Résumé : Planta trepadora glabra, con tubérculos de forma irregular que se desarrollan en la axila de las hojas. Hojas alternas, ovadas a suborbiculares, de 7 a 19 cm, largo-acuminadas, acorazonadas en la base. Flores estaminadas solitarias, en espigas de hasta 10 cm, en ocasiones paniculadas; flores pistiladas fasciculadas, en espigas simples de hasta 25 cm. Cápsula oblonga, de 2.2 a 2.5 cm.
Plante grimpante glabre, avec des tubercules de forme irrégulière qui se développent dans l’axe des feuilles. Feuilles alternes, ovées à semi-arrondies, de 7 à 19 cm, longues-acuminées, en forme de cœur à la base. Fleurs à étamines solitaires, en épis pouvant atteindre 10 cm, parfois paniculées; fleurs avec pistil fasciculées, en épis simples pouvant atteindre 25 cm. Capsule oblongue, de 2,2 à 2,5 cm.
Herbaceous, dioecious, climber with glabrous stem, bearing in leaf axils, large, brown, tuberculate bulbils ca 15 cm in diameter; leaves alternate, simple, cordate at base, petioles 6-14 cm long, blades broadly ovate 15-25 cm x 7-20 cm; male flowers borne on clustered spikes up to 20 cm long; female flowers borne on simple spikes 10-15 cm long; fruit a capsule oblong 2.5 cm x1.5 cm.
Originaria de Asia tropical, cultivada en regiones tropicales.
Originaire d’Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les régions tropicales.
Native to tropical Asia, cultivated in tropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant159

Résumé : Planta anual erecta de hasta 2 m de altura. Hojas de 3 folíolos membranáceos, oval a ovados de 6 a 12 cm de longitud. Flores de 10 a 20, color rosa en pedúnculos. Legumbre (fruto) linear, ligeramente curva de hasta 30 cm, con 3 costillas longitudinales en cada valva. Semillas elipsoidales, de unos 2 cm, blancas con una marca parda.
Plante annuelle arbustive, dressée, pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut. Feuilles à 3 folioles membraneuses, de forme ovale à ovée pouvant avoir de 6 à 12 cm de longueur. Fleurs au nombre de 10 à 20, de couleur rose, sur pédoncules. Fruit linéaire, légèrement incurvé pouvant atteindre 30 cm, avec 3 côtes longitudinales sur chaque valve. Graines ellipsoïdales, de 2 cm approximativement, blanches avec une petite tache brune.
Annual erect plant, up to 2 m in height.  Leaf with three membranous leaflets, oval to ovate, 6 to 12 cm in length.  Flowers, 10 to 20 in number, pink, in peduncles.  Pod (fruit) linear, slightly curved, up to 30 cm in length, with three longitudinal ribs in each valve.  Ellipsoid seeds, approx. 2 cm in length, white with a brown mark. Plant a climber or a bushy shrub, up to 2 m high. Leaf compound with three leaflets, oval to ovate, 6 to 12 cm long.  Inflorescence a raceme, flowers pink-purple; pod (fruit) linear, slightly curved, ca. 30 cm x 2.5-3.5cm, with three longitudinal ribs in each valve; seeds ca. 2 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 mm, white or ivory with a brown mark.
América tropical. Cultivada en regiones templadas y tropicales.
Amérique tropicale. Cultivée dans les régions tempérées et tropicales.
Tropical America.  Cultivated in regions with tropical and moderate climates.  

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant92

Éditeur(s) : Wiley / Blackwell
Résumé : For the first time, a deep seismic data set acquired in the frame of the Algerian-French SPIRAL program provides new insights regarding the origin of the westernmost Algerian margin and basin. We performed a tomographic inversion of traveltimes along a 100-km-long wide-angle seismic profile shot over 40 ocean bottom seismometers offshore Mostaganem (Northwestern Algeria). The resulting velocity model and multichannel seismic reflection profiles show a thin (3-4 km thick) oceanic crust. The narrow ocean-continent transition (less than 10 km wide) is bounded by vertical faults and surmounted by a narrow almost continuous basin filled with Miocene to Quaternary sediments. This fault system, as well as the faults organized in a negative-flower structure on the continent side, marks a major strike-slip fault system. The extremely sharp variation of the Moho depth (up to 45 +/- 3 degrees) beneath the continental border underscores the absence of continental extension in this area. All these features support the hypothesis that this part of the margin from Oran to Tenes, trending N65-N70 degrees E, is a fossil subduction-transform edge propagator fault, vestige of the propagation of the edge of the Gibraltar subduction zone during the westward migration of the Alboran domain.
Geophysical Journal International (0956-540X) (Wiley / Blackwell), 2015-02 , Vol. 200 , N. 2 , P. 1027-1043

Droits : The Authors 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00255/36670/35278.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00255/36670/35279.pdf
DOI:10.1093/gji/ggu454
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00255/36670/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Over-exploitation and fragmentation are serious problems for tropical forests. Most sustainable forest management practices avoid clear-cuts and apply selective logging systems focused on a few commercial species. We applied a simulation model to estimate the impact of such selective logging scenarios on the genetic diversity and demography of four tropical tree species from French Guiana. The simulations used data on genetic and demographic composition, growth, phenology and pollen and seed dispersal obtained for Dicorynia guianensis, Sextonia rubra, Symphonia globulifera and Vouacapoua americana at the experimental site in Paracou. Whereas Symphonia globulifera serves as a model for a species with low logging pressure, the other three species represent the most exploited tree species in French Guiana. In simulations with moderate logging, typical for French Guiana, with large cutting diameter (>60 cm diameter) and long cutting cycles (65 years), the two species V. americana and Sextonia rubra were not able to recover their initial stock at the end of the rotation period, with a large decrease in the number of individuals and in basal area. Under a more intensive logging system (cutting diameter >45 cm diameter, cutting cycles of 30 years) that is common practice in the Brazilian Amazon, only Symphonia globulifera showed no negative impact. Generally, the differences between the genetic parameters in the control scenarios without logging and the logging scenarios were surprisingly small. The main reasons for this were the overlapping of generations and the effective dispersal ability of gene vectors in all species, which guarantee relative homogeneity of the genetic structure in different age classes. Nevertheless, decreasing the population size by logging reduced the number of genotypes and caused higher genetic distances between the original population and the population at the end of the logging cycles. Sensitivity analysis showed that genetic changes in the logging scenarios were principally determined by the growth, densities and cutting diameter of each species, and only to a very small extent by the reproductive system including factors such as pollen and seed dispersal and flowering phenology
ISSN: 0006-3207

hal-01032050
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032050
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle Paris
Résumé : International audience
Comparative study of heat production in some Araceae. The thermogenetic cycle of the inflorescences is compared in the genera Anubias, Cercestis, Dieffenbachia, Homalomena and Philodendron. The genera Philodendron, Anubias and Homalomena have a thermogenetic cycle characterized by the production of two peaks of heat. In Dieffenbachia and Cercestis the cycle is characterized by the presence of a single peak appearing during the first day of the floral cycle. Differences between these two thermogenetic patternsare linked with pollination mecanisms.
Comparaison du cycle thermogénétique des inflorescences dans les genres Anubias, Cercestis, Dieffenbachia, Homalomena et Philodendron. Les genres Philodendron, Anubias et Homalomena ont un cycle thermogénétique caractérisé par la présence de deux pics de chaleur sans différence de temperature entre les deux événements. Dans les genres Dieffenbachia et Cercestis le cycle thermogénétique est caractérisé par la présence d’un seul pic de chaleur qui apparaît le premier jour du cycle floral. Les différences entre les deux types de cycles thermogénétiques sont liées aux mécanismes de pollinisation.
ISSN: 1280-8571

hal-01202740
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01202740

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley Open Access
Résumé : Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - ). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
ISSN: 2045-7758

hal-01204216
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204216
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.1303
PRODINRA : 280886

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The increased use of pesticides has caused concern over the possible direct association of exposure to combinations of these compounds with bee health problems. There is growing proof that bees are regularly exposed to mixtures of agrochemicals, but most research has been focused on managed bees living in farmland, whereas little is known about exposure of wild bees, both in farmland and urban habitats. To determine exposure of wild bumblebees to pesticides in agricultural and urban environments through the season, specimens of five different species were collected from farms and ornamental urban gardens in three sampling periods. Five neonicotinoid insecticides, thirteen fungicides and a pesticide synergist were analysed in each of the specimens collected. In total, 61% of the 150 individuals tested had detectable levels of at least one of the compounds, with boscalid being the most frequently detected (35%), followed by tebuconazole (27%), spiroxamine (19%), carbendazim (11%), epoxiconazole (8%), imidacloprid (7%), metconazole (7%) and thiamethoxam (6%). Quantifiable concentrations ranged from 0.17 to 54.4 ng/g (bee body weight) for individual pesticides. From all the bees where pesticides were detected, the majority (71%) had more than one compound, with a maximum of seven pesticides detected in one specimen. Concentrations and detection frequencies were higher in bees collected from farmland compared to urban sites, and pesticide concentrations decreased through the season. Overall, our results show that wild bumblebees are exposed to multiple pesticides when foraging in agricultural and urban landscapes. Such mixtures are detected in bee tissues not just during the crop flowering period, but also later in the season. Therefore, contact with these combinations of active compounds might be more prolonged in time and widespread in the environment than previously assumed. These findings may help to direct future research and pesticide regulation strategies to promote the conservation of wild bee populations.
ISSN: 0269-7491

hal-01477203
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477203
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477203/file/Quantifying%20exposure%20of%20wild%20bumblebees_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.001
PUBMED : 28087090

Résumé : Hierba erecta o postrada, anual o de corta vida. Hojas opuestas, simples de casi 7 cm de largo elípticas a lanceoladas, mucronadas en el ápice. Inflorescencias terminales a veces axilares; cabezuelas pequeñas, 3-9 mm transversalmente, radiadas, brácteas involucrales 8-9, imbricadas; flores blancas. Aquenio dorsiventralmente compreso y exactamente angulado, ligeramente alado.
Herbe dressée ou rampante, annuelle ou à vie courte. Feuilles opposées, simples, de presque 7 cm de longueur, elliptiques à lancéolées, effilées à la pointe. Inflorescences terminales parfois axillaires; petits capitules de 3-9 mm, transversalement disposés en rayons, bractées involucrées 8-9, imbriquées; fleurs blanches. Akène dont la surface supérieure et inférieure est compressée, formant des angles très nets, légèrement ailé.
Annual herb ranging from erect to creeping habit.  Leaves opposite, rough on both surfaces, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, 8 cm x 2 cm, margin serrulate. Inflorescences axillary on long stalks; flower-heads 1 cm across, florets white; achenes black, wrinkled, without pappus appendages.
Aparentemente nativa del nuevo mundo, actualmente se distribuye ampliamente en los campos de cultivo de ambos hemisferios.  
Apparemment originaire du Nouveau Monde, actuellement largement répartie dans les champs de culture des deux hémisphères

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant161

Résumé : Árbol de tamaño mediano de hasta 6 m, copa redonda; ramas con espinas delgadas, flexibles, ocasionalmente ausentes. Hojas ampliamente elípticas de 6 a 11 cm de largo con el ápice obtuso o agudo, base cuneada a redondeada. Flores solitarias o en racimos cortos, blancas, aromáticas. Fruto globoso u oval, con 10 a 13 segmentos, pulpa amarillenta, dulce.
Arbre de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre 6 m, cime arrondie; branches avec épines fines, souples, parfois absentes. Feuilles très elliptiques de 6 à 11 cm de longueur avec une pointe obtuse ou aiguë, base rhomboïdale ou arrondie. Fleurs solitaires ou en grappes courtes, blanches, aromatiques. Fruit rond ou ovale, avec 10 à 13 segments, pulpe jaunâtre, sucrée.
Tree 6 -12 m tall with spines. Leaves ovate or oval-elliptic 5-15 cm x 2-8 cm, glabrous dark green above, margins serrate, petiole narrowly winged and articulate; flowers axillary, born single or in small racemes, 2-3cm in diameter, white, aromatic; fruit subglobose or oval, 4-12 cm in diameter, peel thick, ripening orange colour but often remaining green in the tropics, pulp sweet and juicy, seeds nil to many obovoid.
Nativa de Asia, ampliamente cultivada en regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d’;Asie, cultivée dans de vastes régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia, widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant136

Résumé : Herbácea anual, de hasta 1 m de altura, glabra o pubescente en las partes jóvenes. Hojas alternas, ovadas, acuminadas, algo dentadas, de hasta 20 cm. Flores erectas, de 6 a 10 cm; cáliz tubular, casi cilíndrico, estrecho, de 3 a 4 cm, con dientes agudos; corola blanca, lóbulos 5 con apéndices filiformes. Cápsula erguida, dehiscente, cubierta de espinas largas y agudas; semillas reniformes.
Herbacée annuelle, pouvant atteindre 1 m de haut, glabre ou pubescente sur ses parties jeunes. Feuilles alternes, ovées, acuminées, légèrement dentées, pouvant atteindre 20 cm. Fleurs dressées, de 6 à 10 cm; calice tubulaire, presque cylindrique, étroit, de 3 à 4 cm, muni de dents aiguës; corolle blanche, 5 lobes avec appendices filiformes. Capsule dressée, déhiscente, couverte d’épines longues et pointues; graines réniformes.
Annual strong-smelling weedy herb up to 1 m tall. Stems glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate, ovate, sinuate-lobed, up to 20 cm long; flowers 6-10 cm long, erect, white or tinged with purple; fruit an ovoid capsule ca. 5 cm long, smooth or covered with prickles.
Ampliamente distribuida en el trópico y subtrópico del viejo y nuevo mundo.
Largement répartie sous les tropiques et les régions subtropicales du Vieux et du Nouveau Monde.
Widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant156

Résumé : Herbácea de hasta 90 cm, con rizoma tuberoso. Hojas linear-lanceoladas, sésiles, ápice agudo, base cuneada, glabras, de hasta 20 cm de largo. Espigas florales largo-pedunculadas, elipsoides, densas, brácteas ovadas, cuspidadas, verde pálidas; cáliz crenado; corola verde-amarillenta, tubo de 2 cm. Cápsula de 3 valvas, abriendo irregularmente. Existen diferentes cultivares.
Herbacée pouvant atteindre 90 cm, avec rhizome tubéreux. Feuilles linéaires-lancéolées, sessiles, à pointe aiguë, à base cunéiforme, glabres, pouvant atteindre 20 cm de long. Epis floraux à longs pédoncules, ellipsoïdaux, denses, bractées ovées, munies d’une pointe, de couleur vert pâle; calice créné; corolle vert-jaunâtre, tube de 2 cm. Capsule à 3 valves, s’ouvrant irrégulièrement. Il existe plusieurs procédés de culture.
Herb 30-100 cm high, with robust, branched, rhizome near the surface of the soil. Leaves, 5-25 x 1-3 cm, linear-lanceolate, sessile, with acute apex and cuneate base, glabrous; inflorescence cylindrical, spikes 4-7 x 1.5-2.5 cm, corolla yellowish-green; flower produced in the axil of yellowish bracts; fruit a three-valved capsule with small black arillate seeds.
Originaria de Asia tropical, cultivada en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d’;Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia tropical, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant363

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 30 m, corteza fisurada con látex blanco lechoso. Hojas oblanceoladas, ápice comúnmente agudo, base aguda o atenuada, ferruginosas, finamente reticuladas. Flores en pequeños fascículos axilares, muy perfumadas, actinomorfas. Fruto elipsoide, ovoide o subgloboso de hasta 20 cm, áspero, escamoso, café; pulpa roja; semillas 1 a 2, grandes, negras y lustrosas.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 30 m, écorce fissurée avec latex blanc laiteux. Feuilles oblancéolées, pointe habituellement aiguë, base aiguë ou atténuée, ferrugineuses, finement réticulées. Fleurs en petits fascicules axillaires, très parfumées, actinomorphes. Fruit ellipsoïdal, ovoïde ou subarrondi pouvant atteindre 20 cm, âpre, écailleux, couleur café; pulpe rouge; 1 à 2 graines, grandes, noires et brillantes.
Tree, up to 30 m high, bark fissured, with milky white latex.  Leaves, simple, alternate, blades oblanceolate, 10-60 x 4.5-5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; inflorescence in clusters at defoliated nodes or cauliflorus; flowers white with corolla 9-10 mm long; fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose 8-20 cm long, brown, rough; seeds solitary, broadly obovate, deep brown to black and shiny.
Nativa de México y Centroamérica, cultivada en otras regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Originaire du Mexique et d’;Amérique Centrale, cultivée dans d’;autres régions tropicales du continent américain.
Native to Mexico and Ce

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant260

Résumé : Herbácea de hasta 2 m de altura, finamente estrigulosa. Hojas alternas, pinnadas, arregladas espiralmente; folíolos en 3 a 6 pares, ovados a lanceolados, agudos a acuminados; pecíolo con glándula en la base, sésil, globosa o cónica; estípulas linear-lanceoladas a triangular, acuminadas, caducas. Racimos axilares con flores amarillas; sépalos oblongos, obtusos; pétalos ovados o elípticos. Vaina linear, obtusa, mucronata, erecta, más o menos arqueada, con numerosas semillas ovoides.
Herbacée pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut, en forme de mince quenouille. Feuilles alternes, pennées, disposées en spirales; folioles formant 3 à 6 paires, ovés à lanceolés, aigus à acuminés; pétiole avec une glande à la base, sessile, arrondie ou conique; stipules linéaire-lanceolées à triangulaires, acuminées, caduques. Grappes axillaires avec fleurs jaunes; sépales oblongs, obtus; pétales ovés ou elliptiques. Gousse linéaire, obtuse, mucronée, dressée, plus ou moins arquée, avec de nombreuses graines ovoïdes.
Erect shrubby herb, up to 2 m high.  Leaves alternate, pinnately compound with 4-5 pairs of ovate to lanceolate leaflets, 10 cm long with a narrow red margin;  inflorescence, axillary racemes, few-flowered, sepals pinkish, petals yellow 10-14 mm long, subtended by bracts 10-15 mm long; pod linear, 5-12 cm x 6-8 mm, compressed, slightly curved; seeds broadly ovoid, punctate, dark olive colour, ca. 4 mm long.
Pantropical y subtropical.
Pantropicale et subtropicale.
Pantropical and subtropical.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant318

Résumé : Arbolito con ramas irregulares, armado con espinas gruesas, rígidas y filosas. Hojas de 5 a 7.5 cm de largo, elíptico-ovales, crenadas; pecíolos alados. Flores blancas de 2 cm de largo. Frutos redondos de 3 a 6 cm, verdoso amarillentos, con abundante pulpa ácida. Semillas pequeñas blancas, ovales.
Arbuste aux branches irrégulières, armé de fortes épines, rigides et coupantes. Feuilles de 5 à 7,5 cm de long, elliptico-ovales, crénelées; pétioles en forme d’aile. Fleurs blanches de 2 cm de long. Fruits ronds de 3 à 6 cm, vert jaune, avec une abondante pulpe acide. Pépins blancs, ovales.
Small tree with irregular branches up to 5 m tall, with thick, rigid, sharp thorns. Leaf elliptical, dark green, slightly leathery and aromatic, 4-8 cm x 2-5cm, petiole narrowly winged; inflorescence a raceme; flowers white, fragrant, 1.5 cm long; fruit sub-spherical, 5-6 cm long, yellow when ripe, with very acid pulp, seeds white, small, oval.
Nativa de Asia, cultivada en regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d’Asie, cultivée dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant32

Résumé : Herbácea, suculenta, aromática, generalmente de menos de 1 m. Hojas ovadas, cuneadas u obtusas en el ápice, subcordadas en la base, márgenes crenados, pubescentes. Flores en racimos de 10 a 30 cm; cáliz tomentoso, labio superior oblongo; corola blanquecina, rosada o lila.
Herbacée succulente, aromatique, atteignant généralement moins de 1 m. Feuilles ovées, avec pointe obtuse, base subcordée, bords crénelés, pubescents. Fleurs en grappes de 10 à 30 cm; calice tomenteux, lèvre supérieure oblongue; corolle blanchâtre, rosée ou couleur lilas.
Perennial herb, 60-100 cm high,with soft thick-stems, succulent, hairy, aromatic.  Leaves blades, 2.5-4.5 x 2.5-4 cm, thick and soft, broadly ovate, truncate-subcordate at the base, apex obtuse to rounded, margins crenate, both surfaces densely pubescent with glands; inflorescence a raceme 10-30 cm long; flowers bilabiate, corolla 7-9 mm long, lilac to whitish.
Nativa de Asia tropical y Africa, cultivada en las zonas tropicales del mundo.
Originaire de l’;Asie tropicale et d’;Afrique, cultivée dans les zones tropicales du monde.
Native to tropical Asia and Africa, cultivated in tropical regions

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant287

Résumé : Arbusto delgado de hasta 2 m de altura, aromático, ramas corto-pilosas. Hojas oblongas a elípticas, u ovadas a ovado-oblongas de 2-4 cm de largo, generalmente obtusas o redondeadas en el ápice, redondeadas o subcordadas en la base; densamente pilosas en el haz, densamente tomentosas y glandulares en el envés; márgenes finamente crenados. Flores en espigas subglobosas a oblongas de 4-12 mm de largo; corola blanca.
Arbuste mince pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut, aromatique, branches courtes et pileuses. Feuilles oblongues à elliptiques, ou ovées à ovées-oblongues de 2-4 cm de long, généralement obtuses ou arrondies à la pointe, arrondies ou subcordées à la base; très pileuses sur le dessus, très tomenteuses et glandulaires sur le dessous; bords finement crénés. Fleurs en épis subarrondies à oblongues de 4-12 mm de long; corolle blanche.
Slender shrub, up to 2 m in height, aromatic, branches short-pilose.  Leaves oblong to elliptic, or ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-4 cm in length, generally obtuse or round at the tip, round or subcordate at the base, densely pilose at the sheaf, densely tomentose and glandular on the underside; margins finely crenate.  Flowers in subglobose to oblong spikes, 4-12 mm in length; corolla white.
Sur de Texas a Nicaragua.
Du Sud du Texas jusqu’;au Nicaragua.
Southern Texas to Nicaragua.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant213

Résumé : Arbusto aromático, 1 a 2 m de alto, ramas largas mimbreadas, decumbentes y arraigantes, densamente puberulentas o estrigosas. Hojas opuestas o ternadas, brevemente pecioladas, de 2-6 (raro 9) cm de longitud y 1.2-4.5 cm de ancho, oblongas, arrugadas, festonadas, cubiertas con pelillos cortos y nervaduras prominentes. Inflorescencias en cabezuelas axilares globosas, cilíndricas en la fructificación. Brácteas ovadas, acuminadas, las inferiores mucronadas. Flores zigomorfas, cáliz de 1.5-1.7 mm de largo y acrescente a la madurez; corola morada con fauces amarillas y blancas, rosada o blanca de 4 a 5 mm de largo. Fruto obovoide de 3 mm de ancho.
Arbuste aromatique, de 1 à 2 m de haut, aux branches longues et flexibles, décombantes et s’enracinant spontanément, très pubérulentes ou rugueuses. Feuilles opposées ou par groupes de trois, à pétiole court, de 2-6 (rarement 9) cm de longueur et de 1,2-4,5 cm de large, oblongues, rugueuses, festonnées, couvertes de petits poils courts et de nervures proéminentes. Inflorescences sous forme de petites têtes axillaires arrondies, cylindriques lors de la fructification. Bractées ovées, acuminées, les plus basses étant mucronées. Fleurs zygomorphes, calice de 1,5-1,7 mm de long continuant à croître une fois arrivé à maturité; corolle violette avec coeur jaune et blanc, rosée ou blanche de 4 à 5 mm de long. Fruit ovoïde de 3 mm de large.
Aromatic shrub, 1 to 2 m in height, branches long, slender and flexible like willow stems (osier-like), decumbent, lower basal branches can become long rooting suckers, densely puberulent or strigose.  Leaves opposite or ternate, briefly petiolate, 2-6 (rarely 9) cm long and 1.2-4.5 cm wide, oblong, corrugate, crenate, covered with short small hairs (pubescent) and prominent veins.  Inflorescences in globose axillary heads, cylindrical upon fructification.  Bracts ovate, acuminate, the inferior ones mucronate.  Flowers zygomorphic; calyx 1.5-1.7 mm in length and accrescent when ripe; corolla purple with yellow and white fauces (the throat of a gamopetalous corolla), pink or white, 4 to 5 mm in length.  Fruit obovoid, 3 mm in diameter.
América tropical y subtropical.
Amérique tropicale et subtropicale.
Tropical and subtropical America.

http://www.tramil.net/fototecaplant211

Résumé : Herbácea anual de hasta 60 cm de altura, cubierta con numerosas espinas; látex amarillo. Hojas sésiles, alternas, sinuado-pinnatífidas de 8-20 cm, lóbulos cortos y anchos, márgenes espinosos. Flores hermafroditas, solitarias terminales; cáliz de 3 sépalos espinosos; corola con 6 pétalos, amarillos o blancos, de 2-3 cm. Cápsula con 4-6 valvas de 4-5 cm, espinosa.
Herbacée annuelle pouvant atteindre 60 cm de hauteur, recouverte de nombreuses épines; latex jaune. Feuilles sessiles, alternées, roncinées-pinnatifides de 8-20 cm, lobes courts et larges, à marges épineuses. Fleurs hermaphrodites, solitaires terminales; calice de 3 sépales épineux; corolle avec 6 pétales, jaunes ou blancs, de 2-3 cm. Capsule avec 4-6 valves de 4-5 cm, épineuse.
Annual herb, up to 60 cm high, covered with numerous thorns; yellow latex.  Leaves sessile, alternate, sinuate-pinnatifid, 8-20 cm long, with short and broad lobules and spiny margins; hermaphroditic flowers, solitary terminals; calyx with three thorny sepals; corolla with six yellow or white petals, 2-3 cm long; thorny capsule with 4-6 valves, 4-5 cm long.
Originaria de América tropical, naturalizada en el viejo mundo.
Plante originaire de l';Amérique tropicale, naturalisée dans l';Ancien Monde.
Native to tropical America, introduced to the Old World.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant27

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : 1. Niche theory proposes that species differences underlie both coexistence within communities and the differentiation in species composition among communities via limiting similarity and environmental filtering. However, it has been difficult to extend niche theory to species-rich communities because of the empirical challenge of quantifying niches for many species. This has motivated the development of functional and phylogeny-based approaches in community ecology, which represent two different means of approximating niche attributes. 2. Here, we assess the utility of plant functional traits and phylogenetic relationships in predicting community assembly processes using the largest trait and phylogenetic data base to date for any set of species-rich communities. 3. We measured 17 functional traits for all 4672 individuals of 668 tree species co-occurring in nine tropical rain forest plots in French Guiana. Trait variation was summarized into two ordination axes that reflect species niche overlap. 4. We also generated a dated molecular phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequencing of two plastid loci (rbcL and matK) comprising 97% of the individuals and 91% of the species in the plots. 5. We found that, on average, co-occurring species had greater functional and, to a lesser extent, phylogenetic similarity than expected by chance. 6. We also found that functional traits and their ordination loadings showed significant, albeit weak, phylogenetic signal, suggesting that phylogenetic distance provides pertinent information on niche overlap in tropical tree communities. 7. Synthesis. We provide the most comprehensive examination to date of the relative importance of environmental filtering and limiting similarity in structuring tropical tree communities. Our results confirm that environmental filtering is the overriding influence on community assembly in these species-rich systems.
ISSN: 0141-6707

hal-01032423
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032423
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01966.x

Résumé : Trepadora herbácea con tallo de 5 a 6 m acostillado. Hojas biternadas, folíolos aovados o lanceolados, agudos o acuminados, dentados o lobulados. Inflorescencia umbeliforme con largos pedúnculos y flores blancas de 4 a 5 mm. Cápsula subglobosa de 3 a 4 cm; semillas negras de 4 a 5 mm.
Plante grimpante herbacée, tige 5 à 6 m, à côtes. Feuilles à 6 folioles groupées par trois ovalées ou lancéolées, aiguës ou acuminées, dentées ou lobulées. Inflorescence ombelliforme avec longs pédoncules et fleurs blanchesde 4 à 5 mm. Capsule presque arrondie de 3 à 4 cm; graines noires de 4 à 5 mm.
Climbing shrub 3 (-6 m) high.  Leaves alternate up to 12 cm long, compound, blade pellucid-dotted, leaflets 5 cm x 2.5 cm, ovate-elliptical, acute-tipped; inflorescence corymbose; flowers white, 4-petals, 4-6 mm long; fruit sub-globose, 3-angled much inflated capsule, 2.5-3 cm in length and width; seeds black, 4-5 mm long with white aril.
Ampliamente distribuida en trópicos y subtrópicos del nuevo y viejo mundo.
Largement distribuée dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales du Nouveau et de l’Ancien Monde.
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of t

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant31