Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société nationale de protection de la nature
Résumé : International audience
The island of Moorea in French Polynesia is representative of a relatively well preserved small tropical oceanic island but both its terrestrial and marine ecosystems are currently under strong anthropogenic pressures. The terrestrial ecosystems are facing an increasing urbanization, and the destruction and modification of their natural habitats by cultivation and forestry plantations, accidental or intentional fires, and particularly by the invasion of alien plant and animal species. Coastal areas and reef ecosystems are threatened by shoreline artificialization, sedimentation due to soil erosion, increasing uses of marine and lagoon resources and frequency of coral bleaching events. A significant erosion of terrestrial and marine biodiversity is observed on the island since the last decades. In the context of the Land Management Plan (PGA) and Marine Area Management Plan (PGEM) recently set up in the island by local authorities, scientific surveys and inventories were made in 2006 in order to assess the status of terrestrial biodiversity (vascular plants) and marine biodiversity (reef fishes) and compare areas with different anthropogenic pressures. Studies conducted on the flora and the vegetation at low and middle elevation along altitudinal transects show that the plant invasion process is related to climatic and topographic factors, and species autoecology. The marine study aims to compare the protected areas with control areas in order to test the effectiveness of protection measures and to propose a streamlined monitoring protocol. A methodological study in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems was conducted in order to propose biodiversity indicators which are crucial for decision making in conservation and sustainable development of island biodiversity. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) as a fast and intuitive tool for mapping indicators and their variability. This methodological approach developed on the island of Moorea could be used as a model for other tropical islands
Moorea est une petite île océanique tropicale de la Polynésie française relativement bien préservée, mais dont les écosystèmes terrestres et marins sont actuellement soumis à de fortes pressions anthropiques. Le milieu terrestre est confronté à une urbanisation croissante, à la destruction ou à la modification des habitats naturels pour l’extension des cultures ou des plantations forestières, aux incendies volontaires ou accidentels, et particulièrement à l’invasion d’espèces végétales et animales introduites. Les zones côtières et les récifs coralliens sont menacés par de multiples perturbations telles que l’artificialisation des lignes de rivage, l’apport de sédiments dus à l’érosion des sols, l’augmentation des usages des ressources marines et lagonaires et de la fréquence des phénomènes de blanchissement du corail. Une érosion sensible de la biodiversité terrestre et marine de l’île est observée depuis les dernières décennies. Dans le cadre du Plan Général d’Aménagement (PGA) et du Plan de Gestion de l’Espace Maritime (PGEM) mis en place par les autorités locales, des inventaires scientifiques ont été réalisés en 2006 dans le but d’évaluer l’état de la biodiversité terrestre (plantes vasculaires) et marine (poissons récifaux) et de comparer des zones soumises à différentes perturbations. Les études réalisées sur la flore et la végétation de basse et moyenne altitude le long de transects altitudinaux montrent des processus d’invasion végétale différents en relation avec les facteurs climatiques, topographiques et autoécologiques des espèces. Les études en milieu marin visent à comparer des aires protégées à des aires témoins afin de suivre l’efficacité des mesures de gestion. La réflexion méthodologique menée parallèlement sur les deux écosystèmes a pour but d’illustrer différents indices de biodiversité nécessaires à la prise de décision en matière de conservation ou de développement durable de la biodiversité insulaire et de réaliser un état de référence pour établir un diagnostic sur l’état de la biodiversité. La représentation cartographique des indices à l’aide d’un SIG, illustrée dans cette étude avec la richesse spécifique terrestre et marine, permet une lecture intuitive et rapide de la variabilité de cet indice dont la restitution est basée sur une standardisation du nombre d’espèces. Cette approche méthodologique développée sur l’île de Moorea pourrait servir de modèle pour d’autres îles tropicales
EISSN: 2429-6422

