Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper describes an operational protocol for integrating conservation and restoration with land-use planning in islands. Conservation challenges are intensified in insular systems due to higher ecosystem vulnerability, limited spatial options, low data availability, rapid land-use change and, globally, short-term vision planning. Our operational planning protocol integrates ecological and socio-economic factors to identify the best spatial options for conserving and restoring biodiversity, inside and outside extant reserves, while minimising future land-use conflicts. Conservation and restoration targets are formulated for species, habitats and ecological processes that support biodiversity. An optimal network of priority sites is selected to achieve those targets across the landscape. The prioritisation process integrates a Conservation Costs Index to optimise conservation and restoration investments. We discuss the outcomes of the planning protocol in terms of site prioritisation, stakeholders' participation and general implications for spatial planning in insular systems. As with many islands, the study area of Réunion Island has experienced rapid urban and agricultural expansion, which threatens its unique biodiversity. Forty three per cent of the island is currently protected in a National Park but only half of this reserve network contributes to the achievement of targets. An additional 21% of land should be conserved mainly to ensure the persistence of ecological connections between the marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Finally we emphasize that our method doesn't substitute the land-use planning debate but is aimed to better prepare the conservation sector for negotiating future land-use allocation with other socio-economic sectors in islands
Landscape and Urban Planning

halsde-00676425
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00676425
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.004

Éditeur(s) : The College of The Bahamas The College of The Bahamas ( Nassau, Bahamas )

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00025292/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Integrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed.
Intégrer les connaissances sur la connectivité écologique dans la gestion des écosystèmes marins est essentiel, surtout dans un contexte d'appauvrissement des ressources marines et de dégradation des habitats côtiers à l'échelle mondiale. Des outils environnementaux, tels que les Aires Marines Protégées ont été mises en œuvre pour protéger la biodiversité, restaurer les écosystèmes endommagés, soutenir les pêcheries et reconstituer les stocks surexploités. Leur efficacité dépend en partie du maintien de la connectivité entre les populations marines, assurée à travers divers processus écologiques dont la dispersion larvaire. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, un modèle biophysique intégrant des données de courants, issues de mesures d'altimétrie par satellite, a été utilisé pour évaluer la connectivité entre les récifs de l'océan Indien d'une part, et à travers le réseau d'AMP de Méditerranée d'autre part. Différentes méthodes d'analyse ont été utilisées, telles que la théorie des graphes et le clustering. Dans l'océan Indien occidental, l'analyse des connectivités marines montre que le nombre de connexions entre les récifs augmente avec la durée de vie larvaire des poissons. Elle met également en évidence une faible connectivité à l'échelle de la région, mais une forte inter-connectivité au sein de plusieurs sous-régions (Canal du Mozambique, Mascareignes). En Méditerranée, la connectance est globalement faible à l'échelle régionale, bien que plus importante dans le bassin occidental que le bassin oriental. L'analyse des connectivités marines montre également un taux de connectivité élevé à l'échelle d'un même pays. Selon le cas d'étude, une liste de récifs ou de sites prioritaires dans la mise en œuvre des AMP a été proposée. Enfin, les implications de ces résultats en termes de politiques transfrontalières et de coopération régionale sont discutées.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01269631

NNT : 2015LARE0003
tel-01269631
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01269631
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01269631/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01269631/file/2015lare0003_ECrochelet.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : ACTIVITY_REPORT
Understanding genomic evolution in wild populations is of particular importance because evolution is a central process in our understanding of populations’ history and their future response to global changes. In addition to fundamental knowledge, the study of populations’ evolution has wide applications such as conservation/restoration genetics or epidemiology. Indeed, genetic diversity is the ‘fuel’ for populations’ evolution and adaptation to new conditions, and estimating the extent and the geographic structure of genetic diversity, as well as identifying the evolutionary forces behind (demography, gene flow, and adaptation) are thus major challenges in the current context of global changes. [br/]A particular attention is currently devoted to the process of genetic divergence in wild populations, with emphases on gene flow, local adaptation, and their interactions. Indeed, adaptation in wild populations is supported in many species by many kinds of experiments based on both quantitative phenotypic traits and molecular data. However, the processes governing populations’ evolution are poorly understood in the tropical rainforest of Amazonia, and the relative influence of neutral and adaptive processes are continuously discussed. [br/]I am a young scientist interested in the process of genomic divergence in wild (tree) populations. I aimed at understanding how evolution structures the genetic diversity and governs molecular divergence in wild populations, with particular emphases on gene flow and local adaptation. During five years as a young scientist, I worked on answering the following questions, focusing on two tree species occupying vulnerable areas: mainly [i]Eperua falcata[/i] in Amazonia and, to a lesser extent, [i]Abies alba[/i] in the Mediterranean area.[br/][u]Scientific questions:[/u][br/]- Which evolutionary drivers are responsible of the structure of genetic diversity in wild populations occupying wide areas? This question was addressed at different geographical scales: from large (regional) to very local (microgeographic) scales. [br/]- What is the relative influence of neutral (gene flow, inbreeding) and adaptive drivers in the process of genetic divergence?[br/]- Is microgeographic adaptation possible in spite of extensive gene flow between populations occupying the extreme boundaries of an ecological gradient? [br/]- What is the extent of natural selection in the (whole) genome of wild populations? [br/][br/]My research work is at the interface between three promising disciplines: Evolutionary genomics (i.e. the study of populations evolution and the evolutionary drivers behind), Bioinformatics (i.e. the treatment of next-generation data), and Bayesian modelling (i.e. the empirical calibration of complex mechanistic model). I intend to take advantage of the recent advances in sequencing and informatic technologies to bring up to date the field of ecological genetics and evolutionary biology, by developing modern research strategies to study the process of genomic divergence in wild populations.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204218

hal-01204218
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204218
PRODINRA : 286326

