Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
Anti-Aspergillus IgG antibodies are important biomarkers for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). We compared the performance of a new commercial EIA (Bordier Affinity Products) with those of the Bio-Rad and VirionSerion EIAs. This assay is novel in the association of two recombinant antigens with somatic and metabolic antigens of A. fumigatus. In a prospective multicentre study, 436 serum samples from 147 patients diagnosed with CPA (136 sera/104 patients) or ABPA (94 sera/43 patients) and from 205 controls (206 sera) were tested. We obtained sensitivities of 97%, 91.7%, and 86.1%, and specificities of 90.3%, 91.3%, and 81.5% for the Bordier, Bio-Rad and VirionSerion tests, respectively. The Bordier kit was more sensitive than the Bio-Rad kit (p < 0.01), which was itself more sensitive than the VirionSerion kit (p=0.04). The Bordier and Bio-Rad kits had similar specificities (p=0.8), both higher than that of the VirionSerion kit (p=0.02). The areas under the ROC curves confirmed the superiority of the Bordier kit over the Bio-Rad and the VirionSerion kits (0.977, 0.951 and 0.897, respectively; p < 0.01 for each comparison). In a subset analysis of 279 sera tested with the Bordier and Bio-Rad kits and an in-house immunoprecipitin assay (IPD), the Bordier kit had the highest sensitivity (97.7%), but the IPD tended to be more specific (71.2 and 84.7%, respectively; p=0.10).The use of recombinant, somatic and metabolic antigens in a single EIA improved the balance between sensitivity and specificity, resulting in an assay highly suitable for use in the diagnosis of chronic and allergic aspergillosis.
ISSN: 0095-1137

hal-01282328
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282328
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282328/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282328/file/Prospective%20evaluation%20of%20a%20new%20Aspergillus.pdf
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.03261-15

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
B-type olivine fabrics are pervasive within highly depleted dunites of the small-sized Imono peridotite body located within the subduction-type Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of the southwest Japan arc. The dunites contain various microstructures, ranging from porphyroclastic to fine-grained intensely sheared textures. The Mg/(Mg+Fe) atomic ratios (Fo number) of olivine within these dunites are consistently around 0.9, as are the Cr/(Cr+Al) atomic ratios (Cr number) of chromian spinel, suggesting their evolution from a highly depleted magma (boninite). These data provide strong thermal constraints on the formation of the highly depleted dunites,as their formation requires hot, hydrous, shallow mantle (> 1250 degrees C at < 30 km depth) in the mantle wedge. Because the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt finally entrained these peridotites during progressive retrogression, B-type olivine fabrics probably developed in the fore-arc side of the subduction zone, above or along the subducting slab, possibly in association with dehydration fluids derived from the slab. The previously documented small magnitude of S-wave splitting can be explained by the seismic properties of B-type peridotites within an anisotropic layer of approximately several kilometers in thickness, oriented by flow parallel to the subducting slab, under maximum temperatures of 880-1030 degrees C depending on the flow stress. These findings indicate that such a B-type layer could constitute a dominant source of seismic S- and P-wave anisotropy in mantle wedge regions. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00412594
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412594
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Objective To guide nosology and classification of patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) based on phenotype and presence or absence of ANCA. Methods Organ manifestations and ANCA status were retrospectively analyzed based on the presence or not of predefined definite vasculitis features or surrogates of vasculitis in patients asthma, eosinophilia, and at least one systemic organ manifestation attributable to systemic disease. Results The study population included 157 patients (mean age 49.4 ± 14.1), with a follow-up of 7.4 ± 6.4 years. Patients with ANCA (31%) more frequently had weight loss, myalgias, arthralgias, biopsy-proven vasculitis, glomerulonephritis on biopsy, hematuria, leukocytoclastic capillaritis and/or eosinophilic infiltration of arterial wall on biopsy, and other renal disease. A total of 41% of patients had definite vasculitis manifestations (37%) or strong surrogates of vasculitis (4%), of whom only 53% had ANCA. Mononeuritis multiplex was associated with systemic vasculitis (p = 0.005) and with the presence of ANCA (p < 0.001). Overall, 59% of patients had polyangiitis as defined by definite vasculitis, strong surrogate of vasculitis, mononeuritis multiplex, and/or ANCA with at least one systemic manifestation other than ENT or respiratory. Patients with polyangiitis had more systemic manifestations including arthralgias (p = 0.02) and renal disease (p = 0.024), had higher peripheral eosinophilia (p = 0.027), and a trend towards less myocarditis (p = 0.057). Using predefined criteria of vasculitis and surrogates of vasculitis, ANCA alone were found to be insufficient to categorise patients with vasculitis features. Conclusion We suggest a revised nomenclature and definition for EGPA and a new proposed entity referred to as hypereosinophilic asthma with systemic (non vasculitic) manifestations. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
Autoimmunity Reviews

hal-01467544
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467544
DOI : 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.018
PUBMED : 27671089

