Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Establishing a direct link between climate change and fluctuations in animal populations through long-term monitoring is difficult given the paucity of baseline data. We hypothesized that social wasps are sensitive to climatic variations, and thus studied the impact of ENSO events on social wasp populations in French Guiana. We noted that during the 2000 La Niña year there was a 77.1% decrease in their nest abundance along ca. 5 km of forest edges, and that 70.5% of the species were no longer present. Two simultaneous 13-year surveys (1997-2009) confirmed the decrease in social wasps during La Niña years (2000 and 2006), while an increase occurred during the 2009 El Niño year. A 30-year weather survey showed that these phenomena corresponded to particularly high levels of rainfall, and that temperature, humidity and global solar radiation were correlated with rainfall. Using the Self-Organizing Map algorithm, we show that heavy rainfall during an entire rainy season has a negative impact on social wasps. Strong contrasts in rainfall between the dry season and the short rainy season exacerbate this effect. Social wasp populations never recovered to their pre-2000 levels. This is probably because these conditions occurred over four years; heavy rainfall during the major rainy seasons during four other years also had a detrimental effect. On the contrary, low levels of rainfall during the major rainy season in 2009 spurred an increase in social wasp populations. We conclude that recent climatic changes have likely resulted in fewer social wasp colonies because they have lowered the wasps' resistance to parasitoids and pathogens. These results imply that Neotropical social wasps can be regarded as bio-indicators because they highlight the impact of climatic changes not yet perceptible in plants and other animals.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-00825825
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825825
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825825/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825825/file/Dejean2011_Climate.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0027004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In many geological reservoirs, open fractures or fault zones generally induce high spatial variability of hydrodynamical properties and shape the main deep-seated flow paths. It is of crucial interest to determine their structure and properties in order to achieve a sound and sustained exploitation of resources or to estimate the risk of failure of any underground storage. Tiltmeters have emerged as new tools to observe deformation generated by groundwater flow. As such instruments are highly sensitive to pressure gradients, they are perfectly suited for monitoring channelized flow in connected fractures and fault zones. Hence, they provide a unique insight of these reservoirs' geometry and dynamics over broad time scales. Here we demonstrate that continuous tilt data from surface long baseline tiltmeters (LBT) can be used alone to evaluate the general functioning of a fractured hardrock system and estimate the hydraulic properties of its main conductive features. The study is applied to the pumping site of Ploemeur observatory (Brittany, France) which is well documented and instrumented, and therefore forms a convenient setting for introducing LBT as tools for fractured media hydrology. On the short term, tilt signals are strongly correlated with pumping cycles and associated head level changes in well-connected boreholes. Besides, when pumps are stopped the maximal tilt direction is systematically perpendicular to a subvertical fault zone whose azimuth of strike has thereby been refined down to degree precision. By using a semi-analytical model of deformation, we establish the link between tilt and pressure change during pumping interruptions which then allows for hydraulic properties estimation from tilt measurements only. Finally, we validate our results with previous estimates obtained from other studies and discuss the orientation of future work that could enhance these estimates.
AGU Fall Meeting 2014
San Francisco, United States

insu-01093437
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01093437

Éditeur(s) : American Geophysical Union
Résumé : We present new high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data acquired in 2006 with the ROV Victor 6000 over the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As long-term monitoring of the Lucky Strike area (MoMAR project) is being implemented, these new high-resolution data offer an unprecedented view of the distribution of hydrothermal edifices, eruptive facies, and small-scale tectonic features in the Lucky Strike vent field. We show that vents located in the NW and NE correspond with wide expanses of lumpy seafloor which we interpret as primarily made of broken chimneys and sulfide edifices. They are found above scarps with relief > 50 m or on associated mass wasting deposits. By contrast, the SE and SW vents correspond with small expanses of lumpy seafloor and are located near smaller scarps which we interpret as more recent faults. Hydrothermal edifices in the SW venting area appear very recent, postdating the emplacement and faulting of the most recent lava. We propose that this difference in the age of hydrothermal edifices does not mean that hydrothermal venting itself is more recent in the southern part of the Lucky Strike field because preexisting sulfide deposits there may have been buried by recent volcanic deposits. Instead, the older edifices in the northern part of the hydrothermal field may have been allowed more time to grow because they are set above the level of recent lava flows. The formation of a lava lake is the most recent eruptive event detected at Lucky Strike. Lava drainback is evidenced by benches and lava pillars, suggesting a close connection with an underlying magma reservoir, which probably corresponds to the melt body imaged by Singh et al. (2006). We have found no evidence that this lake was active for months to decades, as lava lakes at terrestrial volcanoes. It may instead have formed as a lava pond, with successive lava flows covering the eruptive vents, as proposed for similar features at the EPR. The horizontal surface of the lake is deformed only near its southwestern shore, along a NNE-trending set of faults and fissures, which appear to control the distribution of hydrothermal chimneys.
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (1525-2027) (American Geophysical Union), 2009-02 , Vol. 10 , N. 2 , P. 1-18

