Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : Nucleotide diversity was assessed within nine candidate genes (in total 4.6 kb) for the time of bud burst in nine sessile oak (Quercus petraea) populations distributed in central and northern Europe. The sampled populations were selected on the basis of their contrasting time of bud burst observed in common garden experiments (provenance tests). The candidate genes were selected according to their expression profiles during the transition from quiescent to developing buds and/or their functional role in model plants. The overall nucleotide diversity was large (pi(tot) - 6.15 x 10(-3); pi(silent) - 11.2 x 10(-3)), but population differentiation was not larger than for microsatellites. No outlier single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), departing from neutral expectation, was found among the total of 125 SNPs. These results contrasted markedly with the significant associations that were observed between the candidate genes and bud burst in segregating populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bud burst were identified for 13 year*site seasonal observations in a cloned mapping pedigree. Nineteen QTLs were detected, and QTLs located on linkage groups 2, 5 and 9 contributed repeatedly to more than 12% of the phenotypic variation of the trait. Eight genes were polymorphic in the two parents of the pedigree and could be mapped on the existing genetic map. Five of them located within the confidence intervals of QTLs for bud burst. Interestingly, four of them located within the three QTLs exhibiting the largest contributions to bud burst.
ISSN: 0018-067X

hal-01032156
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032156
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.2009.170

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Botanical Society of America
Résumé : Premise of the study : Wood density correlates with mechanical and physiological strategies of trees and is important for estimating global carbon stocks. Nonetheless, the relationship between branch and trunk xylem density has been poorly explored in neotropical trees. Here, we examine this relationship in trees from French Guiana and its variation among different families and sites, to improve the understanding of wood density in neotropical forests. Methods : Trunk and branch xylem densities were measured for 1909 trees in seven sites across French Guiana. A major-axis fit was performed to explore their general allometric relationship and its variation among different families and sites. Key results : Trunk xylem and branch xylem densities were significantly positively correlated, and their relationship explained 47% of the total variance. Trunk xylem was on average 9% denser than branch xylem. Family-level differences and interactions between family and site accounted for more than 40% of the total variance, whereas differences among sites explained little variation. Conclusions : Variation in xylem density within individual trees can be substantial, and the relationship between branch xylem and trunk xylem densities varies considerably among families and sites. As such, whole-tree biomass estimates based on non-destructive branch sampling should correct for both taxonomic and environmental factors. Furthermore, detailed estimates of the vertical distribution of wood density within individual trees are needed to determine the extent to which relying solely upon measures of trunk wood density may cause carbon stocks in tropical forests to be overestimated.
ISSN: 0002-9122

hal-01032401
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032401
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.1000034

Résumé : Cette thèse à pour objet l'étude théorique et numérique de solutions dans les équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires de la physique, en particulier en dynamique des fluides. La présence de discontinuités dans les solutions de ces équations complique la compréhension mathématique des phénomènes mis enjeu et leur traitement numérique, notamment en vue de simulations informatiques . Nous étudions ces équations par une méthode de régularisation dans un espace fonctionnel approprié. Lorsque des schémas numériques construits par des méthodes différentes conduisent à des résultats identiques, ceci jusque dans leurs moindres détails, il semble alors naturel de s'interroger dans quelle mesure ces suites de solutions numériques constituent une approximation d'une solution des équations étudiées. Nous construisons des suites de solutions approchées à partir d'un schéma numérique original,stable et suffisamment simple pour démontrer que ses suites constituent une méthode asymptotique de Maslov au sens des distributions en dimension trois d'espèce. La technique de régularisation employée consiste à étendre les variables réelles du problème ne des variables complexes, ce qui nous permet de construire des familles de solutions particulières que l'on ramène au cas réel en faisant tendre un petit paramètre vers O. Les solutions physiques recherchées apparaissent alors comme valeurs au bord de fonction holomorphes. Nous illustrons les résultats obtenus par des applications en cosmologie dans les cadres Newtoniens et relativistes pour des systèmes sans pression, puis avec pression et auto-gravitation, ainsi que pour le système des gaz parfaits.
This thesis is devoted to the theoretical and numerical study of singular solutions appearing in nonlinear partial differential complicates the mathematical understanding of the phenomena under concem as well as their numerical treatment, in particular in view of computation. These equations are studied by a regularization method in an appropriate functional space. When completely different numerical methods give the same results up to the smallest details one can reasonably expect that these numerical results suggest the existence of a mathematical solution of theses equations. We construct sequences of approximate solutions from an original numerical scheme, which is stable and simple enough to prove that these sequences constitute a Maslov asymptotic method in three space dimension. The regularization technique in use consits in extending the real variables of the problem into complex ones, which perrnits to construct families of particular equations that we bring back to the real case by letting a small paramater tend to zero. The expected physical solutions appear as boundary values of holomorphie functions . Illustrations are given by applications to cosmology in the Newtorian and re1ativistic settings for pressure1ess fluid dynamics, then in presence of self-gravitation and pressure as weil as for the systemof ideal gases