Résumé : From the PNCR, GAP MPs free to vote conscience on gay rights bill By Johann Earle Stabroek News June 11, 2003 The PNCR will allow its members to vote their conscience on the controversial Constitution (Amendment) Act of 2001 which seeks to prevent discrimination against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation and other grounds. A number of religious organisations are opposed to the passage of the bill because it includes sexual orientation as one of the grounds. They are concerned that it could lead to a legalisation of homosexual relations and demands for recognition of gay marriages among other things. PNCR Member of Parliament (MP) Vincent Alexander told a forum at the National Library on Saturday, that the Bill did not seek to legalise homosexuality, but to ensure that persons would not be discriminated against based on their sexual preferences. He was one of two parliamentarians who showed up - the other being PNCR member, Myrna Peterkin. The forum was organised by Students Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD), a group comprising fifteen students from the University of Guyana which was formed about two weeks ago. Alexander expects the vote on the bill to come up before the National Assembly in a matter of months. Paul Hardy, Leader of the Guyana Action Party (GAP), told Stabroek News that his party would not be using the so-called parliamentary whip. He added that GAP took a decision that every member should vote according to his or her own conscience. “We have no right to deny the rights of others based on sexual orientation. [The Bill] will guarantee rights to the homosexual.” GAP is in Parliament as part of an alliance with the Working People’s Alliance. GAP/WPA has two MPs. The bill was met with rejection from some members of the religious community in 2001 and as a result of this, the President did not assent to it. In a statement on Monday, the Central Islamic Organisa-tion of Guyana (CIOG) said that it stood in firm opposition to the Bill. The CIOG says the general purpose of the bill may be commendable and that the organisation’s objection is not based on a willingness to promote discrimination. Rather, the CIOG said, it was based on the fact that specific legal protection on the basis of sexual orientation without definition or qualification gives tacit legitimacy to practices which are considered criminal in Islam. “It is foreseeable that such a legal nod of approval (subtle as it may be) of these practices may pave the way for greater social (or even legal) acceptability in the future which, from the perspective of all Muslims including those in Guyana, is an undesirable and sinful outcome,” the CIOG statement said. At Saturday’s event, Muslim teacher Moulana Mohamed Ali Zenjibari spoke of instances of abuse, discrimination and harsh penalties meted out to gay and lesbian persons in countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia and noted that the Quran did not sanction such punishments for homosexual behaviour. President of the CIOG, Fazeel Ferouz told Stabroek News that a meeting to discuss a strategy with regards to the bill was planned for tomorrow with various religious groups. Stabroek News tried to get a comment on the issue from the PPP/C but to no avail. ROAR leader, Ravi Dev said that his party was now having discussions on the issue. ROAR feels that it is an important question which has to do with morality and should be discussed across the country. He added legislators had to be in tune with their constituents on the issue. SASOD is lobbying for the legislation through the sensitisation of MPs. Keimo Benjamin, a law student at UG, gave a presentation based on the jurisprudential aspects of the discussion on sexual orientation. He argued that morality should not be the only guiding principle on which to base the laws. Sexual activities between two consenting male adults in private could not be equated with a violation of a person’s rights, he said, making the point that the thrust of his presentation was not whether homosexuality was wrong, but whether it violated the rights of others. He said that the attitudes of some towards this subject were based on preconceived notions and prejudices. He cited studies to show that the suppression of certain perceived deviant sexual impulses in persons might do more harm than good. One Harvard University study of teens who said they were gay indicated that those teens were three times more likely to commit suicide. Vidyaratha Kissoon, of Help and Shelter, in his contribution on Saturday, expressed his displeasure at the low turnout at the forum and urged the parliamentarians who showed up to take the message to their colleagues. He noted that because of homophobia, the numerical minority was terrified of speaking out against instances of discrimination. Gays and lesbians in Guyana were subjected to ridicule and abuse, and walk the streets at night not looking for sex necessarily, but for the companionship of persons who empathise with them. During his presentation, Joel Simpson, another member of SASOD, outlined a number of changes made within national jurisdictions that had international implications. One such crucial change was South Africa’s 1996 adoption of a new constitution, making that country the first in the world to expressly include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination. It was the first time a developing country had taken the lead with respect to the rights of sexual minorities. He also said that according to Douglas Sanders, a Canadian jurist, the rights of homosexual, bisexual or transsexual men and women had never been officially recognised by the United Nations, despite the fact that international laws on the issue began to emerge at the close of the Second World War. Simpson said that under Article 170 (5), as amended by Section 8 of the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 4) Act 2000, the President is required to assent to any bill which is returned by the National Assembly unaltered after a two-thirds majority within 90 days of its presentation to him. To the parliamentarians present, Simpson stressed that the onus was now on them to adequately represent their constituents which include lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual Guyanese. http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news301/ns306115.htm and Vote on sexual orientation should be a matter of conscience - MP Alexander By Esther Elijah Guyana Chronicle June 8, 2003 PEOPLE’S National Congress (PNC/R) Member of Parliament Mr. Vincent Alexander, said the Opposition will vote on “conscience” when the piece of legislation on sexual orientation is again brought before the National Assembly. “With specific reference to my party, when this Bill gets back to the Parliament in the spirit of the arguments here, we will not use the `whip’. Our party will not say we have to vote for the provision (in the Sexual Orientation Bill). We will allow our members to vote as a matter of conscience,” he told participants gathered in the Conference Room of the National Library. “We feel this is a matter of conscience. You may end up with a collective position but you have to