Droits : 2009 American Geophysical Union
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6161.pdf
DOI:10.1029/2008GC002171
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6161/

Éditeur(s) : Public Library Science
Résumé : Where conservation resources are limited and conservation targets are diverse, robust yet flexible priority-setting frameworks are vital. Priority-setting is especially important for geographically widespread species with distinct populations subject to multiple threats that operate on different spatial and temporal scales. Marine turtles are widely distributed and exhibit intra-specific variations in population sizes and trends, as well as reproduction and morphology. However, current global extinction risk assessment frameworks do not assess conservation status of spatially and biologically distinct marine turtle Regional Management Units (RMUs), and thus do not capture variations in population trends, impacts of threats, or necessary conservation actions across individual populations. To address this issue, we developed a new assessment framework that allowed us to evaluate, compare and organize marine turtle RMUs according to status and threats criteria. Because conservation priorities can vary widely (i.e. from avoiding imminent extinction to maintaining long-term monitoring efforts) we developed a "conservation priorities portfolio" system using categories of paired risk and threats scores for all RMUs (n = 58). We performed these assessments and rankings globally, by species, by ocean basin, and by recognized geopolitical bodies to identify patterns in risk, threats, and data gaps at different scales. This process resulted in characterization of risk and threats to all marine turtle RMUs, including identification of the world's 11 most endangered marine turtle RMUs based on highest risk and threats scores. This system also highlighted important gaps in available information that is crucial for accurate conservation assessments. Overall, this priority-setting framework can provide guidance for research and conservation priorities at multiple relevant scales, and should serve as a model for conservation status assessments and priority-setting for widespread, long-lived taxa.
Plos One (1932-6203) (Public Library Science), 2011-09 , Vol. 6 , N. 9 , P. 1-14

Droits : 2011 Wallace et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16097/13573.pdf
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024510
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16097/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
With the health of the world’s oceans threatened as never before, it is becoming increasingly apparent that Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) play a vitally important role in protecting marine and coastal habitats. Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective draws on the results of a major EU-sponsored research project related to the establishment of networks of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that transpired from February 2011 to January 2016. Featuring contributions by leading university- and national research institute-based scientists, chapters utilize the latest research data and developments in marine conservation policy to explore issues related to ways in which networks of MPAs may amplify the effectiveness and conservation benefits of individual areas within them. Topics addressed include the broader socio-economic impacts of MPAs in the Mediterranean and Black Seas; the use of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) to resolve conflicts between marine resource use and protection; special protection measures under the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD); ecological value assessments in the Black Sea; the Ecosystem Approach (EA) for managing marine ecosystems; MPAs along Turkey’s Black Sea coast; MPAs and offshore wind farms; and managing and monitoring MPA networks within and between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.Timely and important, Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective offers invaluable insights into the role of MPAs in preserving the welfare and long-term viability of our world’s oceans.
Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective

ISBN : 978-1-119-07577-6
hal-01562040
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562040

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
ABSTRACT: Environmental exposures during pregnancy and early life may have adverse health effects. Single birth cohort studies often lack statistical power to tease out such effects reliably. To improve the use of existing data and to facilitate collaboration among these studies, an inventory of the environmental exposure and health data in these studies was made as part of the ENRIECO (Environmental Health Risks in European Birth Cohorts) project. The focus with regard to exposure was on outdoor air pollution, water contamination, allergens and biological organisms, metals, pesticides, smoking and second hand tobacco smoke (SHS), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), noise, radiation, and occupational exposures. The review lists methods and data on environmental exposures in 37 European birth cohort studies. Most data is currently available for smoking and SHS (N=37 cohorts), occupational exposures (N=33), outdoor air pollution, and allergens and microbial agents (N=27). Exposure modeling is increasingly used for long-term air pollution exposure assessment; biomonitoring is used for assessment of exposure to metals, POPs and other chemicals; and environmental monitoring for house dust mite exposure assessment. Collaborative analyses with data from several birth cohorts have already been performed successfully for outdoor air pollution, water contamination, allergens, biological contaminants, molds, POPs and SHS. Key success factors for collaborative analyses are common definitions of main exposure and health variables. Our review emphasizes that such common definitions need ideally be arrived at in the study design phase. However, careful comparison of methods used in existing studies also offers excellent opportunities for collaborative analyses. Investigators can use this review to evaluate the potential for future collaborative analyses with respect to data availability and methods used in the different cohorts and to identify potential partners for a specific research question.
ISSN: 1476-069X

inserm-00785248
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00785248
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00785248/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00785248/file/1476-069X-12-8.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1476-069X-12-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
The astronomical and geodetic observatory OCA, located on the karst plateau of Calern (Caussols, France), has been monitoring earth deformation for several years. Two long baseline tiltmeters have been installed in a shaft in 2007, along with classical hydrogeological monitoring tools in order to investigate the relationship between current karst deformation and hydrology. Dye tests have shown that the plateau is drained towards the East, to the spring of Bramafam, except for its Western third. Karst tilting, as recorded by the tiltmeters, is linked to rainfall events. These instruments bring additional information to characterize different reservoirs: the deep karst aquifer of Bramafan with high amplitude oscillations of its water table, up to 100 m, the perched aquifer of Moustiques shaft whose response is attenuated, and several slope aquifers with reduced oscillations (Fontaniers, Castel Bon Pré). Tilt deformation reaches 8 μrad with a definite orientation between N90°E and N100°E. The best correlation between hydrology and tilts is observed for the deep aquifers. If the first autumn rainfall is ineffective on tilt, it recharges the epikarst and refills the reserves. The winter rains cause the water to flush towards the eastern deep aquifer and provokes a quick tilting of the plateau. Finally, the long term variations in tilt and water table show a very good correlation The relationship between current hydrological deformations and tectonics is also analyzed; broken and shifted speleothems in the shafts indicate a general shift of the plateau towards the south.
ISSN: 0985-3111

hal-00708116
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708116
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708116/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708116/file/2010_Geodinamica_Calern_final.pdf
BIBCODE : 10.3166/ga.23.49-64

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
A 30-year study of temporal changes in gastropod community structure on the reefs of a Pacific Ocean atoll (Fangataufa, Tuamotu Archipelago) subjected to atmospheric nuclear tests during the 1960s offered the opportunity for an otherwise impossible field experiment that could help ecologists understand mollusc primary succession. Reef molluscs were partly or entirely wiped out by the heat of the nuclear tests and the reefs were recolonized by ocean larvae. On all reefs, community composition before the tests was very different from what it evolved to afterwards. A new method of analysis was developed to study the temporal variation in community composition before versus after the tests (temporal beta diversity). Analyses showed that community compositions diverged through time among the reefs. Only some species can survive the harsh conditions of supralittoral zones, so the same species recolonized them; environmental filtering controlled the development of the new communities. In the reef flat and edge zones, differences in community composition seem to be the result of neutral stochastic colonization by larvae coming from the open ocean. All reefs developed a community composition quite different from that before the nuclear tests.
ISSN: 0962-8452

hal-01174175
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174175
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2015.0750

Résumé : La tuberculose (TB), maladie infectieuse contagieuse, est causée par une mycobactérie appartenant au complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC). Malgré de nombreuses campagnes de vaccination par le BCG (Bacilles de Calmette et Guérin) et les traitements antituberculeux, on observe une réémergence de la maladie depuis les années 80. Ce bouleversement s’explique par la coïnfection avec le virus du VIH/SIDA, la désorganisation des systèmes de santé et par l’apparition des bactéries résistantes aux principaux antibiotiques antituberculeux. Dans ce contexte une meilleure connaissance des mouvements et de l’évolution des clones circulants du bacille tuberculeux permettrait de détecter plus rapidement et de façon plus pertinente l’émergence d’épidémies. Le contrôle et la surveillance de la maladie représentent des moyens essentiels pour lutter contre l’expansion mondiale de la tuberculose. C’est ainsi que l’unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries de l’Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe (IPG) a mis en place une base de données de profils génotypiques pour l’étude de l’épidémiologie globale de la tuberculose. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous décrirons les méthodes de bioinformatique qui ont été utilisées pour la gestion et l’exploitation de la 6ème version (SITVIT2) de cette base de données des génotypes pour mieux comprendre l’évolution et la dissémination mondiale du bacille tuberculeux. Cette base intègre aussi plusieurs marqueurs moléculaires tels que les MIRU-VNTRs (« mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats ») et le Spoligotype43 servant à mieux décrire et identifier les familles de profils génotypiques du MTBC. La banque de données SITVIT2 ne cesse d’évoluer, et elle contient actuellement des informations épidémiologiques sur 111 635 isolats cliniques. Cette base de données est consultable en ligne à l’adresse suivante : http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT2/. Nous avons également réalisé une base de données nommée SITVITBovis qui est dédiée à la tuberculose bovine. Cette base de données sera accessible à l’adresse : http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_Bovis/. Parallèlement au développement et à la gestion des bases de données, ce travail de thèse s’est appuyé sur plusieurs études épidémiologiques et phylogéographiques mettant en corrélation les données disponibles sur la résistance aux médicaments ou les caractéristiques démographiques (dont le sexe, l’âge, le statut VIH, et l’origine du patient). Notre initiative de recherche permet ainsi d’améliorer la caractérisation phylogénétique détaillée des lignées du MTBC, ainsi que l’épidémiologie des clones en circulation, afin d’élaborer une cartographie géographique des isolats cliniques prédominants pour les bacilles tuberculeux principalement impliqués dans la maladie, à l’échelle nationale, régionale et mondiale. La superposition ultérieure de ces cartes avec des données sociopolitiques, économiques et démographiques obtenues auprès de Systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) ont permis de dresser un portrait précis des disparités actuelles par pays ou sous-région. Cette thèse représente une importante collaboration avec plusieurs équipes de chercheurs travaillant également dans le domaine de l’épidémiologie moléculaire de la tuberculose. L’objectif à long terme de ce travail, est d’optimiser la structure de la base, et de pérenniser l’enrichissement de celle-ci (notamment par l’automatisation et la facilité de la saisie de données). Une représentation optimale et une meilleure accessibilité des données de la base conforteraient les efforts faits pour le contrôle et la surveillance de la TB dans monde.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Despite numerous campaigns of vaccination by the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, and TB treatments, there was a resurgence of the disease since the 80s. This disruption is due to coinfection with HIV/AIDS, disorganization of health systems and the emergence of bacteria resistant to anti-TB drugs. In this context, a better understanding of the movements and changes of circulating clones of tubercle bacilli would detect faster and more relevant emerging epidemics. The control and monitoring of the disease are essential means to fight against the worldwide spread of tuberculosis. Thus the TB and Mycobacteria unit of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe (IPG) has developed a database of genotypic profiles for the study of global epidemiology of tuberculosis.In this thesis, we discuss the Bioinformatical methods that have been used for the management and development of the 6th version (SITVIT2) of this database of genotypes to better understand the evolution and global dissemination of the tubercle bacillus. The database also includes several molecular markers such as MIRU-VNTRs (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units- variable number of tandem repeats) and Spoligotype43 allowing a better description and identification of the families of genotypic profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. SITVIT2 database is constantly evolving, and it currently contains epidemiological information on 111,635 clinical isolates. This database is available online at the following address: http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT2/. We also developed a database named "SITVITBovis", which is dedicated to bovine tuberculosis. This database will be accessible at: http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_Bovis/.Alongside the development and management of databases, this work was based on several epidemiological and phylogeographic studies correlating data on drug resistance or demographic characteristics (including sex, age, HIV status, and the origin of the patient). Our research initiative is thus focused to further improve in depth phylogenetic characterization of MTBC lineages, as well as the epidemiological analysis of circulating clones to generate evidence-based geographical mapping of predominant clinical isolates of tubercle bacilli causing the bulk of the disease both at country and regional level. Further superposition of these maps with socio-political, economical and demographical available through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows to have a precise view of prevailing disparities at the level of country or sub-region. This thesis represents an important collaboration with several researchers teams also working in the field of molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis.The long-term goal of this work is to further optimize the database structure, and sustain enriching it (including automation and ease of data entry). Optimum performance and accessibility of data in the database would reinforce efforts to control and surveillance of TB in the world.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0791/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Wound healing is important for sharks from the earliest life stages, for example, as the 'umbilical scar' in viviparous species heals, and throughout adulthood, when sharks can incur a range of external injuries from natural and anthropogenic sources. Despite anecdotal accounts of rapid healing in elasmobranchs, data regarding recovery and survival of individuals from different wound or injury types has not been systematically collected. The present study documented: (i) 'umbilical scar' healing in wild-caught, neonatal blacktip reef sharks while being reared for 30 days in flow-through laboratory aquaria in French Polynesia; (ii) survival and recovery of free-swimming blacktip reef sharks in Australia and French Polynesia following a range of injuries; and (iii) long-term survival following suspected shark-finning activities. Laboratory monitoring, tag-recapture records, telemetry data and photo-identification records suggest that blacktip reef sharks have a high capacity to survive and recover from small or even large and severe wounds. Healing rates, recovery and survival are important factors to consider when assessing impacts of habitat degradation and fishing stress on shark populations. The present study suggests that individual survival may depend more on handling practices and physiological stress rather than the extent of physical injury. These observations also contribute to discussions regarding the ethics of tagging practices used in elasmobranch research and provide baseline healing rates that may increase the accuracy in estimating reproductive timing inferred from mating scars and birth dates for neonatal sharks based on umbilical scar healing status. Cite as: Chin A, Mourier J, Rummer JL (2015) Blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) show high capacity for wound healing and recovery following injury. Conserv Physiol 3: doi:10.1093/conphys/cov062.
Conservation physiology

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/file/Conserv%20Physiol-2015-Chin-.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cov062