hal-01306285
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306285

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Inter-Research
Résumé : International audience
Many large groupers form spawning aggregations, returning to the same spawning sites in consecutive spawning seasons. Connectivity between spawning aggregations is thus assured by larval dispersal. This study looks into the genetic structure and gene flow among spawning aggregations of a large grouper, the gulf coney Hyporthodus acanthistius, in the northern Gulf of California. First, using the mitochondrial control region and 11 microsatellites, we calculated FST metrics and conducted a Bayesian clustering analysis to determine structure among 5 spawning aggregations. Shallow genetic structure was found, separating the southernmost spawning aggregate from the remainder. Second, we used the results from the structure analysis and local water circulation patterns to delineate 3 distinct models of gene flow. The best-supported model, in which the southernmost spawning aggregate formed one group and all other spawning aggregates were nested into a second group, was the one that was consistent with water circulation during the species’ spawning season. Larval retention within a seasonal anticyclonic gyre that formed during the gulf coney’s spawning season may be responsible for the patterns found. This study highlights the importance of local oceanographic conditions in dictating the structure among spawning aggregations even at small geographic scales and contributes to informed management plans for this overexploited grouper.
Marine Ecology Progress Series

hal-01301199
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01301199
DOI : 10.3354/meps10637

Éditeur(s) : Public Library Science
Résumé : Where conservation resources are limited and conservation targets are diverse, robust yet flexible priority-setting frameworks are vital. Priority-setting is especially important for geographically widespread species with distinct populations subject to multiple threats that operate on different spatial and temporal scales. Marine turtles are widely distributed and exhibit intra-specific variations in population sizes and trends, as well as reproduction and morphology. However, current global extinction risk assessment frameworks do not assess conservation status of spatially and biologically distinct marine turtle Regional Management Units (RMUs), and thus do not capture variations in population trends, impacts of threats, or necessary conservation actions across individual populations. To address this issue, we developed a new assessment framework that allowed us to evaluate, compare and organize marine turtle RMUs according to status and threats criteria. Because conservation priorities can vary widely (i.e. from avoiding imminent extinction to maintaining long-term monitoring efforts) we developed a "conservation priorities portfolio" system using categories of paired risk and threats scores for all RMUs (n = 58). We performed these assessments and rankings globally, by species, by ocean basin, and by recognized geopolitical bodies to identify patterns in risk, threats, and data gaps at different scales. This process resulted in characterization of risk and threats to all marine turtle RMUs, including identification of the world's 11 most endangered marine turtle RMUs based on highest risk and threats scores. This system also highlighted important gaps in available information that is crucial for accurate conservation assessments. Overall, this priority-setting framework can provide guidance for research and conservation priorities at multiple relevant scales, and should serve as a model for conservation status assessments and priority-setting for widespread, long-lived taxa.
Plos One (1932-6203) (Public Library Science), 2011-09 , Vol. 6 , N. 9 , P. 1-14

Droits : 2011 Wallace et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16097/13573.pdf
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024510
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16097/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Report
GPS, absolute gravity and GRACE satellite data have been combined to map postglacial rebound (glacial isostatic adjustment) and to identify large spatial-scale water storage variations in the Nelson River drainage basin. GPS data from 27 continuous sites over the period 1996-2010 with an average time-series length of 10.6 years were combined with data from over 50 regularlysurveyed monuments over the period 1995-2011 to produce an updated vertical velocity map for the basin.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00856668

hal-00856668
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00856668
DOI : 10.4095/292189