deal with us individually,” Alexander said at a poorly attended public consultation aimed at gaining support for sexual orientation to be considered a fundamental right in Guyana. Alexander, one of the main persons who sat on the Constitutional Reform Commission that addressed this controversial clause, said the legislation was not meant to legalise homosexual activities in Guyana. “It was intended to ensure that persons who have an orientation - a way of thinking - which may or may not lead to a certain activity, to not be discriminated against, in terms of their rights,” he explained. Alexander noted that very often, discussions on the sexual orientation provision in the Bill have led to seepages into other areas where debates centre on the “right to be homosexual.” “I am saying the Bill does not comment on that… However, law is peculiar, especially in a Common Law system. Once you venture out and change the law, very often you open other windows which we cannot definitively say exist or does not exist in advance,” he said. “The fear of some people is that the legislators might say one thing and the Courts will eventually say something else. While some people can’t argue against the law, per say, they will say this has opened a window of opportunity not meant to be opened. So, it is better to stay without a window than open it and then have a possibility of something you didn’t intend to happen - happening sometime in the future.” Alexander added: “I want to say I’ve found this activity to have been rich from the perspective of the amount of research which was done by student (speakers). Without any comment as to whether I agree with the arguments, I would wish that much more research on other issues be done by students, and that at the University (of Guyana) students would find it convenient to have forums on other issues, with the same depth of research for their own intellectual development.” Alexander and other Opposition M.P, Lurlene Nestor were the only three Parliamentarians in attendance at the session organised by the recently formed `Students Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination’ (SASOD), a group that has a membership of 15 mostly University of Guyana (UG) students from various faculties. SASOD was established two weeks ago. With the exception of members of the press, the consultation only managed to attract 11 persons, a handful of who were SASOD members. While congratulating the students for an “insightful” presentation, Nestor pointed out that whether or not she chooses to agree with their position is “another issue” and she is entitled to her “own view”. “The issue of sexual orientation is very `toucheous’ …while we agree with the human rights provisions and all that as a society, we must also revert to our own society. Some of the very critical questions that I would want to ask is whether or not at the society (level) we are ready for that kind of thing,” she remarked. “We cannot, at (any) time, ignore the religious groups in our society. If we look at statistics going back to 1992 from a survey done by the Bureau of Statistics, we would see that a small section of the Guyanese population might be considered as people who do not subscribe to a religious view. While the laws are not necessarily based on moral values, we must acknowledge the fact that we might want to revert to many of the cases that (concern) laws that protect public morality.” Nestor told the speakers at the consultation these were some of the issues that they needed to deal with. She highlighted, too, that what must be examined is the effects of same-sex marriages on society and how this issue must be tackled. “These are some of the things we should consider and I don’t think you dealt with that in the presentations,” Nestor stated, adding that the issues must be addressed “frontally.” “Do we think that with the coming to being of this Bill that there might be quite a number of challenges to the Constitution in relation to the same issue of a man marrying a man? What do we do at the society (level)? Do we recognise that?” were the questions directed at the five speakers at the session. Nestor continued: “There is some argument that says, `Oh the Bill does not promote homosexuality or does not encourage a man to marry (another) man, but if you look at Section (15) that talks about `non-discrimination’ then how can we not, with the passage of this Bill, allow a man not to marry (another) man.” According to Nestor, matters of this nature constitute some of the “inconsistencies” of the Bill. On the argument raised by presenters at the session on who determines what is morality, Nestor said in the concept of democracy it is the people who are the determinants based on a “line of thinking.” She also rebutted on grounds that put the spotlight on teachers who may have been caught “interfering” with their young students and who may subsequently be dismissed from their jobs. “Could you imagine such a person interfering with a boy below age 10 - and by virtue of the fact that the Bill is there, the judges (in the case) will have to use their discretion in terms of what happens. We will have more Constitutional changes and problems (arising with the passage of the Bill).” SASOD member and law student, Joel Simpson, in reply, said he doesn’t think any homosexual in Guyana wants to “run into a church and ask that people marry them or anything of that sort.” At one point likening the church to a “club”, Simpson claimed the church has the right to exclude whomever it wants. He further stated that in accordance with the Constitution, people of the same sex do not currently have the right to marry, and will also not be able to do such an act with the passage of the Bill. However, Simpson said it is possible that the law, with the passage of the Bill, would have to recognise same-sex domestic partnerships in relation to employment benefits, sharing of properties, etc. Simpson said he believes there should be a realm of “public” and “private” morality between consenting adults, and implied that the Bill did not fully give “rights” to homosexuals. But, Nestor interjected: “I am informing you further…that the Sexual Orientation provision has, in fact, in some way recognised the rights of homosexuals and we must accept that.” Meanwhile, there was no vocal Christian representative(s) at the consultation and apart from the two Opposition representatives none other participant gave comments or directed questions at the presenters. Other speakers in support of the sexual orientation clause were: Moulana Mohammed Ali Zenjiban, Assistant Director of the International Islamic College; Denuka Radzik from Red Thread, Keimo Benjamin, UG law student and Vidyartha Kissoon from Help & Shelter. The Sunday Chronicle has been reliably informed that the Georgetown Ministers Fellowship, representing groups of Christian leaders staunchly against sexual orientation as a right in Guyana, have recently prepared a detailed 16-page document outlining issues arising from research to further boost their argument against the inclusion of the clause. The document is yet to be made public. http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news301/nc306083.htm

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00014700/00001

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11584

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CRDP de Guyane : ISBN : 978-2-35793-010-0
Résumé : Cet ouvrage collectif rédigé sous la direction de Rodica AILINCAI et Marie-Françoise CROUZIER arrive à un moment important de la vie du système éducatif, en particulier dans le domaine de la formation des enseignants. Les missions dévolues aux personnels enseignants de Guyane sont, comme sur le reste du territoire national, multiples et variées mais de plus, s'inscrivent dans un contexte territorial d'une certaine complexité. Le caractère exceptionnel de ce contexte d'enseignement mérite d'être souligné. La réalité sociologique, culturelle et linguistique dans laquelle bon nombre d'enseignants de cette académie sont amenés à exercer est à la fois source de défi et facteur d'enrichissement professionnel. Il est vrai que dans un tel contexte nos enseignants rencontrent des difficultés récurrentes dans la mise en œuvre de leurs apprentissages et dès lors peuvent se sentir en situation d'échec. Il apparaît donc important qu'une aide pertinente puisse leur être apportée à travers des éléments de réponse adaptés à la situation. Ainsi un tel ouvrage est de nature à aider bon nombre d'entre eux, aussi bien ceux en formation initiale que ceux déjà en poste. Quant aux étudiants en formation à l'université et qui aspirent à exercer ce noble métier, ils peuvent y trouver une source de réflexion et de données pertinente. Cet ouvrage apporte des éclairages intéressants sur beaucoup de questionnements qui ont ja- lonné et jalonnent encore la vie quotidienne de notre institution. Le questionnement sur un enseignement en contexte guyanais est important et il faut prendre la précaution de pas d'aborder cette question sous la simple forme d'une cartographie socio-culturelle et linguis- tique. Il s'agit bien de s'approprier toutes les données propres à cette société guyanaise pluri- lingue et multiculturelle, validée entre autre par une démarche scientifique, afin de pouvoir les intégrer dans des démarches d'apprentissages réfléchies au centre desquelles on place l'enfant-apprenant. Les formateurs ont apporté une contribution significative à la rédaction de cet ouvrage, c'est un moment important à travers lequel ils font partager à d'autres collègues leur expérience et leur réflexion sur une démarche de formation d'enseignants en Guyane. Une pluralité d'activités est décrite avec bien souvent une approche de la pluridisciplinarité qui semble tel- lement nécessaire mais qui a si souvent du mal à se mettre concrètement en place au sein des établissements. Je les encourage à continuer ce type de productions car elles ne peuvent qu'être bénéfiques aux collègues qui sont souvent faces à leur quotidien et n'ont pas ou peu de temps pour appro- fondir la réflexion sur leur pratique. Le système éducatif en Guyane a besoin de données et d'approches complémentaires pour l'amélioration de la formation des enseignants et ceci au profit des élèves de l'académie. La rédaction de cet ouvrage me semble être par ailleurs un signe fort de la maturité acquise dans la professionnalité de l'équipe pédagogique de l'IUFM. Que tous les auteurs de cet ouvrage soient remerciés pour leurs contributions et plus particu- lièrement Rodica et Marie-Françoise pour leur implication dans la direction de ce premier ouvrage. Antoine PRIMEROSE, Directeur de l'IUFM de la Guyane
Enseigner en Guyane : comment faire, quand on commence ? Et comment tirer profit de l'expérience d'un professeur des écoles à Cayenne ou à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni si l'on tra-vaille ailleurs ? La situation guyanaise L'Académie de la Guyane présente depuis longtemps des résultats qui la placent au dernier rang, DOM compris (Durand et Guyard, 1999). Même si ceux-ci se sont nettement améliorés au cours des dernières années comme le montre l'évolution des taux de réussite aux examens, ils restent insatisfaisants. La proportion de bacheliers d'une génération selon le lieu de rési-dence, toutes séries confondues, est encore loin de la moyenne nationale. À la session 2004, elle était de 33 ,1 % (61,6 % en France métropolitaine + DOM). Conjointement, le nombre de sorties sans qualification du système scolaire s'avère préoccupant. En 2004, au niveau V , il était de 36 % (25 % en France métropolitaine + DOM) ; au niveau V bis et IV de 21 % (7% en France métropolitaine + DOM). Ces chiffres indiquent l'insuffisance de formation d'une partie de la population, à corréler avec le taux de chômage (22,7 % contre 9,6 en France mé-tropolitaine + DOM en 2005). Plus que jamais, l'urgence est de faire acquérir au minimum à chaque élève un " socle commun de connaissances et de compétences " pour que chacun puisse exercer son rôle de citoyen dans le monde du XXIe siècle et poursuivre sa formation tout au long de la vie. L'enjeu est politique, démocratique mais aussi économique : les retom-bées de l'amélioration générale des qualifications d'une population en matière de développe-ment d'un territoire ne sont plus à démontrer. Les réformes récentes du système éducatif fran-çais tracent une voie générale pour y parvenir. Cependant, les particularités locales du dépar-tement de la Guyane, qui peuvent constituer intrinsèquement des obstacles à la réussite de certains élèves , méritent d'être étudiées avec attention. Quelques aspects territoriaux sont à préciser. Le pourcentage de communes n'ayant pas d'écoles est très bas (4,5 %), comparati-vement à ce qui peut être observé ailleurs (France métropolitaine + DOM : 32,2 %). Dans un espace globalement peu peuplé (2 habitants au km2 en moyenne), les écoles sont donc disper-sées et, en raison de la difficulté fréquente des déplacements, souvent isolées les unes des au-tres . Elles ont aussi pour caractéristique de constituer des groupes scolaires plus importants en moyenne que