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Depuis le xviie siècle, le canal du Midi connaît des conflits d’usage et des paysages forts différents. Actuellement, les Voies Navigables de France (VNF) comme la population locale et les touristes se confrontent à une crise paysagère et environnementale majeure. La disparition des platanes centenaires à cause du champignon et de l’épidémie du chancre coloré est inéluctable. Cette crise bouleverse les niveaux d’information et de perception d’un espace touristique de première importance pour la France avec une inscription au patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco en 1996. Les arbres sont un marqueur d’une identité paysagère et de représentations touristiques très fortes. À partir d’une recherche archivistique inédite portant sur l’évolution du paysage et de l’action des acteurs, couplée à une enquête de terrain entre 2008 et 2013 sur le comportement des touristes et des promeneurs, nos résultats montrent que l’action de protection et de conservation de ce paysage rentrent dans une alliance renouvelée entre le tourisme de masse et le tourisme responsable, ils en deviennent interdépendants. La communication et la pédagogie environnementale auprès du grand public sur le degré de nature de ce site rentrent aussi dans une action à son tour résiliente et de développement durable, les ambivalences des comportements des usagers dans leur vision d’un site touristique hybride s’observent.
Since the seventeenth century, the canal du Midi known conflicts of use and a variety of landscapes. Currently, Waterways of France (VNF) as the local population and tourists are confronted with a major landscape and environmental crisis. The disappearance of the old plane because of the fungus and the epidemic of colored canker is inevitable. This crisis disrupts levels of information and perception of a tourist area of prime importance for France with an inscription on the World Heritage by UNESCO in 1996. Trees are a marker of landscape identity and tourist representations very strong. From unprecedented archival research on the changing landscape and action actors, coupled with fieldwork between 2008 and 2013 on the behavior of tourists and walkers, our results show that the action of protection and conservation of the landscape fit into a renewed relationship between mass tourism and alternative tourism alliance, they become interdependent. Communication and environmental education to the public on the state of nature of this site are also included in an action to turn its resilient and sustainable development, the ambivalences of user behavior in their vision of a hybrid attraction are observed.
Desde el siglo XVII, el canal du Midi conocido conflictos de usar y varios paisajes. Actualmente, Vías Navegables de Francia (VNF) como la población local y los turistas se enfrentan a una crisis ambiental y paisaje. La desaparición de los plátanos por el champiñón y la epidemia del cancro colorido es inevitable. Esta crisis altera los niveles de información y la percepción de una zona turística de gran importancia para Francia con una inscripción en el Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1996. Los árboles son un marcador de la identidad del paisaje y representaciones turísticas muy fuertes. De investigación de archivo original sobre la evolución del paisaje y la acción de los actores, junto con el trabajo de campo entre 2008 y 2013 en el comportamiento de los turistas y caminantes locales, nuestros resultados muestran que la acción de protección y conservación de la forma del paisaje en una renovada relación y la alianza entre el turismo de masas y el turismo alternativo, se vuelven interdependientes. Comunicación y educación ambiental al público sobre el estado de la naturaleza de este sitio se incluyen en una acción para activar su desarrollo resiliente y sostenible, las ambivalencias de comportamiento de los usuarios en su visión de un sitio turístico híbrido se observan.
France
Canal du Midi

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7566
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7566

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Changes in biodiversity may disrupt the ecological functions performed by species assemblages. Hence, we urgently need to examine the implications of biodiversity loss not only in terms of species conservation but also in terms of sustainability of ecosystem services. The ability of protected areas to maintain local species richness has been clearly demonstrated. However, preserving goods and services provided by ecosystems requires not only the conservation of species richness but also the conservation of the most 'original' species, i.e. the ones with the highest average rarity of their attributes which are likely to perform some unique functions in ecosystems. We proposed a new conservation of biological originality (CBO) index as well as associated randomization tests to quantify the ability of piotected areas to maintain viable populations for the most original species. As an application, we used long-term fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR) to determine the species which benefited from the protection reinforcement in 1999. We also estimated a set of 14 ecomorphological functional traits on the 37 fish species caught in the BSNR and we obtained a functional originality value for each species. As a result, we found that functional originality was significantly protected in the fish assemblage of the BSNR: species with the most original functional trait combinations became more abundant after 1999. Our finding suggests that protecting most original species is an insurance against functional diversity erosion in the BSNR. More generally, our new index can be used to test whether protected areas may protect preferentially the most original species and whether restorative management promotes the reestablishment of the most original species with particular habitat requirements. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier), 2008-06 , Vol. 141 , N. 6 , P. 1569-1580

Droits : 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4480.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4480/