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : In the area served by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which includes 22 Pacific Island countries and territories, anchored FADs have been used since the late 1970s. First introduced from the Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted by both industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors : in 1984 more than 600 anchored FADs had been deployed in the region. Since these early days, the development of the technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have followed parallel paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, companies are funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some fishing companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the Solomon Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a necessity. FAD programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost exclusively run by the public sector, with technical support from regional and international development agencies and financial assistance from overseas funding agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes : becoming an on-going and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing communities. This document is an attempt to synthesise the current information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical and social considerations.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/12669.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Scientific fisheries surveys routinely identify a large diversity of commercial and non-commercial benthic megainvertebrates that could provide useful information for Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) descriptors. Species is obviously the basic taxonomic level to which most ecological studies and theories refer. Identification at this level of organization is indeed always preferred over any other taxonomic level. Nevertheless, aggregation of species to higher taxonomic levels may be unavoidable sometimes, since errors of identification are known or suspected to occur in many surveys. Using analyses of taxonomic sufficiency (identification of organisms at various taxonomic resolutions) and groups of morphospecies (taxa identified easily by non-experts on the basis of evident morphological traits), this study aims to quantify the loss of ecological information incurred by partial identification of benthic megafauna in bottom trawl surveys in order to put such data to good use. The analyses were conducted on five scientific surveys representing a large range of geographical areas (from 150 km2 to 150 000 km2) and environmental conditions. Results show that genus, family and, particularly, morphospecies are good surrogates for species identification in community analyses. We suggest that bottom trawl surveys can provide reliable megafauna data that may usefully complete those obtained by grab surveys. The use of morphospecies could lead to new strategies, combining different datasets to provide indicators for MSFD descriptors (e.g. D6).
Continental Shelf Research (0278-4343) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2014-01 , Vol. 72 , P. 1-9

Droits : 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00162/27309/25538.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2013.10.015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00162/27309/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Our understanding of the contribution of interspecific interactions to functional diversity in nature lags behind our knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns. Although two-species mutualisms are found in all types of ecosystems, the study of their ecological influences on other community members has mostly been limited to third species, while their influence on entire communities remains largely unexplored. 2. We hypothesized that mutualistic interactions between two respective ant species and an epiphyte mediate the biological traits composition of entire invertebrate communities that use the same host plant, thereby affecting food webs and functional diversity at the community level. 3. Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) is both a phytotelm ('plant-held water') and an ant-garden epiphyte. We sampled 111 bromeliads (111 aquatic invertebrate communities) associated with either the ant Pachycondyla goeldii or Camponotus femoratus. The relationships between ants, bromeliads and invertebrate abundance data were examined using a redundancy analysis. Biological traits information for invertebrates was structured using a fuzzy-coding technique, and a co-inertia analysis between traits and abundance data was used to interpret functional differences in bromeliad ecosystems. 4. The vegetative traits of A. mertensii depended on seed dispersion by C. femoratus and P. goeldii along a gradient of local conditions. The ant partner selected sets of invertebrates with traits that were best adapted to the bromeliads' morphology, and so the composition of the biological traits of invertebrate phytotelm communities depends on the identity of the ant partner. Biological traits suggest a bottom-up control of community structure in C. femoratus-associated phytotelmata and a greater structuring role for predatory invertebrates in P. goeldii-associated plants. 5. This study presents new information showing that two-species mutualisms affect the functional diversity of a much wider range of organisms. Most biological systems form complex networks where nodes (e. g. species) are more or less closely linked to each other, either directly or indirectly, through intermediate nodes. Our observations provide community-level information about biological interactions and functional diversity, and perspectives for further observations intended to examine whether large-scale changes in interacting species/community structure over broad geographical and anthropogenic gradients affect ecosystem functions.
ISSN: 0269-8463

hal-00817509
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817509

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The development of transport infrastructures lead to increase the exposure of population to high noise levels. The objective of this work is to define an indicator representative of the health risk induced by noise pollution in urban environment and adapted to the geographical resolution of IRIS. The methodology for the definition of the indicator considers in a first part the health aspect with the health data for the following effects: annoyance, sleep disturbance and cardiovascular diseases. Then, in a second part, methodology considers some effects related to the urban context since the configuration of urban space can change the exposure of population to noise and the perception of noise. The work is achieved with a GIS software and the input acoustical data comes from noise maps calculated for the END. The indicator seems to be relevant and interesting as it brings health information.
InterNoise 2010 Noise and Sustainability
Lisbonne, Portugal

