Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La question que pose cet article est : comment un individu cosmopolite, à partir du geste réflexif de s’éprouver dans le regard de l’autre, peut-il saisir et se représenter son appartenance à une commune humanité ? Nous proposons que la socialisation cosmopolite soit intimement liée à la nature du groupe d’accueil dans lequel se fait l’immersion dans un ailleurs. Or, cette rencontre ne peut se faire avec l’humanité en général, mais elle prend forme dans l’interrelation entre deux ou plusieurs entités culturelles spécifiques. Ce qui nous ouvre à d’autres questions : de quelle altérité parle-t-on ? Pour qui ? Pourquoi ? Pour quoi ? De ce fait, le sentiment d’appartenance à une commune humanité, s’il est, au moins dans une certaine mesure, partagé par tout individu cosmopolite, l’est à entendre d’un point de vue utopique. Si la socialisation cosmopolite dans des enclaves backpacker ou des dispositifs d’échanges universitaires est réalisée dans une logique d’intégration principalement dirigée vers une communauté occidentale cosmopolite, une autre forme de socialisation, par l’expérience de la grande itinérance, serait ainsi possible. Cette dernière serait immergée dans les cultures locales, elle serait éphémère, aléatoire, hétérogène et principalement réalisée dans le rite des hospitalités, et peut ainsi représenter une forme différente d’élaboration du sentiment cosmopolite. En effet, celle-ci ne serait pas élaborée dans la tension entre deux modèles (intégration), mais dans une réaction en chaine de multiples modèles, qui, par sérendipités, se travaillent les unes les autres, dans de multiples directions, sans pouvoir se fixer, ouvrant ainsi à la diversité de l’humanité. S’il faut ici parler de socialisation cosmopolite, elle serait plutôt à entendre sur le plan anthropologique qu’ethnologique.
The question raised by this article is: how a cosmopolitan individual, from the reflective gesture of experiencing himself in the gaze of the other, can grasp and represent his belonging to a common humanity. We propose that cosmopolitan socialization be intimately linked to the nature of the host group in which the immersion takes place. However, this encounter cannot be made with humanity in general, but it takes shape in the interrelationship between two or more specific cultural entities. What opens us to others questions: what kind of otherness are we talking about? For whom? Why? In which purpose? As a result, the feeling of belonging to a common humanity, if it is shared, at least to some extent, by each cosmopolitan individual, is to be understood from a utopian point of view. If cosmopolitan socialization in backpacker enclaves or academic exchanges is carried out in the logic of integration mainly directed towards a cosmopolitan Western community, then another form of socialization through the experience of itinerancy would be possible. The latter would be immersed in local cultures, it would be ephemeral, random and heterogeneous and mainly carried out in the rite of hospitalities, and may thus represent a different form of elaboration of cosmopolitan feeling. Indeed, this would not be elaborated in the tension between two models (integration), but in a chain reaction of multiple models, which by serendipities, work one another, in multiple directions, without being able to stabilized, opening to the diversity of humanity. If we speak here of cosmopolitan socialization, it would rather be understood on the anthropological level than on an ethnological one.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11283
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11283

Éditeur(s) : Diana Paton Diana Paton ( United Kingdom )
Résumé : From: http://obeahhistories.org/project/ The website is part of the project ‘Spiritual Politics in Caribbean History’, led by Diana Paton and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which ran from January 2012 to January 2013. Diana Paton is Reader in Caribbean History at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Newcastle University. She is the author of No Bond but the Law: Punishment, Race, and Gender in Jamaican State Formation, 1780-1870 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), and co-editor, with Pamela Scully, of Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World (Durham: Duke University Press 2005). For her publications on obeah and Caribbean religion, please see the publications page. Gemma Romain specialises in researching Caribbean and Black British history. She currently works as a Research Associate for The Equiano Centre, Department of Geography, UCL and also undertakes freelance historical research and public engagement. She was Vera Douie Fellow at the Women’s Library during 2011, documenting interwar Black histories within the collections of the Women’s Library and was previously Leverhulme Early Career fellowship at Newcastle University. Her publications include Connecting Histories: A Comparative Exploration of African-Caribbean and Jewish History and Memory in Modern Britain (Kegan Paul, 2006) and co-edited with David Cesarani, Jews and Ports Cities, 1590-1990: Commerce, Community and Cosmopolitanism (Vallentine Mitchell, 2006). Gemma wrote the initial drafts of most of the text on the website. Maarit Forde worked with Diana on an earlier phase of this project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust. She researched obeah prosecutions and prosecutions under the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance in the Port of Spain Gazette, co-organized the conference that led to the publication of Obeah and Other Powers, and co-edited the book. Previous research on this project has also been funded by Newcastle University and the British Academy.

