phytoplankton, microbiology, crustacean larvae or macrophyte algae. For each area, a series of parameters, considered as representative of the evolution of this area, is studied. In this way, for the hydrological area, the sea water temperature and salinity, the mineral nutriment concentrations, the holagen compounds and the boron are monitored. The evolution of each of these parameters enabled us to draw the following conclusions. The vegetal and animal species' physiology is conditioned by climate changes. The study of the pluviometry and air temperature parameters shows that the 1986/2005 period is slightly less humid and warmer than the 1949/2005 period. This reflects also on the sea water temperature whose average values increase on a regular basis.
Ce rapport de synthèse fait le point sur l'état des connaissances hydrobiologiques marines acquises aux abords du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (nord-ouest Cotentin), dans le cadre des différents programmes de projet et de surveillance des domaines pélagique, benthique et halieutique, menés sur ce site depuis 1976. Chaque domaine est divisé, autant que nécessaire, en compartiments d'étude, tels que l'hydrologie, le phytoplancton, la microbiologie, les larves de crustacés ou les algues macrophytes. Pour chaque compartiment, une série de paramètres, jugés représentatifs de l'évolution de ce compartiment, est étudié. Ainsi, pour le compartiment hydrologique, sont suivis la température et la salinité de l'eau de mer, les concentrations en nutriments minéraux, les composés halogénés et le bore. Les évolutions de ces différents paramètres ont permis d'élaborer les conclusions suivantes. La physiologie des espèces animales et végétales est conditionnée par les changements climatiques. L'examen des paramètres pluviométrie et température de l'air montre que la période 1986/2005 est sensiblement plus humide et plus chaude que la période 1949/2005. Cela se répercute également sur la température de l'eau de mer dont les valeurs moyennes croissent régulièrement.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/rapport-6405.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6405/

Résumé : Monitoring n°23 of the Flamanville nuclear power plant takes into account studies conducted between March and September 2005. Impacts on hydrology, microbiology, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fisheries, intertidal phytobenthos and zoobenthos are reported. This power plant has been in operation for twenteen years.
L'étude de surveillance n°23 du site électronucléaire de Flamanville (département de la Manche) concerne l'année 2005. Sont étudiés les domaines benthique, halieutique et pélagique. L'année 2005 est la 20ème année de fonctionnement de la Centrale.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11657/8316.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00005/11657/