dans d'autres départements. Selon les données ministérielles de 2004 , le pourcentage d'écoles de plus de huit classes est de 58, 4 % (13,1 % en France métropolitaine + DOM), d'écoles de 3 classes et moins : 14,4 % (44,9 % en France métropolitaine + DOM), d'écoles à classe unique : 6,4 % (13,1 % en France métropolitaine + DOM). Or, la taille d'un groupe scolaire n'est pas sans influence sur la vie qui s'y développe. Plus le nombre de clas-ses est élevé, moins la structure favorise les relations individualisées et personnalisantes. Au delà des aspects sociogéographiques, la situation plurilingue et pluriculturelle présente un caractère exceptionnel. Multiforme, elle s'inscrit entre deux pôles (Goury, 2002 ; Goury, Launey, Lescure et Puren, 2005) : un pôle où les élèves d'une classe partagent une même culture et langue maternelle, situation typique des sites isolés de l'intérieur du pays (Bushi-nenge et amérindiens sur les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock), et un pôle linguistiquement et cultu-rellement hétérogène, situation rencontrée plutôt sur le littoral, dans les sites urbains. De nombreuses publications portent déjà sur la situation sociolinguistique guyanaise , et un cer-tain nombre d'entre elles sur la relation que l'école entretient avec ce plurilinguisme . Elles mettent toutes en évidence la spécificité du contexte guyanais de ce point de vue : " On dénombre plus d'une trentaine de langues en Guyane. Les unes et les autres pesant un poids - numérique, économique, symbolique, etc. - plus ou moins important. Sur cette trentaine de langues, [...] une vingtaine est parlée par des groupes de locuteurs - 'natifs' ou non - représentant plus de 1 % de la population " Léglise (2007, p. 39). Ainsi, parmi les langues parlées par plus de 1 % de la population, distingue-t-on selon cet auteur : - six langues amérindiennes parlées par un peu moins de 5 % de la population ; - cinq langues créoles à base française ; le créole guyanais serait la langue première (L1) d'un tiers de la population, il est langue véhiculaire d'une partie du territoire ; le créole haïtien se-rait parlé par 10 % ou 20 % de la population , les créoles martiniquais et guadeloupéen se-raient parlés par environ 5 % de la population et le créole saint-lucien) ; - quatre créoles à base anglaise avec trois variétés de nenge(e) (aluku, ndyuka, pamaka, parlés par plus d'un tiers de la population) et le sranan tongo (utilisé essentiellement comme véhicu-laire) ; - un créole à base anglaise partiellement relexifié en portugais, le saramaka ; - cinq variétés de langues européennes : outre le français, le portugais du Brésil (5% à 10%), l'anglais du Guyana (2% environ), le néerlandais et l'espagnol ; - trois langues originaires d'Asie (le hmong et des langues de Chine du Sud, le hakka et le can-tonais). Une bonne partie de cette " non-francophonie ", parfois non scolarisée, se définit non seule-ment par son caractère étranger (28 % d'élèves sont issus de l'immigration) mais aussi large-ment par son caractère autochtone (de nombreux élèves sont nés français et alloglottes). Les caractéristiques professionnelles du personnel enseignant représentent également une donnée non négligeable à prendre en compte. Les enseignants du premier degré sont nettement plus jeunes que dans d'autres départements, et la tendance s'accentue au fil des ans. Par exemple, en 2003 les professeurs de plus de 50 ans représentaient 11,4 % de la cohorte. En 2005 ils ne sont plus que 10,6 %, alors qu'en métropole le taux est de 21,6 % du corps. Le nombre de non-titulaires, qui décroît nettement (en 2003 17,6 % ; en 2005 11,6 %) est cependant plus de quatre fois supérieur à celui de la France métropolitaine plus DOM (2,5 %). À cette inexpé-rience s'ajoute une formation institutionnelle très " nationale ", peu ou pas assez en prise avec les réalités locales. La très insuffisante préparation des professeurs, majoritairement métropo-litains, à enseigner dans un contexte marqué par une très forte proportion d'élèves alloglottes (Puren 2005, Alby et Launey, 2007) et souvent par d'importantes difficultés matérielles liées à la dispersion des écoles, pourrait être un facteur explicatif du taux d'échec scolaire en Guyane. Par conséquent, l'enseignement dans cette Académie constitue un terrain de recher-che d'une importance majeure. Nombre de recherches universitaires ont déjà été conduites. Celles concernant la réussite scolaire soulignent depuis longtemps l'importance des représen-tations que le sujet se construit autour de l'école. Ces représentations chez l'enfant "primo-arrivant" qui aborde l'apprentissage initial, viennent de la famille, mais aussi de l'école, des pairs, des médias. En référence à un modèle écologique et culturel du développement proposé par Ogbu (1981), il est possible de considérer qu'elles jouent un rôle sur la manière dont les familles et les enfants vont investir les activités scolaires. Ces conceptions préliminaires et implicites colorent aussi largement les attitudes spontanées des professionnels qui découvrent le département ou qui entrent dans le métier. Le domaine éducatif restant largement à explo-rer, de nouvelles voies ont fait l'objet de recherches fondamentales, recherches appliquées et activités pratiques ayant fait leur preuve. Notre ouvrage Enseigner en contexte guyanais ne va pas de soi. Ce sera notre première partie. Le dé-paysement, en termes géographique et culturel, peut être source d'inquiétudes ou de déstabili-sation. Être nommé dans une école des fleuves, par exemple, est une expérience qui, pour être bien vécue et pour éviter le choc de l'inconnu, nécessite informations et adaptation prospecti-ve. Que faut-il savoir et à quoi faut-il se préparer ? Rejoindre un poste caractérisé par l'enseignement bilingue français/créole peut tout autant désorienter. La connaissance des ca-ractéristiques socioculturelles et sociolinguistiques d'un lieu, la familiarisation avec des pro-jets et organisations