Éditeur(s) : Vitale Mascardi
Extrait de : Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus Vol.1 (p. 69)
Résumé : Bourreria huanita : La fleur sert d'arôme pour le cacao et est utilisée comme épice par les Aztéques
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 17
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/images/BBX17011-0089i1
BBX17011-0089i1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are formed in cooked meat, poultry and fish but also arise in tobacco smoke and exhaust gases. HAA are potential human carcinogens, which require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxicity. Human tissues can bioactivate HAA to produce reactive intermediates that bind to DNA. HAA DNA adduct formation occurs in human hepatocytes; however, the potential of HAA to form DNA adducts has not been investigated in human T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the ability of human T lymphocytes activated with PMA/Ionomycin or CD3/CD28 to express functional CYP1 activity and bioactivate three major HAA: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) to form DNA adducts. Adducts were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage scan mass spectrometry. The highest level of DNA adducts occurred for AαC (16 adducts per 109 nucleotides), followed by PhIP (9 adducts per 109 nucleotides). In contrast, DNA adducts formed from MeIQx and the structurally related aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl, a known human carcinogen, were below the limit of detection (< 3 adducts per 109 nucleotides). Moreover, we demonstrate that AαC is a potent inducer of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activity through a transcriptional mechanism involving the AhR pathway. Overall, our results highlight the capacity of activated human T lymphocytes to more efficiently bioactivate AαC to form DNA adducts than other prominent HAA or 4-ABP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:656-667, 2016.
ISSN: 0893-6692

hal-01400486
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01400486
DOI : 10.1002/em.22059
PUBMED : 27801952

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 20 m; tronco liso y recto. Hojas opuestas, coriáceas, ovadas o elípticas de hasta 20 cm de largo, muy aromáticas. Panículas de alrededor de 12 cm de largo con muchas flores; flores en su mayoría agrupadas en la punta de la inflorescencia, sésiles; cáliz con 4 lóbulos redondeados, pubérulos; pétalos blancos suborbiculares; numerosos estambres blancos. Fruto aromático, generalmente subgloboso, verrugoso, con dos semillas suborbiculares.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 20 m; tronc lisse et droit. Feuilles opposées, coriaces, ovées ou elliptiques ayant jusqu&rsquo;à 20 cm de long, très aromatiques. Panicules d&rsquo;environ 12 cm de long avec nombreuses fleurs; fleurs pour la plupart groupées à la pointe de l&rsquo;inflorescence, sessiles; calice à 4 lobes arrondis, pubérulents; pétales blancs suborbiculaires; nombreuses étamines blanches. Fruit aromatique, généralement presque arrondi, verruqueux, avec deux graines suborbiculaires.
Tree, up to 20 m high with pale brown bark. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, leathery, oblong to elliptical, 6-20 cm long, glandular dotted, aromatic when crushed; inflorescence a compound panicle 4-12 cm long, with many white, short-lived flowers, 1.5mm long; fruit a globose, reddish-brown berry, 4-6.5 mm in diameter, producing an aromatic flavour of a mixture of nutmeg, clove and cinnamon.
Sureste de México, América Central y Antillas.
Sud-est du Mexique, Amérique Centrale et Antilles.
Southeast Mexico, Central America and the Antilles.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant278

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
Aromatic amines and structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are produced during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meat. Exposure to some of these chemicals may contribute to the etiology of several common types of human cancers. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant HAA formed in mainstream tobacco smoke: it arises in amounts that are 25-100 times greater than the levels of the arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a human carcinogen. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a prevalent HAA formed in cooked meats. AαC and MeIQx are rodent carcinogens; however, their carcinogenic potency in humans is unknown. A preliminary assessment of the carcinogenic potential of these HAAs in humans was conducted by examining the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to form DNA adducts of AαC and MeIQx, in comparison to 4-ABP, followed by the kinetics of DNA adduct removal by cellular enzyme repair systems. The principal DNA adducts formed were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. Comparable levels of DNA adducts were formed with AαC and 4-ABP, whereas adduct formation was ∼5-fold lower for MeIQx. dG-C8-AαC and dG-C8-4-ABP were formed at comparable levels in a concentration-dependent manner in human hepatocytes treated with procarcinogens over a 10,000-fold concentration range (1 nM-10 μM). Pretreatment of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, resulted in a strong diminution of DNA adducts signifying that P450 1A2 is a major P450 isoform involved in bioactivation of these procarcinogens. The kinetics of adduct removal varied for each hepatocyte donor. Approximately half of the DNA adducts were removed within 24 h of treatment; however, the remaining lesions persisted over 5 days. The high levels of AαC present in tobacco smoke and its propensity to form persistent DNA adducts in human hepatocytes suggest that AαC can contribute to DNA damage and the risk of hepatocellular cancer in smokers.
ISSN: 0893-228X