Droits : Applicable rights reserved.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013897/00001

Résumé : Herbácea erguida o decumbente, puberulenta a pilosa, con pelos glandulares. Hojas pinnatífidas, folíolos aovado-oblongos, agudos, dentados, generalmente lobulados. Inflorescencia racemosa; flores actinomorfas; segmentos del cáliz lanceolados, piloso-glandulosos; corola amarilla de 10 a 16 mm. Baya globosa, roja al madurar, de 1 a 15 cm de diámetro.
Herbacée dressée ou décombante, pubérulente à pileuse, avec poils glandulaires. Feuilles pennatifides, folioles ovées-oblongues, aiguës, dentées, généralement lobulées. Inflorescence en grappe; fleurs actinomorphes; segments du calice lancéolés, pileux-glanduleux; corolle jaune de 10 à 16 mm. Baie arrondie, rouge à maturité, de 1 à 15 cm de diamètre.
Annual, erect or decumbent herb up to 2 m tall with glandular hairs with characteristic strong odour.  Leaves petiolate, spirally arranged, pinnate, leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, margins serrate-dentate, tip acute.  Inflorescence cymose; flowers actinomorphic, calyx deeply divided, segments lanceolate, pilose-glandulose, corolla yellow, 10 to 16 mm wide; fruit a globose berry, red when ripe, 1-15 cm in diameter.
Originaria de América tropical, en la actualidad es cosmopolita debido a su cultivo.
Originaire d’;Amérique tropicale, actuellement cultivée dans le monde entier.
Native to tropical America, now cosmopolitan due to cultivation.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant216

Résumé : Herbáceaperenne, aromática. Tallos erguidos o ascendentes de 30 a 90 cm, ramificados, glabros. Hojas lanceoladas, agudas, limbo punteadas. Flores en espigas grandes terminales, de 2.5 a 7.5 cm, la central es sobrepasada por las laterales; cáliz glabro, con dientes agudos, por lo regular ciliados; corola púrpura, raramente blanca, glabra. La existencia de variedades dentro de la especie puede variar la descripción botánica típica, aquí presentada.
Herbacéepérenne, aromatique. Tiges dressées ou ascendantes de 30 à 90 cm, ramifiées, glabres. Feuilles lancéolées, aiguës, limbe gaufré. Fleurs en longs épis terminaux, de 2,5 à 7,5 cm, celle du centre étant dépassée par les fleurs latérales; calice glabre, avec dents aiguës, en général ciliées; corolle pourpre, rarement blanche, glabre. L’existence de variétés à l’intérieur de l’espèce peut nuancer la description botanique typique indiquée ci-dessus.
Perennial aromatic herb.  Stems erect or ascending, 30-90 cm long, branched, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, acute, blade punctate; flowers in large terminal spikes, 2.5-7.5 cm long, the ones at the sides being longer than the one in the middle, calyx glabrous, with acute teeth, usually ciliate; corolla purple, rarely white, glabrous. The typical botanical description may vary due to the existence of varieties within the species.
Originaria de Europa, actualmente es cosmopolita.
Originaire d’;Europe, actuellement cultivée dans le monde entier.
Native to Europe, now cosmopolitan.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant379

Résumé : Hierba anual de hasta 2 m de altura. Tallo áspero o rugoso. Hojas anchamente ovadas o suborbiculares de 3 a 5 lóbulos, con la base más o menos cordada, de 8 a 18 cm de largo y dentadas. Cabezuelas masculinas en el ápice de las ramas y en las axilas de las hojas; cabezuelas femeninas una o pocas en la base de las inflorescencias, con brácteas ganchudas. Fruto capsular, ovoide y espinoso; espinas rectas y ganchudas en el ápice.
Herbe annuelle pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut. Tige âpre ou rugueuse. Feuilles largement ovées ou suborbiculaires de 3 à 5 lobes, à base plus ou moins cordée, de 8 à 18 cm de long, dentées. Capitules mâles à la pointe des branches et à l’axe des feuilles; capitules femelles au nombre de 1 (ou un peu plus) à la base des inflorescences, avec bractées en forme de crochets. Fruit à capsule, ovoïde et épineux; épines droites et crochues à la pointe.
Annual monoecious herb 70 cm high. Leaves alternate, 7-12 cm long including petiole, base cordate or reniform, apex acute, 3-5 lobed and dentate, blades, scabrous, with appressed golden glandular hairs, triangular- orbicular 7-12 x 6-12 cm;  inflorescence racemose; male heads globose, numerous florets, female head burrlike with hooked bracts, 2 flowers; Achene, 0.9-1.5cm linear, compressed, beaked, smooth.
Cosmopolita.
Cosmopolite.
Cosmopolitan.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant361

