Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : The intensive farming practices that have been developed over the past 60 years are based mainly on the use of chemical inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides, mechanical tillage and monoculture. The limitations of these methods are now clear: long-term degradation of soil fertility, impacts on the environment and human health, high consumption of fossil fuels, low efficiency of inputs and threats to food security in a context of climate change. Would farming practices that rely on the activation of ecological processes be an alternative to achieve a balance between high productivity and environmental preservation? While many studies suggest a positive relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem services, there is considerable debate on the form such agricultural systems should take. This study reviewed the state of current knowledge and identified aspects requiring further research to achieve the aim of sustainable intensification of agriculture. The following major points emerged: 1) Most studies focused on the evaluation of individual practices. However, changes in farmers’ cropping practices to take advantage of soil biodiversity services would need to manage not only the interactions between various practices but also the trade-off between the technical and socio economic constraints of cropping systems. Advances in agricultural system design approaches may help to ensure appropriate trade-offs. 2) More attention should be given to drawing on knowledge from different sources: laboratory studies focusing on the ecological functions of soil biodiversity, experimental surveys on farmers’ fields to rank the farming practices and processes to be included in site-specific models, and on- station experiments to test hypotheses and acquire additional reference material. 3) Whereas advances in technical and scientific knowledge provide an increasing number of relevant indicators for characterizing biodiversity and ecological functions, studies are rarely targeted at the development of indicators that are accessible to farmers or their technical advisors. The lack of indicators accessible to grassroots players for evaluating the impacts of their decisions on soil biodiversity remains a serious obstacle to the development of innovative agro-ecological systems.
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01268743
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268743
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_5
PRODINRA : 270786

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : La pêche reste artisanale à cause des aractéristiques de ses ressources (éloignement, densité) peu favorables au développement d'une pêche industrielle. Depuis 1986, on observe une augmentation significative du nombre d'embarcations (1986: 797; 02/2006: 2041), de pêcheurs (1988: 1305; 02/2006: 1680) et de la puissance motrice totale (01/2006: 121,5.103 kW) de la flottille de pêche. Le nombre d'embarcations augmente à certains sites d'accostage, ex: Deshaies (1995: 18; 2006: 71). Les sites les plus importants sont: Port-Louis, Lauricisque (Pointe-à-Pitre), Rivière-Sens (Basse-Terre), Deshaies. Ces augmentations s'accompagnent d'une modernisation de la flottille (bateaux plus grands et en résine, GPS). Le type d'activité de pêche pratiqué, casier, traîne, filet, palangre, senne, Dispositif de Concentration de Poissons (DCP) est varié. Le parc de DCPs se développe particulièrement dans le secteur de la côte Sous-le-Vent (2005: 56). Les pêcheurs déplorent le manque d'infrastructures à certains sites d'accostages (appareil à glace, ponton, eau, borne électrique, assistance mécanique) mais aussi l'augmentation continue du prix du carburant. À ceci s'ajoute la concurrence des produits importés vendus dans les supermarchés à des prix auxquels les pêcheurs ne peuvent s'aligner. La commercialisation reste un défi pour tous les acteurs de la pêche artisanale qui souhaiteraient la mise en place d'entrepôts frigorifiques pour mieux réguler dans le temps l'écoulement de la production des grands pélagiques et préserver leur emploi.
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755725

hal-00755725
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755725