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0478/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé :  
The maintenance in the long run of a positive carbon balance under very low irradiance is a prerequisite for survival of tree seedlings below the canopy or in small gaps in a tropical rainforest. To provide a quantitative basis for this assumption, experiments were carried out to determine whether construction cost (CC) and payback time for leaves and support structures, as well as leaf life span (i) differ among species and (ii) display an irradiance-elicited plasticity. Experiments were also conducted to determine whether leaf life span correlates to CC and payback time and is close to the optimal longevity derived from an optimization model. Saplings from 13 tropical tree species were grown under three levels of irradiance. Specific-CC was computed, as well as CC scaled to leaf area at the metamer level. Photosynthesis was recorded over the leaf life span. Payback time was derived from CC and a simple photosynthesis model. Specific-CC displayed only little interspecific variability and irradiance-elicited plasticity, in contrast to CC scaled to leaf area. Leaf life span ranged from 4 months to >26 months among species, and was longest in seedlings grown under lowest irradiance. It was always much longer than payback time, even under the lowest irradiance. Leaves were shed when their photosynthesis had reached very low values, in contrast to what was predicted by an optimality model. The species ranking for the different traits was stable across irradiance treatments. The two pioneer species always displayed the smallest CC, leaf life span, and payback time. All species displayed a similar large irradiance-elicited plasticity.
ISSN: 0022-0957

hal-01032198
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032198
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/err092

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
The maintenance in the long run of a positive carbon balance under very low irradiance is a prerequisite for survival of tree seedlings below the canopy or in small gaps in a tropical rainforest. To provide a quantitative basis for this assumption, experiments were carried out to determine whether construction cost (CC) and payback time for leaves and support structures, as well as leaf life span (i) differ among species and (ii) display an irradiance-elicited plasticity. Experiments were also conducted to determine whether leaf life span correlates to CC and payback time and is close to the optimal longevity derived from an optimization model. Saplings from 13 tropical tree species were grown under three levels of irradiance. Specific-CC was computed, as well as CC scaled to leaf area at the metamer level. Photosynthesis was recorded over the leaf life span. Payback time was derived from CC and a simple photosynthesis model. Specific-CC displayed only little interspecific variability and irradiance-elicited plasticity, in contrast to CC scaled to leaf area. Leaf life span ranged from 4 months to >26 months among species, and was longest in seedlings grown under lowest irradiance. It was always much longer than payback time, even under the lowest irradiance. Leaves were shed when their photosynthesis had reached very low values, in contrast to what was predicted by an optimality model. The species ranking for the different traits was stable across irradiance treatments. The two pioneer species always displayed the smallest CC, leaf life span, and payback time. All species displayed a similar large irradiance-elicited plasticity.
ISSN: 1631-0691

hal-01095975
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01095975
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.01.007

Résumé : Les termites ont un rôle clé dans le fonctionnement de l’écosystème forêt en particulier celui du recyclage de la litière en matière organique. Cependant, quelques espèces de termites sont des xylophages spécialisés dans la dégradation du bois des forêts, mais sont considérés comme des nuisibles dans les zones anthropisées.En France, le problème « termites » lié aux constructions n’a été traité que dans les années 90. La loi n°99-471, votée le 8 juin 1999 définit les modalités de mise en oeuvre d´une politique de lutte dans laquelle sont engagés tous les acteurs: l´Etat, les collectivités locales, les professionnels ainsi que les propriétaires d´immeubles. La Guyane-française est située dans la carte établie par le FCBA des départements de France où l’arrêté est effectif. Toutefois, ce département d’outre-mer reste aujourd’hui avec beaucoup de lacunes en termes de connaissances sur ses termites.On connaît de façon exhaustive le nombre et les différentes espèces de termites xylophages et on sait également quelles sont les principales familles qui sont présentes dans les bâtiments. Mais on ne sait pas dire quelles sont les espèces de termites qui s’intéressent à nos bois d’œuvres.L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les genres et espèces de termites qui s’attaquent à trois essences de bois de durabilité faible ou moyenne (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) et de comprendre comment ces attaques se produisent, en contexte forestier, en lien avec des variables du milieu, et l’effet de la saison de mise en contact.Le Yayamadou est une espèce très appétante pour les termites de Guyane, à condition de disposer de tas de bois d’un volume suffisant (> 500cm3), c’est l’espèce qui présente la plus grande diversité de termites actifs. 18 espèces de termites ont été trouvées sur les tas de bois, mais 10 seulement avec une fréquence dépassant le %. Une description détaillée et une clé d’identification sont proposées pour ces espèces.La diversité des termites est plus importante dans les milieux forestiers naturels. Les résultats montrent, qu’Heterotermes tenuis est l’espèce la plus fréquente quel que soit le milieu. Il y a une spécificité attractive de certaines espèces de termites pour telle essence plutôt que telle autre.Enfin, la saisonnalité, correspondant au moment où l’on installe les échantillons de bois en forêt, joue un rôle dans l’apparition de termites sur telle ou telle essence de bois. Il existe dans chaque milieu des espèces qui peuvent potentiellement s’attaquer au bois des habitations
The termites have a role key in the functioning of the ecosystem forest in particular the one of the recycling of the litter in organic matter. Nevertheless, some termites species are specialized in the degradation of the wood of the forests, but are considered plagues in humans place.In France, the problem « termites » linked by the buildings was treated only in the 90’s. The law n°99-471, voted by the 8 June 1999 defines the methods of implement of politics to fights in which are engaged all the actors: the government, the local groups, the professionals as well as the owners of buildings. The French Guiana-is in the map established by the FCBA that departments of France where the law is effective. Nevertheless, this “outre-mer” department remains today with a lot of gaps in terms of knowledge on its termites. We know in a manner exhaustive the number and the different types of xylophagous termites and we know too which are the principal families that are present in the buildings. But we don’t know to say which are the types of termites that are very interested in our lumber.The objective of this study is to identify the genera and termites species that attack themselves to three sorts of wood of weak or average durability (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) and to understand how these attacks produce themselves, in forest context, in link with variables of the environment, and the effect of the season of placement in contact.The Yayamadou is a Wood specie that atracts a lot of termites in French Guiana, to condition to have access to pile of wood of a sufficient volume (> 500cm3), it is the type that presents the biggest diversity of active termites. 18 species of termites were found on the wood piles, but 10 only with a frequency surpassing the 80%. A detailed description and an identification key are proposed for these species. The diversity of the termites is more important in the natural forest environments. The results show, that Heterotermes tenure is the type the does more frequent whatever the environment. There is an attractive specificity of some types of termites for such wood species rather than such other.Finally, the seasonality, corresponding the moment when we installs the wood samples in forest, plays a role in the appearance of termites on such or such wood species. There are in every environment of the types that potentially can attack the wood of the buildings.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0571/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Ctenophores are non-bilaterian metazoans of uncertain phylogenetic position, some recent studies placing them as sister-group to all other animals whereas others suggest this placement is artefactual and ctenophores are more closely allied with cnidarians and bilaterians, with which they share nerve cells, muscles and gut. Available information about developmental genes and their expression and function in ctenophores is reviewed. These data not only unveil some conserved aspects of molecular developmental mechanisms with other basal metazoan lineages, but also can be expected to enlighten the genomic and molecular bases of the evolution of ctenophore-specific traits, including their unique embryonic development, complex anatomy and high cell type diversity.
ISSN: 0959437X

hal-01509720
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01509720
ARXIV : 1605.05876
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.020

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 1387-3547

hal-01082609
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082609
DOI : 10.1007/s10530-007-9187-9

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD ACSM
Résumé : International audience
A 26-yr-old man with sickle cell trait (SCT) suddenly lost visual acuity in the left eye after a cycling race in hot tropical environment. The cause was massive central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with hemorrhaging that rapidly worsened to neovascular glaucoma. Although medically treated, the eye is now marked by total retinal detachment. Cardiovascular function assessment shows no electrocardiographic abnormalities, no anomaly in the supra-aortic tree, and no evidence of structural heart disease. Although normal coagulation markers values (i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen concentration, antithrombin III, factor V, proteins C and S) were observed 2.5 months after the clinical event, a transesophageal echocardiogram performed few hours after the incident revealed the presence of four thrombi in the left atrium suggesting a postexercise hypercoagulable state at that time. Hemorheological measurements at distance of the events demonstrated high red blood cell rigidity at baseline. Therefore, marked blood rheological impairment and activation of the coagulation pathway in response to the heavy and prolonged cycling race could have promoted CRVO in this cyclist carrying SCT. These data suggest that SCT could be considered as a risk factor for significant ocular complications when severe exercise is performed and support the idea that SCT is a contributing factor in blood rheology and vascular dysfunctions.
Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-00698572
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00698572
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00698572/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00698572/file/Hedreville_et_al_revised_MSSE-D-08-00064R2.pdf
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818313d0

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOS Press
Résumé : International audience
This study tested the hypothesis that trained sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers are not subjected to greater risk of rhabdomyolysis or renal failure in response to moderate submaximal exercise than subjects with normal hemoglobin (CONT). Blood markers in 11 trained SCT carriers and 12 control counterparts were measured before and after 40 min of exercise at 55% of peak power output (Ppeak) conducted in thermoneutral environment. Body weights decreased with exercise in the same proportion in the two groups (from 65.1 ± 7.0 kg to 64.1 ± 7.0 kg and from 70.2 ± 6.6 to 68.6 ± 6.6 kg at the end of exercise in SCT and CONT, respectively). Heart rate and rectal temperature increased in the two groups in response to exercise, but the groups remained closely matched. Serum urea, CRP, CK and LDH were similar in the two groups and remained unchanged in response to exercise. Creatinine, Na + , K + , Cl − and myoglobin concentrations increased above baseline in response to exercise, with changes of the same magnitude in the two groups. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that moderate submaximal exercise is not unsafe from a biochemical point of view for sportsmen carrying SCT.
ISSN: 1386-0291

hal-01163943
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01163943
DOI : 10.3233/CH-2011-1524

Résumé : Les processus ponctuels sont souvent utilisés comme modèles de répartitions spatiales ou spatio-temporelles d'occurrences Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des processus de Cox dirigés par un processus caché associé à un processus de Dirichlet. Ce modèle correspond à des occurrences cachées influençant l'intensité stochastique des occurrences observées. Nous généralisons la notion de Shot noise Cox process et développons le traitement bayésien. Nous focalisons l'inférence statistique sur l'estimation de la valeur espérée de chaque contribution cachée, leur nombre espéré, degré d'influence spatiale et degré de corrélation L'utilité en épidémiologie et en écologie est démontrée à partir de données de Rubus fruticosa, lbicella lutea et de mortalité dans les cantons de Georgie, USA. En termes de données observées, deux situations sont considérées: d'abord, les positions spatiales des occurrences sont observées entre plusieurs paires de dates consécutives; puis, des comptages sont effectués dans des unités d'échantillonnage spatiales. D'autre part, nous nous intéressons aux processus ponctuels à mémoire introduits par Kagan, Ogata et Vere-Jones. En effet, les processus ponctuels ont une place importante dans l'étude des catalogues sismiques. Nous avons étudié un modèle Epidemie Type Aftershock Sequence avec une intensité d'arrière-plan indépendante du temps et plusieurs fonctions déclenchantes permettant d'intégrer les événements antérieurs récents. Cette approche est utilisée pour étudier la sismicité des Petites Antilles. Une étude comparative des modèles Gamma, Weibull, Log-Normal et loi d'Omori modifiée pour les fonctions déclenchantes est menée.
Point processes are often used as spatial or spatio-temporal distribution models of occurrences. In this Phd dissertation, we focus first on Cox processes driven by a hidden process associated with a Dirichlet process. This model corresponds to hidden occurrences influencing the stochastic intensity of observed occurrences. We generalize the notion of Shot noise Cox process and develop its bayesian analysis. We focus the statistical inference on the estimation of the hidden contribution expected value, the hidden contribution expected number, the spatial influence and correlation parameters. Applications in epidemiology and ecology are shown from Rubus fruticosa data, Ibicella lutea data and death number data in counties of Georgia, USA. Two situations are considered with respect to available data: firstly, the spatial positions of occurrences are observed between several pairs of consecutive dates; secondly, counts are carried out over a fixed time interval in several spatial sampling units. Secondly, we focus on point processes with memory intr oduced by Kagan, Ogata and Vere-Jones. Spatio-temporal point processes play an important role in the studies of earthquake catalogs since they consist of seismic events with their dates and spatial locations. We studied an Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence model with time independent background intensity and several triggering functions taking into account previous events. We illustrate our approach with a seismicity study of the Lesser Antilles arc. A comparaison study of Gamma, Weibull, Log-Normal and modified Omori law triggering function models is also carried out

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0555/document

Résumé : L’HTLV-1 est l’agent étiologique de la TSP/HAM et de l’ATL. La TSP/HAM est une méningomyélite chronique d’évolution lente et progressive. La charge provirale HTLV-1 est corrélée à l’évolutivité de la maladie. La protéine virale Tax module la synthèse et la fonction de multiples protéines de la prolifération et de la survie des lymphocytes T infectés. L’expression virale n’est pas toujours détectable in vivo. Une modulation épigénétique par inhibiteurs d’HDAC a été proposée. Des travaux dans le modèle du BLV et in vitro dans l’infection à HTLV-1 ont conforté ce concept et conduit à un essai thérapeutique évaluant le VPA dans le traitement de la TSP/HAM, qui n’a pas montré d’impact sur la charge provirale. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet du VPA sur les lymphocytes T CD4+ en culture, cibles du virus HTLV-1. L’expression du génome viral, surtout la balance entre les protéines Tax et HBZ a été étudiée avec ou sans VPA. Son expression serait corrélée à la charge provirale et à l’évolution de la TSP/HAM. Nous montrons qu’un tiers des cellules CD4+ infectées expriment Tax. Cette proportion augmente sous VPA. La détection de la protéine p19 est augmentée sous VPA. La stimulation par le VPA de la transcription sens du génome viral a été confirmée par quantification des messagers Tax et Gag alors que l’expression d’HBZ se trouve réprimée sous VPA. Les données cinétiques d’expression spontanée d’HBZ montrent l’existence d’un rétrocontrôle négatif exercé par HBZ sur l’expression de Tax et des gènes structuraux. Influer sur l’expression d’HBZ ouvre une voie nouvelle pour le traitement des maladies associées à HTLV-1.
HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of HAM/TSP and ATL. TSP/HAM is a chronic meningomyelitis with a course being slow and progressive. HTLV-1 proviral load correlates with disease progression. Tax protein modulates the synthesis and function of proteins involved in the regulation of infected T-lymphocytes proliferation and survival. Viral expression is not always detectable in vivo. An epigenetic modulation by the use of HDAC inhibitors has been proposed. A study in the BLV model and an in vitro study in a HTLV-1 infection have lead to a therapeutic assay in order to assess VPA in the treatment of HAM/TSP. This assay did not show any impact on the proviral load. We evaluated the impact of VPA treatment on viral genome expression in cultured lymphocytes, especially the balance between Tax and HBZ. A third of provirus-positive CD4+ T cells spontaneously became Tax-positive. The estimation rose up to two-thirds of Tax-positive infected cells when VPA was added. VPA enhanced Gag p19 protein release. VPA treatment enhanced and prolonged Tax mRNA expression, while it blocked HBZ expression. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis of a feed-back loop coordinating Tax and HBZ expression. Modulation of HBZ expression may impact the net outcome of VPA treatment on HTLV-1-infected cell proliferation and survival.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0403

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil
Résumé : Variations in diel activity among hyperdiverse tropical communities of moths, despite representing a key component of niche partitioning between species, have barely been studied so far. Using light trapping from dawn to sunset over a 1-year period in French Guiana, we investigated these variations within and between two families of moths (Sphingidae and Saturniidae). Our results revealed contrasting patterns in flight activity at night between Sphingidae and Saturniidae. Sphingidae reached their peak in species richness and abundance between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m., followed by a decrease around 11:00 p.m. to midnight, whereas Saturniidae were continuously present throughout the night, with a peak around midnight. In addition, we found changes in diel activity among some of the most common genera in each family, highlighting distinct behavioral, physiological, and functional traits among taxa. Given differences in flight activity at different taxonomic levels, it is strongly recommended to monitor by light trapping throughout the night to effectively sample saturniid and sphingid assemblages, even though the activity of Sphingidae sharply declines after midnight. These results improve the general natural history information of tropical moths and reinforce the need of further research on the ecological and taxonomic consequences of differences in diel activity.
ISSN: 1519-566X

hal-01536447
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536447
DOI : 10.1007/s13744-014-0264-3
PRODINRA : 320714

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : absent
Oecologia

hal-01032392
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032392
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-011-1966-4

Résumé : L’étude des prépositions représente un des thèmes fondamentaux de la linguistique cognitive. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer en quoi la préposition contribue à l’émergence de la signification de l’énoncé en langue créole martiniquaise spécifiquement. La préposition est au centre de la relation " Figure-Ground". C’est à partir de cette relation fonctionnelle que nous pourrons définir les liens conceptuels que la préposition établit entre les unités linguistiques qu’elle unit. Aussi voulons-nous mettre en évidence la subtilité de la substance notionnelle de ces morphèmes. Cette substance notionnelle se nourrit des effets de sens que ces morphèmes polysémiques peuvent avoir grâce à leur déformabilité. Décrire les usages d’une préposition demande d’en décrire la distribution. C’est donc à partir de données relevant de la distribution des prépositions que nous proposerons une analyse cognitive de ces dernières. Notre approche n’est pas comparative. Toutefois, nous ne pourrons pas ignorer la relation de diglossie entre le créole martiniquais et le français. Nous montrerons, par endroits, en quoi une langue dite minorée et une langue dite haute sur le plan sociolinguistique peuvent s’affecter mutuellement par des emprunts de conceptualisation. Les prépositions sont des morphèmes qui témoignent de la dynamique de la langue créole martiniquaise. Il nous suffit d’observer les usages des doublets asou-anlè (sur), ba-pou (pour), épi-ek (avec), et des allomorphes an, nan, adan, anndan, andidan, dan (dans) pour le comprendre. « C’est (donc) en relation avec notre connaissance du monde » (VANDELOISE 1986 :241), que nous procéderons à l’analyse cognitive des prépositions du créole martiniquais. Les prépositions nous invitent à considérer des phénomènes tels que l’aphérèse, la déflexivité, la sérialisation verbale, la préfixation, l’iconicité diagrammatique, l’indexicalité. Nous montrerons en quoi épi (avec), morphème encodant le concept d’association, est porteur d’un trait archisémique, le comitatif.
The study of prepositions represents one of the fundamental topics of cognitive linguistics. The aim of this dissertation is to show to what extent a preposition can contribute to the emergence of the significance of utterances in the Martinican creole language, the language under study. The preposition is central to the relation « Figure-Ground ». It is from this functional relation that we can define the conceptual links that the preposition establishes between the linguistic units that it binds together. We thus want to highlight the subtilety of the notional substance of these morphemes. This notional substance feeds on the pragmatic meanings that these polysemous morphemes can have owing to their deformability. In order to describe the uses of a preposition, we must first establish its distribution. We will, therefore, use data containing tokens of prepositions in order to propose a cognitive analysis of these latter. We will not use a comparative approach. However, we cannot ignore the diglossic relation between Martinican Creole and French. We will have occasion to show how, from a sociolinguistic point of view, a language considered as the « low » variety (basilect), and a language considered as the « high » variety (acrolect), can affect each other conceptually. Prepositions are morphemes which illustrate the dynamics of Martinican Creole. It suffices to observe the uses of the doublets asou-anlè (on), ba-pou (for), épi-ek (with), and the allomorphs an, ann, nan, adan, andidan, anndan, dan (in) in order to understand this. It is, then, « in relation to our knowledge of the world » (VANDELOISE 1986:241) that we will propose a cognitive analysis of prepositions in Martinican Creole. Prepositions invite us to consider such phenomena as apheresis, deflexivity, stranded preposition, verbal serialisation, prefixation, diagrammatic iconicity and indexicality. We will show how épi (with), a morpheme encoding the concept of association, includes an archisemic feature, the comitative.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0736/document