spécifiques qui en découlent font partie de l'équipement professionnel des impétrants. Mais la centration sur une commune, une école ou une classe ne suffit pas. Le contexte culturel au sens large, riche et parfois très éloigné des références européennes, gagne à être appréhendé par différentes entrées. L'étude de l'" oraliture " et son utilisation réflé-chie en classe, souvent considérées comme une approche incontournable, méritent d'être questionnées. Quels en sont les bénéfices pour les élèves ? Faut-il privilégier l'utilisation du conte en dehors des constructions pédagogiques traditionnelles ou au contraire la rattacher aux pratiques d'écriture ? À quelles conditions la mise en valeur du patrimoine local, oral, peut-elle jeter des passerelles entres les modes de pensées des cultures d'origine et ceux de la culture scolaire en langue française ? Une voie d'exploitation de la culture environnante peut aussi passer par les visites de musées ou par diverses expositions. L'enjeu est de faire de l'élève un visiteur acteur, de le mettre en situation d'apprentissage hors de l'enceinte de la classe et de modifier la place de l'adulte, enseignant ou accompagnateur, à ses côtés. N'est-ce pas là actualiser une démarche préconisée depuis longtemps par de célèbres pédagogues tel Comenius ? Une autre exploration du contexte peut se centrer sur les espaces d'apprentissage informels, c'est-à-dire non encadrés par l'école. Les jeux en cour de récréation, la musique et la danse en pratiques locales sont autant d'objets et d'expériences métissées qui permettent de plonger dans la tradition orale et d'appréhender des modalités de transmissions déroutantes. Quelle est la place de l'individu face au groupe et vice-versa ? Quelles leçons en tirer pour le positionnement du maître et de l'élève, pour les nécessaires consensus à accepter en vue d'une plus grande efficacité de notre système éducatif ? Si les pratiques d'enseignement peuvent être améliorées par l'observation du contexte, l'introduction de supports particuliers - qui constitue notre deuxième partie - peut également favoriser la cohérence des pratiques éducatives tout en ouvrant à des valeurs universelles. Il s'agit de diversifier les activités d'apprentissage qui ont pour objectif le développement de compétences stratégiques susceptibles de neutraliser rapidement les lacunes engendrées par la spirale de l'échec. Plusieurs exemples nous en montrent le chemin. Les situations d'apprentissage collaboratif soutenu par ordinateur, et notamment les activités de débat argu-menté, sont-elles susceptibles de favoriser les interactions langagières entre élèves primo-arrivants ? Le scrabble, au-delà de la maîtrise du calcul mental et du vocabulaire en langue française, permet de conjuguer coopération et compétition. Peut-il devenir un outil privilégié de construction de la citoyenneté ? L'interrogation vaut aussi pour le jeu d'échecs. Celui-ci, plus complexe, s'il facilite la compréhension de base de concepts mathématiques et le raison-nement lors de situations problèmes, entraîne aussi l'acquisition de bien d'autres compétences transversales... L'apprentissage de la numération dès l'école maternelle, à partir de collec-tions de comptines numériques et d'activités de dénombrement, montre que la manipulation, la mise en action à la fois individuelle et négociée en groupe sont partie prenante de la cons-truction d'une identité singulière et multiple. Face à des élèves parfois difficiles ou apparemment différents, il convient de parfaire sa pra-tique enseignante. Ce point formera la troisième partie de notre ouvrage. L'indiscipline constitue la première hantise des débutants. Par delà les techniques voire les ficelles toujours très appréciées par leur pouvoir de réassurance, la question est de trouver les moyens d'installer profondément chez les élèves les valeurs de respect et de dignité humaine. Le pluri-linguisme n'est pas sans effrayer non plus. Or la langue inconnue de l'autre, loin d'être un obstacle, est un atout pour celui qui la maîtrise. Comment prendre en compte la compétence plurilingue existante ? Comment la développer chez les élèves ? Ce parti pris modifie le rap-port de l'enseignant à l'élève et au savoir, et vivifie par conséquent le désir d'apprendre et l'engagement dans les apprentissages. Le handicap et la méconnaissance dont il s'accompagne parfois suscite également des mouvements de recul. Quels en sont les méca-nismes ? Est-il possible d'accompagner efficacement les élèves handicapés ? Avec qui et de quelle façon ? Autant d'interrogations qui trouvent des réponses à travers les dispositifs exis-tants et le témoignage d'une expérience particulière. Favoriser l'interculturel, - dernière partie de notre ouvrage - met en lumière le principe vital à développer à brève échéance. Paradoxalement, dans de nombreuses enquêtes de terrain, la Guyane est présentée comme une société multiculturelle harmonieuse tout en étant composée de groupes socioculturels repliés sur eux-mêmes. Qu'en est-il réellement dans les écoles ? Quelle place les enseignants accordent-ils aux cultures et langues maternelles au sein de la classe ? Quelle pédagogie peut-on proposer pour lutter contre le racisme insidieux qui s'installe dans les classes ? La description des structures spécifiques pour élèves non franco-phones, CLIN et CRI, et l'analyse de la politique éducative contextualisée qui en découle il-lustrent autrement la nécessité d'une pédagogie spécifique. Enseigner dans un contexte pluri-culturel ne s'improvise pas. L'objectif n'est pas d'éradiquer préjugés et stéréotypes mais de construire une démarche permettant de prévenir les conflits. L'observation des interactions en situation d'hétérogénéité culturelle peut-elle mettre au jour des invariants ? Elle questionne l'éducation interculturelle qui, pour certains, semble être une perspective positive, voire la réponse à privilégier.
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00640248

halshs-00640248
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00640248

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11.104

Éditeur(s) : Yale University
Résumé : Sea-surface temperature images of the coastal upwelling regions off Northwest Africa show that the core of upwelling is sometimes located far from the coast. This has been documented in three regions that share a common feature, namely a wide and shallow continental shelf. This upwelling feature plays a key role in the ecology of the Canary Current System. It creates an innerfront which provides retention for biological material, e.g. fish eggs and larvae, in the highly productive nearshore environment. An analytical model has been developed based on a two dimensional extension of Ekman's solution. The linear and steady response of a homogeneous ocean forced by an upwelling-favorable wind provides a mechanism for the upwelling separation from the coast. The merging of the surface and bottom Ekman layers induces a very weak cross-shore circulation and a "kinematic barrier" for the Ekman transport divergence. In the case of an alongshore wind, the barrier is located near the isobath h ≈ 0.4D, where D is the thickness of Ekman layers. This yields an upwelling cell which is essentially concentrated in the region 0.5D < h < 1.25D, with upwelling occurring preferentially near the isobath h ≈ 0.6D. It turns out that the cross-shore width of upwelling scales with D/S, the ratio of Ekman depth to bottom topographic slope. The application of this solution to real bathymetric profiles rationalizes, not only the offshore upwelling observations in Northwest Africa, but also the influence of topography on the cross-shelf structure of a wind-driven coastal upwelling. The model also quantifies the effect of the cross-shore wind component showing how it drives the nearshore pressure gradient adjustment and how it affects the upwelling. A linear numerical experiment reproduces the theoretical steady solution, thereby allowing investigation of the transient regime. Relaxation of the hypothesis in the numerical model validates the linear assumption of the theory and then allows investigation of the sensitivity to friction parameterizations and the influence of stratification. The latter leads to an "oscillation" of the upwelling cell with seaward migration driven by outcropping and homogeneization of the water column, and, coastal incursion driven by a "boundary layers splitting" process caused by shoreward advection of the isopycnal dome and stratification of the inner shelf.
Journal of Marine Research (Yale University), 2008-09 , Vol. 66 , N. 5 , P. 589-616

Droits : 2008 Yale University
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-6334.pdf
DOI:10.1357/002224008787536790
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6334/

Éditeur(s) : [by Isaiah Thomas] and sold at the Worcester bookstore. [by Isaiah Thomas] and sold at the Worcester bookstore. ( Printed at Worcester, Massachusetts )
Résumé : (Citation/Reference) Evans
(Citation/Reference) Welch, d'A.A. Amer. children's books,
(Citation/Reference) Brigham, C.S. Robinson Crusoe,
Ascribed to the press of Isaiah Thomas by Welch.
Signatures: A-M⁶ (A1 recto blank).
"Farther adventures of Robinson Crusoe."--p. 86-132. "Robinson Crusoe's vision of the angelick world."--p. 133-144.
United States -- Massachusetts -- Worcester

Droits : This item is presumed to be in the public domain. The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions may require permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact The Department of Special and Area Studies Collections (special@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide.
025067237
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00021429/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : The dense hydrous magnesium silicate called the D phase is the most likely candidate to recycle hydrogen into the lower mantle in subduction zones. As seismology represents the preferred method to detect this mineral in subduction zones, the single crystal elastic tensor has been calculated using first principle methods. A triple cell (View the MathML source) was used to account for an ordered ideal composition of the D phase to lower mantle pressures. The elastic tensor of the mineral at ambient conditions is predicted to be C11 = 387.7, C33 = 287.7, C44 = 100.4, C12 = 108.0, C13 = 51.1, C14 = − 14.6 in GPa with bulk modulus at zero pressure Ko = 163 GPa and a statistical error of about 4.0 GPa for all constants. The pressure derivatives of the elastic constants have been determined to pressure of 80 GPa. Our tensor correctly predicts the published experimental measurements of linear compressibility along the a- and c-axes, the logarithmic pressure derivative of the c/a axial ratio and bulk modulus at zero pressure. It contradicts the experimentally measured elastic tensor reported by (Liu, L.-G., Okamoto, K., Yang, Y.-J., Chen, C.-C., Lin, C.-C., 2004. Elasticity of single-crystal phase D (a dense hydrous magnesium silicate) by Brillouin spectroscopy. Solid State Commun. 132, 517–520), which fails to reproduce the experimental compressibility data. Using the elastic constants and density predicted to 85 GPa, the seismic anisotropy of P- and S-waves has been calculated as a function of pressure. The single crystal has high P-wave velocities and shear wave splitting in the basal plane below 20 GPa. At high pressures, the maximum P-wave velocities have threefold symmetry normal to a-axes in the basal plane, whereas the maximum shear wave splitting is parallel to a-axes with twofold symmetry. The D phase has high Vp and Vs anisotropy at ambient pressure, 17.6% for Vp and 19.9% for Vs. The Vp anisotropy decreases with increasing pressure to about 30 GPa, while it remains constant at 8% from 30 to 85 GPa. The Vs anisotropy decreases to 17% at 20 GPa and then increases to 22% at 85 GPa. The isotropic velocity ratios of S to P (Rs/p), bulk sound to S (Rphi/s) and density to S (Rρ/s) are calculated as a function of pressure. The Rs/p shows very little variation with pressure with low value of 0.6, whereas both Rphi/s and Rρ/s increase with pressure to peak values of 2.8 and 2.0 respectively at about 60 GPa. The presence of the D phase in subducted horizontal ‘stagnant' plates in the circum Pacific could contribute to a number of seismic observations, such as the observed velocity heterogeneity at depths between 500 and 1000 km and the fast S-waves travelling horizontally with horizontal polarization in this depth range. Further the lower density of the D phase compared with anhydrous minerals could influence buoyancy of the hydrated ‘stagnant' slabs. The transformation of the D phase to perovskite plus ferripericlase during thermal annealing may be responsible for horizontal slab seismogenesis.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00406379
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406379
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.053

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : We report a preliminary analysis on the relationships between drainage basin structure and genetic structure of populations of the European vector of fasciolosis, Galba truncatula. In the study area, 251 snails belonging to 12 populations were collected along different ditches of a same river network. Each snail was genotyped at six variable microsatellite loci. Our results show that all sample sites are characterized by a low level of polymorphism and a very high and significant heterozygote deficiency. Our data reveal a significant genetic differentiation, even at a small scale, and failed to delimit clear patterns of isolation by euclidian distance. Our study shows that genetic differentiation significantly increases with hydrographic distance along the streams (p < 0.002), in consistence with the hypothesis that dispersion along the stream is dependent on the direction of water flow. This study shows that relationships can exist between the organization of the hydrological network and population biology of a disease vector, which has strong potential applications to drainage network management issues.
ISSN: 1567-1348

hal-00496374
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496374
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.005

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11957

Éditeur(s) : Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( [Chapel Hill, N.C.] )
Résumé : (Statement of Responsibility) written and revised from his own words by Samuel Moore.
(Original Version) Transcribed from the photocopy of: Detroit : Printed for the author, Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua, by Geo. E. Pomeroy & Co., Tribune office, 1854. 66 p. ; 22 cm. Biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua : a native of Zoogoo, in the interior of Africa (a convert of Christianity), with a description of that part of the world, including the manners and customs of the inhabitants ... Mahommah's early life, his education, his capture and slavery in Western Africa and Brazil, his escape to the United States, from thence to Hayti, (the city of Port Au Prince,) his reception by the Baptist Missionary there, the Rev. W.L. Judd; his conversion to Christianity, Baptism, and return to this country, his views, objects and aim / written and revised from his own words by Samuel Moore, ESQ., late publisher of the "North of England Shipping Gazette," author of several popular works, and editor of sundry reform papers. Cover title: An interesting narrative : biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua ...|"Prayer of the oppressed"--P. [66].
(Funding) Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title.
(System Details) Mode of access: Internet World Wide Web.
(System Details) System requirements: PC with modem or direct Internet connection; SGML viewer required for SGML files.
Title from electronic title page.
This electronic edition has been transcribed from a photocopy supplied by the North Carolina State University Library.
Includes information about Central Africa "their religious notions, form of government, laws, appearance of the country, buildings, agriculture, manufactures, shepherds and herdsmen, domestic animals, marriage ceremonials, funeral services, styles of dress, trade and commerce, modes of warfare, system of slavery, &c., &c."
This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digitization project's database, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection North American slave narratives.
Text transcribed by Apex Data Services, Inc. Text encoded by Apex Data Services, Inc., Elizabeth S. Wright and Natalia Smith.
Early Caribbean Digital Archive.
Africa
Africa
Brazil
Africa, Central
Africa, Central

Droits : See: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/baquaqua/menu.html
48112283
ocm48112283
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015610/00001

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11955

Éditeur(s) : Printed for Baldwin and Cradock Printed for Baldwin and Cradock ( London )
Résumé : (Statement of Responsibility) Illustrated with forty-six characteristic wood engravings, finely executed from drawings by Harvey.
"A new and correct edition, complete in one volume."
Title vignette.
Head and tail pieces.
"Biographical sketch of Daniel Defoe": p. xi-xxiv.
Printed by C. Whittingham.
Includes publisher's advertisements 2 p. at end.
England -- London

Droits : This item is presumed to be in the public domain. The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions may require permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact The Department of Special and Area Studies Collections (special@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide.
14236069

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11.733

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11517

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11.743

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11956

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11.481