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Haplognathia ruberrima is a cosmopolitan gnathostomulid species found in sulfur bacterial mats in mangroves in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Haplognathia ruberrima presents a d13C value lower than all measured meiofaunal grazers and lower than the available measured food sources of this environment. This low d13C value can not be due to specific ingestion of 13C-depleted methanogenic bacteria because abundances of those bacteria are reduced in surficial and deep sediments as revealed by d13C of bacterial fatty acid. According to scanning electron microscope observations, no bacterial ectosymbionts were observed at the surface of the gnathostomulids, and transmission electronmicroscope views revealed the absence of bacterial endosymbionts. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis detected low levels of sulfur (0.32%+-0.8) in biological tissues of H. ruberrima, confirming the absence of thioautotrophic bacterial symbionts in these animals. Consequently, the low d13C value of H. ruberrima can not be due to the presence of sulfur-oxidizing symbionts but more probably to the selective and exclusive consumption of free-living, sulfuroxidizing bacteria
ISSN: 0173-9565

hal-01253239
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253239
DOI : 10.1111/maec.12296

Résumé : Herbácea anual de 1-5 m de altura, raíces fibrosas. Hojas glabras o pilosas, de 1 m o más, acuminadas. Panícula estaminada de 20-35 cm de largo, racimos 3-40 sin una capa basal de abscisión, racimo terminal más grueso que los racimos laterales; inflorescencias pistiladas axilares, de unos 30 cm. Cariopsis desnudo con granos blancos, amarillos, rojizos; la mazorca rodeada por brácteas envolventes.
Herbacée annuelle de 1-5 m de haut, racines fibreuses. Feuilles glabres ou pileuses, de 1 m ou plus, acuminées. Panicule staminée de 20-35 cm de long. Inflorescence femelle axillaire longue de 30 cm environ formant un épis. Epi entouré de bractées enveloppantes, à nombreux grains au caryopes nus, de couleur jaune, rouge, violette etc.
Annual, monoecious, leafy succulent grass, 1-5 m high.  Leaves alternate at the nodes, 30-150 x 5-15 cm, glabrous or pubescent, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; male inflorescence, a large terminal panicle up to 40 cm long, female inflorescences in axillary sheath cobs, ca. 30 cm in length; fruit a grain or caryopsis white, yellow, reddish or purple.
Originaria de América, actualmente cosmopolita debido al cultivo.
Originaire du Mexique, aujourd’;hui cultivée partout dans le monde.
Native to America, now cosmopolitan (cultivated).

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant362

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : White-sand forests represent natural laboratories of evolution over their long history throughout Amazonia and the Guiana Shield and pose significant physiological challenges to the plants and animals they host. The study of diversification in plant lineages comprising species endemic to white-sand forest can therefore give insights into processes of evolution and community assembly in tropical forests. In this article, we synthesize recent studies of white-sand forests to integrate patterns of plant species distribution with processes of lineage diversification and community assembly in the white-sand flora. We contrast lineages that have radiated uniquely in these habitats (e.g., Pagamea, Rubiaceae), with cosmopolitan lineages comprising specialists to white-sand forests and other habitats that may have arisen via ecological speciation across habitat gradients (e.g., Protium, Burseraceae). In both cases, similar suites of functional traits have evolved, including investment in dense, long-lived tissues that are well-defended structurally and chemically. White-sand endemics, therefore, play an important role in biodiversity conservation because they represent unique combinations of functional and phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, white-sand endemics may respond differently than other tropical forest plant species to contemporary global changes because they comprise resilient functional types that may better withstand increased drought, temperature, and invasions of exotic pests in these regions.
ISSN: 0006-3606

hal-01531635
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531635
DOI : 10.1111/btp.12301
PRODINRA : 353397

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Academy of Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) constitute one of the most diverse and ecologically important groups of phytoplankton. They are considered to be particularly important in nutrient-rich coastal ecosystems and at high latitudes, but considerably less so in the oligotrophic open ocean. The Tara Oceans circumnavigation collected samples from a wide range of oceanic regions using a standardized sampling procedure. Here, a total of similar to 12 million diatom V9-18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ribotypes, derived from 293 size-fractionated plankton communities collected at 46 sampling sites across the global ocean euphotic zone, have been analyzed to explore diatom global diversity and community composition. We provide a new estimate of diversity of marine planktonic diatoms at 4,748 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Based on the total assigned ribotypes, Chaetoceros was the most abundant and diverse genus, followed by Fragilariopsis, Thalassiosira, and Corethron. We found only a few cosmopolitan ribotypes displaying an even distribution across stations and high abundance, many of which could not be assigned with confidence to any known genus. Three distinct communities from South Pacific, Mediterranean, and Southern Ocean waters were identified that share a substantial percentage of ribotypes within them. Sudden drops in diversity were observed at Cape Agulhas, which separates the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and across the Drake Passage between the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, indicating the importance of these ocean circulation choke points in constraining diatom distribution and diversity. We also observed high diatom diversity in the open ocean, suggesting that diatoms may be more relevant in these oceanic systems than generally considered.
ISSN: 0027-8424

hal-01545320
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545320
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1509523113