halshs-00664636
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00664636

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Archaeopress
Résumé : International audience
The first formative occupation of the West Indies was by continental populations, moving up from their place of origin in the Orinoco Basin, shortly before our era. In Martinique these groups, attached to the cedrosan saladoid sub-series, have been well studied and for a considerable time. It is upon this work that we have attempted to build an overall analysis of this phase of the prehistory of the Islands. The research drew upon the results of unpublished field work. This led to a more precise understanding of the nature and constitution of these archeological strata and, in turn, of the organisation of the Amerindian villages and their management of the island space. A review of their artisanal production ( ceramics, stone tools, personal adornment) has given us a closer understanding of these populations. It also provides the basis for a future paleo-ethnographic study. Further, an analysis of the origin of the lithic materials has enabled us to place the ancient saladoid occupation of Martinique both in the geography of the West Indian Arc and in the Carribean Basin as a whole. Progressively a picture was thus put together of pioneer agro-ceramicist groups characterised by a high degree of organisation and by the spiritual concepts expressed in their artisanal production.
Les premières occupations formatives des Antilles sont liées à la migration, peu avant le début de notre ère, de populations continentales originaires du bassin de l'Orénoque. En Martinique, l'étude de ces groupes, rattachés à la sous-série saladoïde cedrosane, a une histoire riche et ancienne. C'est fort de ces acquis que nous avons tenté de réaliser une analyse globale de cette phase de la préhistoire des Antilles. Notre recherche s'appuie sur l'analyse des résultats d'un ensemble d'opérations de terrain inédites. Les informations ainsi obtenues nous permettent d'étudier la nature et le mode de constitution de ces gisements archéologiques. On commence alors à distinguer l'organisation de ces villages amérindiens et le mode de gestion de l'espace insulaire qui s'y rattache. L'analyse de différents types de productions artisanales (céramique, outillage en pierre, parure) nous permet d'accéder à une connaissance plus intime de ces populations. Elle offre aussi les moyens nécessaires à la réalisation d'une future étude palethnographique. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de l'origine géographique des matières premières lithiques nous permet de réintégrer l'occupation saladoïde ancienne de la Martinique dans l'espace géographique qui est le sien!: l'arc antillais et plus largement le bassin caraïbe. Ainsi, se dégage progressivement l'image de groupes pionniers agro-céramistes caractérisés par un très haut degré d'organisation et par la matérialisation permanente de leurs conceptions spirituelles au travers de leur production artisanale.
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00966882

ISBN : 1 84171 649 9
hal-00966882
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00966882

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
INTRODUCTION: In order to study social health inequalities, contextual (or ecologic) data may constitute an appropriate alternative to individual socioeconomic characteristics. Indices can be used to summarize the multiple dimensions of the neighborhood socioeconomic status. This work proposes a statistical procedure to create a neighborhood socioeconomic index. METHODS: The study setting is composed of three French urban areas. Socioeconomic data at the census block scale come from the 1999 census. Successive principal components analyses are used to select variables and create the index. Both metropolitan area-specific and global indices are tested and compared. Socioeconomic categories are drawn with hierarchical clustering as a reference to determine "optimal" thresholds able to create categories along a one-dimensional index. RESULTS: Among the twenty variables finally selected in the index, 15 are common to the three metropolitan areas. The index explains at least 57% of the variance of these variables in each metropolitan area, with a contribution of more than 80% of the 15 common variables. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed procedure is statistically justified and robust. It can be applied to multiple geographical areas or socioeconomic variables and provides meaningful information to public health bodies. We highlight the importance of the classification method. We propose an R package in order to use this procedure.
ISSN: 1475-9276

inserm-00809310
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310/file/1475-9276-12-21.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-9276-12-21

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
A geographic information system (GIS) was developed in Martinique, to perform soil zoning for the revival of the production of Coffea arabica var. typica.Pioneer in the cultivation of coffee in the Caribbean since 1720, today Martinique plays no role in the coffee industry. In addition, due to its rarity on the island, the edapho-climatic requirements of Coffea arabica had to be defined based on the world literature. The digital data (isohyets, isotherm, geomorphology) was obtained from Martinique’s institutions with expertise in the production of environmental data (IRD, IGN, Météo- France, DEAL Martinique, CTM)1. These data have been processed with a SIG software: QGIS version 2.8.1. During the investigations, the rainfall represented a factor limiting any possibility of production of Coffea arabica var. typica in the future. By removing the pluviometry from the set of parameters, we can visualize the areas that might be acceptable to this culture. With the forecast of the National Meteorological services for the 2071-2100 period under the new climate requirements, we carried out an agroclimatic zoning which also showed us the impossibility of producing this coffee in the future.
ISSN: 2277-8322

hal-01376447
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01376447

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We present GravProcess, a set of MATLAB routines to process gravity data from complex campaign surveys and calculate the associated gravity field. Data reduction, analysis, and representation are done using the MATLAB Graphical User Interface Tool, which can be installed on most systems and platforms. Data processing is divided into several steps: (1) Integration of gravity data, station location, and gravity line connection input files; (2) Gravity data reduction applying solid-Earth tide and instrumental drift corrections and, depending on the required processing level, air pressure and oceanic tidal corrections; (3) Automatic network adjustment and alignment to absolute base stations; (4) Free air and terrain corrections to calculate gravity values and anomalies, and to estimate the associated errors. The final step is dedicated to post-processing and includes graphical representations of data and an output text file, which can be used by Geographic Information System software. An example of this processing chain applied to a recent survey in northern Morocco is given and compared with previous available results.
ISSN: 0098-3004

hal-01217120
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01217120
DOI : 10.1016/j.cageo.2015.04.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Introduction In order to study social health inequalities, contextual (or ecologic) data may constitute an appropriate alternative to individual socioeconomic characteristics. Indices can be used to summarize the multiple dimensions of the neighborhood socioeconomic status. This work proposes a statistical procedure to create a neighborhood socioeconomic index. Methods The study setting is composed of three French urban areas. Socioeconomic data at the census block scale come from the 1999 census. Successive principal components analyses are used to select variables and create the index. Both metropolitan area-specific and global indices are tested and compared. Socioeconomic categories are drawn with hierarchical clustering as a reference to determine "optimal" thresholds able to create categories along a one-dimensional index. Results Among the twenty variables finally selected in the index, 15 are common to the three metropolitan areas. The index explains at least 57% of the variance of these variables in each metropolitan area, with a contribution of more than 80% of the 15 common variables. Conclusions The proposed procedure is statistically justified and robust. It can be applied to multiple geographical areas or socioeconomic variables and provides meaningful information to public health bodies. We highlight the importance of the classification method. We propose an R package in order to use this procedure.
International Journal for Equity in Health

hal-00854028
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854028
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854028/document
DOI : 10.1186/1475-9276-12-21

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
Cet article propose d'analyser, à partir de l'étude de documents d'urbanisme, de l'information locale et d'une analyse paysagère, la trajectoire d'une commune périurbaine de l'agglomération toulousaine, Tournefeuille, longtemps marquée par la production massive d'habitat individuel jusqu'au récent recyclage de l'existant, dans lequel les préoccupations paysagères occupent une place significative. À cette fin, nous présenterons, en premier lieu, l'évolution périurbaine de cette commune qui a désormais atteint les limites de ses ressources spatiales au profit de l'urbanisation. En second lieu, nous souhaitons éclairer et évaluer l'image nouvelle, mais surtout singulière, que la municipalité, installée, depuis la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix, s'engage à mettre en œuvre et à diffuser auprès de ses administrés et au sein du Grand Toulouse, à savoir une commune soucieuse du cadre de vie, de son attractivité culturelle et de ses paysages.
Cahier Thématique

halshs-00914484
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00914484