Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : The tropical alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh has been displayed over the last fifteen years in tropical aquaria at the Oceanographic Museum, Monaco. Its accidental introduction into the natural environment dates from 1984. It developed first in the sea immediately below the museum, and resisted winter temperatures of 11 to 13-degrees-C. Gradually the population spread over all types of substrate, including rock, sand and mud, and over a wide range of depth, 3 to 35 m, on this relatively exposed site. In summer 1990 we became aware of its presence both to the east and to the west of Monaco. To the east, it now occurs on the whole of the eastern side of Cap Martin (3 km from Monaco) and is spreading over the west face. To the west we have observed it 150 km from Monaco near Toulon. In those sites which it colonized three years ago, its coverage now reaches 100 % over extensive areas in depths between 5 and 25 m. Areas supporting stands of Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica are covered by fronds of C. taxifolia, which measure up to 45 cm in length. The development characteristics of the species in the Mediterranean, such as population density and frond length, are different from those in its native tropical areas. The rapid spreading of this alga is probably due both to sexual reproduction and to efficient vegetative reproduction. At the rate of spreading observed at present, further rapid extension of its range is to be feared. Moreover, wherever it becomes established, it considerably modifies the vegetal communities in the infralittoral zone. This species, like most of those in the genus Caulerpa, contains the toxin, caulerpenyn, which may play a role against other organisms such as grazers, epiphytes and competitors. This alga will be eaten only by certain animals such as the Mediterranean bream or saupe, Sarpa salpa. The toxin accumulated by fish which eat Caulerpa can render them unsuitable for human consumption, as their ingestion produces symptoms similar to those of Ciguatera poisoning. Never has a species so potentially harmful to the marine population been introduced into the Mediterranean. This biological pollution raises the major international problem of direct discharge of water having passed through aquaria or mariculture installations containing exotic species. As importing exotic marine species becomes technically easier, the lack of regulation risks further similar accidents concerning not only algae, but also metazoa and micro-organisms.
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1991 , Vol. 14 , N. 4 , P. 415-426

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00101/21268/18879.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00101/21268/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Ctenophores are one of the four animal phyla positioned outside from the Bilateria. Most ctenophore species are planktonic and gelatinous, and are easily recognisable by their eight comb rows used for swimming. Ctenophore systematics remains nowadays poorly understood. Anatomical characters do not help much in placing them within the animal tree, and similarly the grounds for establishment of their internal phylogeny as well as delimitation of species are notoriously weak due to a paucity of informative morpho-anatomical characters. Until now, the use of molecular data has failed to improve significantly this situation. The aim of this PhD thesis was to bring a contribution to our understanding of ctenophore evolution at different taxonomic scales. At the metazoan level, the position of ctenophores was addressed using a phylogenomic approach. Taxonomic sampling was significantly improved through sequencing and assembly of transcriptomes of 22 non-bilaterian species (belonging to ctenophores, cnidarians and sponges). Two independent datasets were analysed, one consisting in an update of an existing supermatrix of 128 genes, the other one (4235 genes) having been entirely built de novo, thanks to a newly-devised semi-automated protocol intended to eliminate all major potential causes of artefacts (contaminations, paralogies, missing data). Results clearly contradict recent phylogenomic studies which claimed Ctenophora to be the most early-diverging animal lineage, our analyses instead supporting Porifera as the sister-group to other metazoans. The exact position of ctenophores remains however uncertain at this stage, different conditions of analyses yielding three contradictory hypotheses as open possibilities. At the intra-phyletic level, analyses of a ADNr 18S and ITS (internal transcribed spacers) dataset, together with study of duplicated genes and the results of phylogenomic analyses, allowed resolving most phylogenetic relationships between ctenophore orders and families, including the placement of the ctenophore tree root. Finally, at smaller taxonomic scale, in-depth comparison between two species of the genus Pleurobrachia using immunohistochemistry demonstrates the potential of these techniques for uncovering new structural “micro-anatomical” characters useful for diagnosis and identification of ctenophore species. It is our hope that this work will contribute to improving the systematics of a poorly known phylum of great importance for understanding early animal evolution.
Les cténophores représentent l’un des quatre embranchements animaux extérieurs aux Bilateria. La majoritédes espèces sont planctoniques et gélatineuses, et sont reconnaissables à leurs huit rangées de peignes dont lebattement permet la nage. Leur systématique est encore de nos jours mal comprise. L'anatomie descténophores offre peu de caractères aussi bien pour placer la lignée dans l’arbre des métazoaires, que pourétablir les relations de parenté au sein de l’embranchement et délimiter les espèces, et jusqu’à présent lesdonnées moléculaires n’ont pas permis de résoudre ces problèmes de manière satisfaisante. L’objectif de cetravail de thèse est de contribuer à améliorer notre compréhension de l'évolution des cténophores àdifférentes échelles taxonomiques. A l’échelle des métazoaires, la position phylogénétique des cténophores aété abordée par une approche phylogénomique. Un effort significatif a été réalisé pour améliorerl’échantillonnage taxonomique à travers le séquençage et l’assemblage des transcriptomes de 22 espèces denon-Bilateria (cténophores, cnidaires, spongiaires). Deux jeux de données indépendants ont été analysés, lepremier représentant une mise à jour d’une supermatrice existante de 128 gènes ; le second (4235 gènes)ayant été entièrement construit de novo via un protocole original comportant la mise au point de nouvellesméthodes pour traiter de manière semi-automatisée les principales sources potentielles d’artéfact(contaminations, paralogies, données manquantes). Les résultats contredisent certaines études récentes enmontrant que les spongiaires et non les cténophores représentent le groupe-frère des autres métazoaires. Laposition exacte de ces derniers reste à ce stade incertaine (trois options se présentant suivant les analyses). Al’échelle intra-phylétique, l'analyse d'un jeu de données comprenant les marqueurs ADNr 18S et InternalTranscribed Spacers (ITS), associée à des analyses de gènes dupliqués chez les cténophores et aux analysesphylogénomiques précédentes, a permis de résoudre une grande partie des relations phylogénétiques entre lesordres et les familles de cténophores, tout en permettant de préciser la position de la racine. Enfin, à uneéchelle taxonomique plus fine, une comparaison approfondie entre deux espèces du genre Pleurobrachia aumoyen de marquages immunohistochimiques montre le potentiel de ces techniques comme source denouveaux caractères structuraux « micro-anatomiques » à valeur diagnostique pour la délimitation etl’identification des espèces de cténophores. En conclusion, ce travail se veut une contribution au progrès dela systématique d’un embranchement encore méconnu et d’une grande importance pour la compréhensiondes évènements anciens de l’évolution animale.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014

NNT : 2014PA066448
tel-01165014
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165014/file/these_archivage_3158995o.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Due to their phylogenetic position outside from Bilateria, cnidarians and ctenophores are key phyla to understanding the origin and early evolution of molecular mechanisms, cell types, or body plan features at the level of Metazoa. Unlike other non-bilaterian phyla (sponges and placozoans), they possess neurons and muscle cells. The first part of my work relates to the problem of the origin of the metazoan nervous system. Recent studies have suggested a dual origin for nerve cells, with ctenophore neurons having emerged independently from those of cnidarians and bilaterians. This hypothesis relies on phylogenomic analyses supporting ctenophores as sister-group to all other metazoans, and on the purported absence in ctenophores of almost all well-known neuro-transmission systems, including the cholinergic system. Refuting this claim, I present substantial evidence in favour of acetylcholine (Ach) being used in the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus as an extra-cellular messenger, including within the nervous system. This conclusion arises from the conjunction of multiple approaches at the molecular scale (orthology analyses, Ach immuno-localisation, gene in situ hybridisation), at the cellular scale (calcium imaging on muscle cells exposed to Ach) and at the organism scale (pharmacological treatments with an Ach analogue and Ach antagonists). In the second part of my thesis, I address the conservation of molecular mechanisms involved in the control of cellular proliferation. Notably, the Hippo pathway is known for its role in bilaterians in the negative control of cellular proliferation. I show that components of this pathway are conserved in Pleurobrachia pileus and in Clytia hemisphaerica and that the nuclear vs. cytoplasmic localisation of the transcriptional co-factor Yorkie is correlated to the extent of proliferation within C. hemisphaerica tissues. Finally, RNAseq differential gene expression analyses along a cellular conveyor belt of the C. hemisphaerica medusa suggests a tendency for conservation of function among a set of genes whose mammalian orthologues have documented roles in the arrest of cellular proliferation.
Les Cnidaires et les Cténaires sont deux embranchements extérieurs aux Bilatériens qui, de par leur position phylogénétique, constituent des modèles d'étude cruciaux pour comprendre l'origine et l'évolution de mécanismes moléculaires ou encore de types cellulaires à grande échelle chez les Métazoaires. Ils sont les deux seuls embranchements non-Bilatériens à posséder des cellules nerveuses ainsi que des cellules musculaires. La première partie de mon travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la compréhension de l'origine du système nerveux des Métazoaires. Des études récentes suggèrent une origine double du système nerveux ; ainsi celui des Cténaires aurait été acquis de manière convergente par rapport à celui des Cnidaires et des Bilatériens. Cela repose sur des données récentes de phylogénomique proposant les Cténaires en tant que groupe-frère de tous les autres Métazoaires et sur l'absence supposée chez les Cténaires de quasiment tous les systèmes de neurotransmission connus y compris le système cholinergique. A l'encontre de ces hypothèses, j'ai pu mettre en évidence l'existence d'un système cholinergique chez le Cténaire Pleurobrachia pileus ainsi que son étroite association avec le système nerveux. Cette conclusion repose sur une multiplicité d'approches à l'échelle moléculaire (analyses d'orthologie, immunolocalisation, hybridations in situ), cellulaire (imagerie calcique) et de l'organisme (approche pharmacologique). Dans la seconde partie de ma thèse, j'aborde la question de la conservation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire à l'échelle des Métazoaires. J'ai pu mettre en évidence la conservation des acteurs.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01633223

NNT : 2015PA066629
tel-01633223
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01633223
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01633223v2/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01633223/file/2015PA066629.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Résumé : International audience
Neuroglobins, previously thought to be restricted to vertebrate neurons, were detected in the brain of a photosymbiotic acoel, Symsagittifera roscoffensis, and in neurosensory cells of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica. For the neuroglobin of S. roscoffensis, a member of a lineage that originated either at the base of the bilateria or of the deuterostome clade, we report the ligand binding properties, crystal structure at 2.3 Å, and brain immunocytochemical pattern. We also describe in situ hybridizations of two neuroglobins specifically expressed in differentiating nematocytes (neurosensory cells) and in statocytes (ciliated mechanosensory cells) of C. hemisphaerica, a member of the early branching animal phylum cnidaria. In silico searches using these neuroglobins as queries revealed the presence of previously unidentified neuroglobin-like sequences in most metazoan lineages. Because neural systems are almost ubiquitous in metazoa, the constitutive expression of neuroglobin-like proteins strongly supports the notion of an intimate association of neuroglobins with the evolution of animal neural systems and hints at the preservation of a vitally important function. Neuroglobins were probably recruited in the first protoneurons in early metazoans from globin precursors. Neuroglobins were identified in choanoflagellates, sponges, and placozoans and were conserved during nervous system evolution. Because the origin of neuroglobins predates the other metazoan globins, it is likely that neuroglobin gene duplication followed by co-option and subfunctionalization led to the emergence of globin families in protostomes and deuterostomes (i.e. convergent evolution).
ISSN: 0021-9258

hal-01020584
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01020584
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01020584/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01020584/file/Rosko_jbc_revised.pdf
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M112.407601