Éditeur(s) : IEEE
Résumé : This paper aims at studying the quality of the sea surface salinity (SSS) retrieved from soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) data in coastal areas. These areas are characterized by strong and variable SSS gradients [several practical salinity units (psu) on relatively small scales: the extent of river plumes is highly variable, typically at kilometric and daily scales. Monitoring this variability from SMOS measurements is particularly challenging because of their resolution (typically 30-100 km) and because of the contamination by the nearby land. A set of academic tests was conducted with a linear coastline and constant geophysical parameters, and more realistic tests were conducted over the Bay of Biscay. The bias of the retrieved SSS has been analyzed, as well as the root mean square (rms) of the bias, and the retrieved SSS compared to a numerical hydrodynamic model in the semirealistic case. The academic study showed that the Blackman apodization window provides the best compromise in terms of magnitude and fluctuations of the bias of the retrieved SSS. Whatever the type of vegetation cover, a strong negative bias, greater than 1 psu, was found when nearer than 36 km from the coast. Between 44 and 80 km, the type of vegetation cover has an impact of less than a factor 2 on the bias, and no influence further than 80 km from the coast. The semirealistic study conducted in the Bay of Biscay showed a bias over ten days lower than 0.2 psu for distances greater than 47 km, due to an averaging over various geometries (coastline orientation, swath orientation, etc.). The bias showed a weak dependence on the location of the grid point within the swath. Despite the noise on the retrieved SSS, contrasts due to the plume of the Loire River and the Gironde estuary remained detectable on ten-day averaged maps with an rms of 0.57 psu. Finally, imposing thresholds on the major axis of the measurements brought little improvement to the bias, whereas it increased the rms and- could lead to strong swath restriction: a 49-km threshold on the major axis resulted in an effective swath of 800-900 km instead of 1200 km. NOT CONTROLLED OCR
Transactions on geoscience an remote sensing IEEE (0196-2892) (IEEE), 2007-07 , Vol. 45 , N. 7 , P. 2061-2072

Droits : 2007 IEEE
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3643.pdf
DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2007.894934
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3643/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’application de modèles macro-économiques à l’analyse et la conception de politique économique ainsi qu’à la maitrise des déséquilibres macro-économiques est encore à un stade précoce dans les petits états insulaires en développement. La présente étude tente de combler cette lacune en proposant un modèle macro-économique applicable à chacun de ces territoires et destiné à l’analyse, la prévision et l’impact de chocs sur leurs économies. La Dominique, petit État insulaire en développement de la Caraïbe, a été choisie comme étude de cas pour un tel exercice. Ce modèle s’appuie sur les techniques analytiques de la cointégration et du modèle à correction d’erreur. Les équations du modèle sont spécifiées et leur performance prévisionnelle évaluée. Une fois élaboré et estimé, ce modèle est ensuite utilisé à des simulations de chocs issues de scénarios alternatifs afin de fournir des enseignements sur la trajectoire future des principales variables économiques de ce pays. L’un des principaux scénarios de l’étude consiste à déterminer le taux de croissance économique que la Dominique devrait cibler pour atteindre l’objectif de réduction de la pauvreté de moitié d’ici à 2015 et ce, conformément aux Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD), et de déterminer la politique budgétaire et monétaire compatible avec cet objectif. Enfin, l’intérêt d’une telle étude réside dans le fait qu’elle peut servir à réaliser les cadrages macro-économiques des stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté. Sa flexibilité peut en faire un instrument de décloisonnement administratif, favorisant ainsi la discussion avec toutes les parties prenantes de l’élaboration des politiques économiques.
The application of macroeconomic models to analyse and conceptualize the economic policy, as well as controlling macroeconomic imbalances, is still at an early stage in small islands developing states. This article tries to fill in this gap by proposing a macroeconomic model for analyzing, forecasting, and testing the effects of shocks to the economy, applicable for each of these territories. The case of Dominica, a small island developing state of Caribbean area, has been approched. This model draws on the analytical techniques of cointegration and error correction. The single equations are specified and their forecasting performance is assessed. Then, the model is constructed and shock simulations are performed and different scenarios are developed to give further insight in the future path of the main economic variables.One of the main scenarios of this study will determine in comparison of Millennium development goals (MDG), the economic growth rate of Dominica which would help to attain the objective of reduction poverty in half by 2015, as well as the fiscal and monetary policy compatible with this goal. Finally, it helps to make macroeconomic frameworks for strategy reduction of poverty. Its flexibility serves to aid the discussion with all parties.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6283
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6283