inserm-00869907
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00869907
DOI : 10.1021/tx4002226
PUBMED : 23898916

Résumé : Arbusto pequeño muy ramificado de hasta 30 cm de alto; ramas leñosas, rojas o purpúreas, puberulentas. Hojas fasciculadas, corto-pecioladas, elípticas a lineares, obtusas, agudas u obtusas en la base, enteras, conspicuamente glandular-punteadas. Verticilos con 3 a 6 flores, axilares; cáliz puberulento; corola lila, rosada o purpúrea. Nuececillas de 1 mm de longitud.
Petit arbuste très ramifié pouvant atteindre 30 cm de haut; branches ligneuses, rouges ou pourpres, pubérulentes. Feuilles fasciculées, à court pétiole, elliptiques à linéaires, obtuses, aiguës ou obtuses à la base, entières, pointe très nettement glandulaire. Verticilles de 3 à 6 fleurs, axillaires; calice pubérulent; corolle couleur lilas, rosée ou pourpre. Noisettes de 1 mm de longueur.
Densely branching, aromatic, shrub, 20-30 cm high.  Leaves lanceolate, entire, 0.5-1 cm x 0.2-0.5 cm, grayish-green, aromatic with glandular-dotted; flowers born in rounded or ovoid cluster, corolla 2-lipped, lilac, pink or purple; fruits tiny producing 4 nutlets.
Nativa de Europa, cultivada en otras partes del mundo.
Originaire d’;Europe, cultivée dans d’;autres parties du monde.
Native to Europe, cultivated in others parts of the world.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant350

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the environment has increased very substantially over the last decades. PAHs are hydrophobic molecules which can accumulate in high concentrations in sediments acting then as major secondary sources. Fish contamination can occur through contact or residence nearby sediments or though dietary exposure. In this study, we analyzed certain physiological traits in unexposed fish (F1) issued from parents (F0) exposed through diet to three PAH mixtures at similar and environmentally relevant concentrations but differing in their compositions. For each mixture, no morphological differences were observed between concentrations. An increase in locomotor activity was observed in larvae issued from fish exposed to the highest concentration of a pyrolytic (PY) mixture. On the contrary, a decrease in locomotor activity was observed in larvae issued from heavy oil mixture (HO). In the case of the third mixture, light oil (LO), a reduction of the diurnal activity was observed during the setup of larval activity. Behavioral disruptions persisted in F1-PY juveniles and in their offspring (F2). Endocrine disruption was analyzed using cyp19a1b:GFP transgenic line and revealed disruptions in PY and LO offspring. Since no PAH metabolites were dosed in larvae, these findings suggest possible underlying mechanisms such as altered parental signaling molecule and/or hormone transferred in the gametes, eventually leading to early imprinting. Taken together, these results indicate that physiological disruptions are observed in offspring of fish exposed to PAH mixtures through diet.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01121865
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121865/file/Exposures%20of%20zebrafish_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-4157-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC) is the most abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formed in mainstream tobacco smoke. AalphaC is a liver carcinogen in rodents, but its carcinogenic potential in humans is not known. To obtain a better understanding of the genotoxicity of AalphaC in humans, we have investigated its metabolism and its ability to form DNA adducts in human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with AalphaC at doses ranging from 0.1-50 muM, and the metabolites were characterized by ultra-performance LC/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC/MSn). Six major metabolites were identified: a ring-oxidized doubly conjugated metabolite, N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole-6-yl-oxo-(beta-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AalphaC-6-O-Gluc); two ring-oxidized glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates: 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(beta-d-glucuronic acid) (AalphaC-3-O-Gluc) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl-oxo-(beta-d-glucuronic acid) (AalphaC-6-O-Gluc); two sulfate conjugates, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (AalphaC-3-O-SO3H) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (AalphaC-6-O-SO3H); and the Gluc conjugate, N2-(beta-d-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC-N2-Gluc). In addition, four minor metabolites were identified: N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AalphaC-3-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AalphaC-6-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(beta-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AalphaC-3-O-Gluc), and O-(beta-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC-HN2-O-Gluc). The latter metabolite, AalphaC-HN2-O-Gluc is a reactive intermediate that binds to DNA to form the covalent adduct N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (dG-C8-AalphaC). Preincubation of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective mechanism-based inhibitor of P450 1A2, resulted in a strong decrease in the formation of AalphaC-HN2-O-Gluc and a concomitant decrease in DNA adduct formation. Our findings describe the major pathways of metabolism of AalphaC in primary human hepatocytes and reveal the importance of N-acetylation and glucuronidation in metabolism of AalphaC. P450 1A2 is a major isoform involved in the bioactivation of AalphaC to form the reactive AalphaC-HN2-O-Gluc conjugate and AalphaC-DNA adducts.
ISSN: 0893-228X

anses-01419468
https://hal-anses.archives-ouvertes.fr/anses-01419468
https://hal-anses.archives-ouvertes.fr/anses-01419468/document
https://hal-anses.archives-ouvertes.fr/anses-01419468/file/Bellamri%20et%20al.%20-%202016%20-%20Metabolism%20of%20the%20Tobacco%20Carcinogen%202-Amino-9H-py.pdf
DOI : 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00394

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Purpose: This study compares the effects of neutral temperature, cold and ice-slush beverages, with and without 0.5% menthol on cycling performance, core temperature (T co) and stress responses in a tropical climate (hot and humid conditions). Methods: Twelve trained male cyclists/triathletes completed six 20-km exercise trials against the clock in 30.7uC60.8uC and 78%60.03% relative humidity. Before and after warm-up, and before exercise and every 5 km during exercise, athletes drank 190 mL of either aromatized (i.e., with 0.5 mL of menthol (5 gr/L)) or a non-aromatized beverage (neutral temperature: 23uC60.1uC, cold: 3uC60.1uC, or ice-slush: 21uC60.7uC). During the trials, heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored, whereas core temperature (T co), thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after warm-up, every 5 km of exercise, and at the end of exercise and after recovery. Results: Both the beverage aroma (P,0.02) and beverage temperature (P,0.02) had significant and positive effects on performance, which was considerably better with ice-slush than with a neutral temperature beverage, whatever the aroma (P,0.002), and with menthol vs non-menthol (P,0.02). The best performances were obtained with ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol, as opposed to neutral/menthol. No differences were noted in HR and T co between trials. Conclusion: Cold water or ice-slush with menthol aroma seems to be the most effective beverage for endurance exercise in a tropical climate. Further studies are needed to explore its effects in field competition.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01135125
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01135125
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01135125/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01135125/file/Riera%20et%20al.%20-%202014%20-%20Physical%20and%20perceptual%20cooling%20with%20beverages%20to%20increase%20cycle%20performance%20in%20a%20tropical%20climate%284%29.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0103718

Résumé : Árbol de tamaño mediano de hasta 6 m, copa redonda; ramas con espinas delgadas, flexibles, ocasionalmente ausentes. Hojas ampliamente elípticas de 6 a 11 cm de largo con el ápice obtuso o agudo, base cuneada a redondeada. Flores solitarias o en racimos cortos, blancas, aromáticas. Fruto globoso u oval, con 10 a 13 segmentos, pulpa amarillenta, dulce.
Arbre de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre 6 m, cime arrondie; branches avec épines fines, souples, parfois absentes. Feuilles très elliptiques de 6 à 11 cm de longueur avec une pointe obtuse ou aiguë, base rhomboïdale ou arrondie. Fleurs solitaires ou en grappes courtes, blanches, aromatiques. Fruit rond ou ovale, avec 10 à 13 segments, pulpe jaunâtre, sucrée.
Tree 6 -12 m tall with spines. Leaves ovate or oval-elliptic 5-15 cm x 2-8 cm, glabrous dark green above, margins serrate, petiole narrowly winged and articulate; flowers axillary, born single or in small racemes, 2-3cm in diameter, white, aromatic; fruit subglobose or oval, 4-12 cm in diameter, peel thick, ripening orange colour but often remaining green in the tropics, pulp sweet and juicy, seeds nil to many obovoid.
Nativa de Asia, ampliamente cultivada en regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d’;Asie, cultivée dans de vastes régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia, widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant136

Résumé : Arbolito con ramas irregulares, armado con espinas gruesas, rígidas y filosas. Hojas de 5 a 7.5 cm de largo, elíptico-ovales, crenadas; pecíolos alados. Flores blancas de 2 cm de largo. Frutos redondos de 3 a 6 cm, verdoso amarillentos, con abundante pulpa ácida. Semillas pequeñas blancas, ovales.
Arbuste aux branches irrégulières, armé de fortes épines, rigides et coupantes. Feuilles de 5 à 7,5 cm de long, elliptico-ovales, crénelées; pétioles en forme d&rsquo;aile. Fleurs blanches de 2 cm de long. Fruits ronds de 3 à 6 cm, vert jaune, avec une abondante pulpe acide. Pépins blancs, ovales.
Small tree with irregular branches up to 5 m tall, with thick, rigid, sharp thorns. Leaf elliptical, dark green, slightly leathery and aromatic, 4-8 cm x 2-5cm, petiole narrowly winged; inflorescence a raceme; flowers white, fragrant, 1.5 cm long; fruit sub-spherical, 5-6 cm long, yellow when ripe, with very acid pulp, seeds white, small, oval.
Nativa de Asia, cultivada en regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
Originaire d&rsquo;Asie, cultivée dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales.
Native to Asia, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant32

Résumé : Herbácea, suculenta, aromática, generalmente de menos de 1 m. Hojas ovadas, cuneadas u obtusas en el ápice, subcordadas en la base, márgenes crenados, pubescentes. Flores en racimos de 10 a 30 cm; cáliz tomentoso, labio superior oblongo; corola blanquecina, rosada o lila.
Herbacée succulente, aromatique, atteignant généralement moins de 1 m. Feuilles ovées, avec pointe obtuse, base subcordée, bords crénelés, pubescents. Fleurs en grappes de 10 à 30 cm; calice tomenteux, lèvre supérieure oblongue; corolle blanchâtre, rosée ou couleur lilas.
Perennial herb, 60-100 cm high,with soft thick-stems, succulent, hairy, aromatic.  Leaves blades, 2.5-4.5 x 2.5-4 cm, thick and soft, broadly ovate, truncate-subcordate at the base, apex obtuse to rounded, margins crenate, both surfaces densely pubescent with glands; inflorescence a raceme 10-30 cm long; flowers bilabiate, corolla 7-9 mm long, lilac to whitish.
Nativa de Asia tropical y Africa, cultivada en las zonas tropicales del mundo.
Originaire de l’;Asie tropicale et d’;Afrique, cultivée dans les zones tropicales du monde.
Native to tropical Asia and Africa, cultivated in tropical regions

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant287

Résumé : Arbusto delgado de hasta 2 m de altura, aromático, ramas corto-pilosas. Hojas oblongas a elípticas, u ovadas a ovado-oblongas de 2-4 cm de largo, generalmente obtusas o redondeadas en el ápice, redondeadas o subcordadas en la base; densamente pilosas en el haz, densamente tomentosas y glandulares en el envés; márgenes finamente crenados. Flores en espigas subglobosas a oblongas de 4-12 mm de largo; corola blanca.
Arbuste mince pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut, aromatique, branches courtes et pileuses. Feuilles oblongues à elliptiques, ou ovées à ovées-oblongues de 2-4 cm de long, généralement obtuses ou arrondies à la pointe, arrondies ou subcordées à la base; très pileuses sur le dessus, très tomenteuses et glandulaires sur le dessous; bords finement crénés. Fleurs en épis subarrondies à oblongues de 4-12 mm de long; corolle blanche.
Slender shrub, up to 2 m in height, aromatic, branches short-pilose.  Leaves oblong to elliptic, or ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-4 cm in length, generally obtuse or round at the tip, round or subcordate at the base, densely pilose at the sheaf, densely tomentose and glandular on the underside; margins finely crenate.  Flowers in subglobose to oblong spikes, 4-12 mm in length; corolla white.
Sur de Texas a Nicaragua.
Du Sud du Texas jusqu’;au Nicaragua.
Southern Texas to Nicaragua.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant213

Résumé : Arbusto aromático, 1 a 2 m de alto, ramas largas mimbreadas, decumbentes y arraigantes, densamente puberulentas o estrigosas. Hojas opuestas o ternadas, brevemente pecioladas, de 2-6 (raro 9) cm de longitud y 1.2-4.5 cm de ancho, oblongas, arrugadas, festonadas, cubiertas con pelillos cortos y nervaduras prominentes. Inflorescencias en cabezuelas axilares globosas, cilíndricas en la fructificación. Brácteas ovadas, acuminadas, las inferiores mucronadas. Flores zigomorfas, cáliz de 1.5-1.7 mm de largo y acrescente a la madurez; corola morada con fauces amarillas y blancas, rosada o blanca de 4 a 5 mm de largo. Fruto obovoide de 3 mm de ancho.
Arbuste aromatique, de 1 à 2 m de haut, aux branches longues et flexibles, décombantes et s&rsquo;enracinant spontanément, très pubérulentes ou rugueuses. Feuilles opposées ou par groupes de trois, à pétiole court, de 2-6 (rarement 9) cm de longueur et de 1,2-4,5 cm de large, oblongues, rugueuses, festonnées, couvertes de petits poils courts et de nervures proéminentes. Inflorescences sous forme de petites têtes axillaires arrondies, cylindriques lors de la fructification. Bractées ovées, acuminées, les plus basses étant mucronées. Fleurs zygomorphes, calice de 1,5-1,7 mm de long continuant à croître une fois arrivé à maturité; corolle violette avec coeur jaune et blanc, rosée ou blanche de 4 à 5 mm de long. Fruit ovoïde de 3 mm de large.
Aromatic shrub, 1 to 2 m in height, branches long, slender and flexible like willow stems (osier-like), decumbent, lower basal branches can become long rooting suckers, densely puberulent or strigose.  Leaves opposite or ternate, briefly petiolate, 2-6 (rarely 9) cm long and 1.2-4.5 cm wide, oblong, corrugate, crenate, covered with short small hairs (pubescent) and prominent veins.  Inflorescences in globose axillary heads, cylindrical upon fructification.  Bracts ovate, acuminate, the inferior ones mucronate.  Flowers zygomorphic; calyx 1.5-1.7 mm in length and accrescent when ripe; corolla purple with yellow and white fauces (the throat of a gamopetalous corolla), pink or white, 4 to 5 mm in length.  Fruit obovoid, 3 mm in diameter.
América tropical y subtropical.
Amérique tropicale et subtropicale.
Tropical and subtropical America.

http://www.tramil.net/fototecaplant211

Résumé : Arbusto de 2 a 3 m, aromático, de madera suave. Hojas ovadas u oblongo-ovadas de hasta 60 cm de largo, agudas a corto acuminadas en el ápice, cordadas en la base, lóbulos basales redondeados, marcadamente desiguales. Espigas de color verde pálido, de 10 a 20 cm de largo; brácteas redondeadas y densamente ciliadas. Frutos pequeños agrupados en las espigas.
Arbuste pouvant atteindre 2 à 3 m, aromatique, bois tendre. Feuilles ovées ou oblongues-ovées, pouvant avoir 60 cm de long, à l&rsquo;extrémité aiguë à terminée en pointe courte, cordées à la base, lobes à base arrondie, fortement inégaux. Epis de couleur vert pâle, de 10 à 20 cm de long; bractées arrondies et pourvues de cils denses. Petits fruits groupés sur les épis.
Soft-wooded aromatic shrub or tree 1-6m high.  Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical, 20-40 x 12-25 cm, acute to short acuminate at the apex, deeply and unequally cordate-auriculate at base, margins densely white-ciliate, petiole winged to the apex; inflorescence a spike, whitish to light yellow, pendulous, 10-20 cm x 3-5 mm; fruit, small, three-angled.
Nativa del sureste de México y Centroamérica, cultivada y naturalizada en Cuba y Florida.
Originaire du sud-est du Mexique et de l’;Amérique Centrale, cultivée et naturalisée à Cuba et en Floride.
Native to southeast Mexico and Central America

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant283

Résumé : Herbácea, robusta, erguida, perenne. Culmos glabros, de 1 a 2 m de altura. Hojas de hasta 1 m de longitud, glabras, escabrosas en el margen. Panículas alargado-piramidales de hasta 30 cm; racimos individuales de hasta 5 cm; espiguillas purpúreas, sin cerdas.
Herbacée robuste, dressée, pérenne. Tiges glabres, de 1 à 2 m de haut. Feuilles pouvant atteindre 1 m de long, glabres, aux bords découpés. Panicules allongées-pyramidales pouvant atteindre 30 cm; grappes séparées pouvant atteindre 5 cm; petits épis pourpres, sans barbes.
Tufted perennial grass with aromatic roots.  Culms 1-2 m high.  Leaves linear, 30-100 cm x 4-10 mm, margins scabrous, blade glabrous. Panicles long-pyramidal up to 20-35 cm long with many branches in several whorls, spikelets awnless, 4-5 mm long no bristles.
Nativa de Asia tropical y subtropical, cultivada en las regiones tropicales.
Originaire d’;Asie tropicale et subtropicale, cultivée dans les régions tropicales.
Native to tropical and subtropical Asia, cultivated in tropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant358

Résumé : Herbácea perenne, sufruticosa, aromática, de hasta 1 m. Hojas ovadas a oblongo-ovadas de unos 12 cm, las inferiores pinnadas y pinnatisectas, las superiores ampliamente pinnatipartidas; segmentos 2 ó 3 pares, dentados, obtusos. Cabezuelas muchas de hasta 2 cm de diámetro; el disco amarillo; las flores radiadas blancas.
Herbacée pérenne, suffrustescente, aromatique, pouvant atteindre 1 m. Feuilles ovées à oblongues-ovées d&rsquo;environ 12 cm, les inférieures étant pennées et pennatiséquées, les supérieures très pennatipartites; 2 ou 3 paires de segments, dentés, obtus. Capitules atteignant souvent 2 cm de diamètre; disque jaune; fleurs radiées blanches.
Perennial and suffruticose herb, aromatic, up to 1 m high.  Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 12 cm long, lower ones pinnate and pinnatisect, upper ones broadly pinnati-divided; segments 2 to 3 pairs, dentate, obtuse.  Small heads numerous, up to 2 cm in diameter; disc yellow; flowers radiate, white.
Originaria del este de Europa, distribuida ampliamente de forma espontánea.
Originaire de l’;est de l’;Europe, largement répartie sous forme spontanée.
Native to Eastern Europe, widely distributed spontaneously.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant345

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 20 m, muy aromático. Hojas elíptico-oblongas a oblongas de 6 a 12 cm, obtusas en el ápice, redondeadas a agudas en la base, coriáceas. Inflorescencias cimosas, 3 flores ó 2 veces tricótomas, de hasta 9 flores. Bayas globosas, glabras, glandulosas.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 20 m, très aromatique. Feuilles elliptico-oblongues à oblongues de 6 à 12 cm, obtuses à la pointe, arrondies à aiguës à la base, coriaces. Inflorescences avec cymes, 3 fleurs ou 2 fois trichotomes, pouvant avoir 9 fleurs. Baies arrondies, glabres, glanduleuses.
Tree, up to 20 m high, very aromatic.  Leaves elliptic-oblong to oblong, 6-12 cm long, obtuse at the apex, round to acute at the base, coriaceous.  Inflorescences cymose; flowers thrice or twice trichotomous, in clusters of up to 9 flowers. Berries globose, glabrous, glandulose.
Endémica de la isla Hispaniola.
Endémique dans l’;île d’;Hispaniola.
Endemic, Hispaniola Island.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant279

Résumé : Herbáceaperenne, aromática. Tallos erguidos o ascendentes de 30 a 90 cm, ramificados, glabros. Hojas lanceoladas, agudas, limbo punteadas. Flores en espigas grandes terminales, de 2.5 a 7.5 cm, la central es sobrepasada por las laterales; cáliz glabro, con dientes agudos, por lo regular ciliados; corola púrpura, raramente blanca, glabra. La existencia de variedades dentro de la especie puede variar la descripción botánica típica, aquí presentada.
Herbacéepérenne, aromatique. Tiges dressées ou ascendantes de 30 à 90 cm, ramifiées, glabres. Feuilles lancéolées, aiguës, limbe gaufré. Fleurs en longs épis terminaux, de 2,5 à 7,5 cm, celle du centre étant dépassée par les fleurs latérales; calice glabre, avec dents aiguës, en général ciliées; corolle pourpre, rarement blanche, glabre. L&rsquo;existence de variétés à l&rsquo;intérieur de l&rsquo;espèce peut nuancer la description botanique typique indiquée ci-dessus.
Perennial aromatic herb.  Stems erect or ascending, 30-90 cm long, branched, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, acute, blade punctate; flowers in large terminal spikes, 2.5-7.5 cm long, the ones at the sides being longer than the one in the middle, calyx glabrous, with acute teeth, usually ciliate; corolla purple, rarely white, glabrous. The typical botanical description may vary due to the existence of varieties within the species.
Originaria de Europa, actualmente es cosmopolita.
Originaire d’;Europe, actuellement cultivée dans le monde entier.
Native to Europe, now cosmopolitan.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant379

Résumé : Arbusto de hasta 2 m de alto, con o sin espinas recurvadas, tallos híspidos, cuadrados en sección. Hojas opuestas o ternadas, ovadas a oblongo-ovadas, lámina rugosa, márgenes crenados o aserrados. Inflorescencia con brácteas inferiores subuladas; corola de color variable desde rojo a anaranjado o amarillo y lila o morado claro. Bayas morado oscuras.
Arbuste pouvant atteindre 2 m de haut, avec ou sans épines incurvées, tiges hispides, à section carrée. Feuilles opposées ou alternes, ovées ou oblongues-ovées, surface rugueuse, bords crénés ou en dents de scie. Inflorescences avec bractées inférieures subulées; corolle de couleur variable de rouge à orangé ou jaune et mauve ou violet clair. Baies violet sombre.
Shrub erect or scrambling, aromatic, 1-6 m high, square stems hairy, sometimes prickly.  Leaves simple, opposite, occasionally in whorls of three, ovate, margins crenate-serrate; inflorescence a capitate spike; flower tube 6-9 mm and limb 5-7 mm across, ranging from red, orange or yellow; fruit a drupe, ca. 4 mm diameter, ripens dark purple.
Originario de América tropical y subtropical, introducida y naturalizada a las áreas tropicales y subtropicales del viejo mundo.
Originaire d’;Amérique tropicale et subtropicale, introduite et naturalisée dans les zones tropicales et subtropicale

http://www.tramil.net/fototecaplant206

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 18 m de alto. Hojas pecioladas, subcoriáceas, oblongo elípticas a lanceoladas, agudamente acuminadas, pinnado nervadas de hasta 13 cm de longitud. Inflorescencias estaminadas de 3 a 20 flores; las pistiladas usualmente de una sola flor; flores pequeñas, amarillo cremosas. Fruto piriforme o subgloboso (nuez) de hasta 5 cm, colgante, rojizo o amarillento, con dos valvas; semilla con arilo escarlata.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 18 m de haut. Feuilles pétiolées, presque coriaces, oblongo-elliptiques à lancéolées, terminées en pointe très fine, pennatinnervées pouvant atteindre 13 cm de long. Inflorescences staminées de 3 à 20 fleurs; celles qui sont pourvues d&rsquo;un pistil ont habituellement une seule fleur; fleurs petites, jaunes-crèmes. Fruit piriforme ou presque arrondi pouvant atteindre 5 cm, tombant, rougeâtre ou jaunâtre, bivalve; graine avec arille écarlate.
Tree dioecious 6-18 m high with a dense crown and aromatic wood.  Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, pinnately veined, dark green shiny above, paler beneath, 5-15 cm x 2-7 cm; male inflorescences usually 1-10 flowered cyme, fragrant, pale yellow, female inflorescences a 1-3 flowered cyme, but usually 1-flowered, pale yellow; fruit a fleshy, smooth, yellow, sub-globose, drupe, 3-6 cm long with a circumferential, longitudinal ridge; seed brown, ovoid 1.5-4.5cm long covered with a lacinate, red aril.
Nativa de Asia tropical, cultivada en los trópicos del resto del mundo.
Originaire d’;Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les tropiques du reste du monde.
Native to tropical Asia, cultivated in tropical regions around the world.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant239