Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles
Extrait de : "Les 30 ans d'Erasmus", le 13 octobre 2017. Université des Antilles
Description : Christophe Basso, Chef de service territorial de l'INSEE Martinique, analyse l'insertion des jeunes dans le monde du travail en faisant une étude topographique de l'emploi des jeunes en Martinique. Florence Boutant, responsable du développement RH du groupe GBH partage ensuite son parcours et ses fonctions au sein du groupe GBH. Puis, Yannick Plante, directeur général du réseau ALIZE RH explique comment se préparer au marché du travail de demain. Marie-Noëlle Cataye, responsable du service international de la CCIM, présente par la suite les fonctions de la Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de la Martinique. Elle présente les activités locales et internationales de son service. M.Labaye, Président de Martinique Nutrition Animale (ERASMUS 1987) explique, quant à lui en profondeur la notion de compétence en relation avec la vision et la stratégie européenne. Enfin Mme Lasalle, Professeur de droit européen et responsable ERASMUS à Genève, présente Erasmus et les possibilités de mobilité subventionnées par l'Europe.

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V17253
V17253

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Marine protist diversity inventories have largely focused on planktonic environments, while benthic protists have received relatively little attention. We therefore hypothesize that current diversity surveys have only skimmed the surface of protist diversity in marine sediments, which may harbor greater diversity than planktonic environments. We tested this by analyzing sequences of the hypervariable V4 18S rRNA from benthic and planktonic protist communities sampled in European coastal regions. Despite a similar number of OTUs in both realms, richness estimations indicated that we recovered at least 70% of the diversity in planktonic protist communities, but only 33% in benthic communities. There was also little overlap of OTUs between planktonic and benthic communities, as well as between separate benthic communities. We argue that these patterns reflect the heterogeneity and diversity of benthic habitats. A comparison of all OTUs against the Protist Ribosomal Reference database showed that a higher proportion of benthic than planktonic protist diversity is missing from public databases; similar results were obtained by comparing all OTUs against environmental references from NCBI's Short Read Archive. We suggest that the benthic realm may therefore be the world's largest reservoir of marine protist diversity, with most taxa at present undescribed.
ISSN: 0168-6496

hal-01383722
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383722
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383722/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383722/file/Forster_2016_Benthic_protists.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/femsec/fiw120

Éditeur(s) : Oxford Univ Press
Résumé : The interrogation of genetic markers in environmental meta-barcoding studies is currently seriously hindered by the lack of taxonomically curated reference data sets for the targeted genes. The Protist Ribosomal Reference database (PR2, http://ssurrna. org/) provides a unique access to eukaryotic small sub-unit (SSU) ribosomal RNA and DNA sequences, with curated taxonomy. The database mainly consists of nuclear-encoded protistan sequences. However, metazoans, land plants, macrosporic fungi and eukaryotic organelles (mitochondrion, plastid and others) are also included because they are useful for the analysis of hightroughput sequencing data sets. Introns and putative chimeric sequences have been also carefully checked. Taxonomic assignation of sequences consists of eight unique taxonomic fields. In total, 136 866 sequences are nuclear encoded, 45 708 (36 501 mitochondrial and 9657 chloroplastic) are from organelles, the remaining being putative chimeric sequences. The website allows the users to download sequences from the entire and partial databases (including representative sequences after clustering at a given level of similarity). Different web tools also allow searches by sequence similarity. The presence of both rRNA and rDNA sequences, taking into account introns (crucial for eukaryotic sequences), a normalized eight terms ranked-taxonomy and updates of new GenBank releases were made possible by a long-term collaboration between experts in taxonomy and computer scientists.
Nucleic Acids Research (0305-1048) (Oxford Univ Press), 2013-01 , Vol. 41 , N. D1 , P. D597-D604

Droits : The Author(s) 2012. Published by Oxford University Press.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00114/22492/20174.pdf
DOI:10.1093/nar/gks1160
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00114/22492/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) recently highlighted the HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB5 genes as associated with Parkinson disease (PD). However, because HLA-DRA displays a low level of polymorphisms and HLA-DRB5 is only present in approximately 20% of the population, these findings are difficult to interpret. Our aims were: (1) to replicate and investigate in greater detail the association between PD and the HLA-DR region; (2) to identify PD-associated HLA alleles; and (3) to perform a meta-analysis of our top finding. As part of 2 French population-based case-control studies of PD including highly ethnically homogeneous participants, we investigated the association between PD and 51 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA-DR region. HLA-DRB1 alleles were imputed using the HLA(*) IMP software. HLA typing was performed in a subsample of the participants. We performed a meta-analysis of our top finding based on 4 GWAS data sets. Among 499 cases and 1123 controls, after correction for multiple testing, we found an association with rs660895 (OR/minor allele, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.87) within the HLA-DRB1 gene, which encodes the most polymorphic HLA-DR chain (DRβ). A meta-analysis (7996 cases, 36455 controls) confirmed this association (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.91; P < .0001). SNP-based imputation of HLA alleles showed an inverse association between PD and the HLA-DRB1(*) 04 allele. We replicated an association between PD and the HLA-DR region and provided further insight into the loci and alleles involved. The highly polymorphic HLA-DRB1 locus contains rs660895, which represents a more legitimate candidate than previous ones. Our finding is in agreement with the hypothesis of an immune component in PD pathophysiology. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society.
ISSN: 0885-3185

inserm-00721562
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00721562
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00721562/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00721562/file/Table1.pdf
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00721562/file/Table2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background : Biological communities are normally composed of a few abundant and many rare species. This pattern is particularly prominent in microbial communities, in which most constituent taxa are usually extremely rare. Although abundant and rare subcommunities may present intrinsic characteristics that could be crucial for understanding community dynamics and ecosystem functioning, microbiologists normally do not differentiate between them. Here, we investigate abundant and rare subcommunities of marine microbial eukaryotes, a crucial group of organisms that remains among the least-explored biodiversity components of the biosphere. We surveyed surface waters of six separate coastal locations in Europe, independently considering the picoplankton, nanoplankton, and microplankton/mesoplankton organismal size fractions.Results : Deep Illumina sequencing of the 18S rRNA indicated that the abundant regional community was mostly structured by organismal size fraction, whereas the rare regional community was mainly structured by geographic origin. However, some abundant and rare taxa presented similar biogeography, pointing to spatiotemporal structure in the rare microeukaryote biosphere. Abundant and rare subcommunities presented regular proportions across samples, indicating similar species-abundance distributions despite taxonomic compositional variation. Several taxa were abundant in one location and rare in other locations, suggesting large oscillations in abundance. The substantial amount of metabolically active lineages found in the rare biosphere suggests that this subcommunity constitutes a diversity reservoir that can respond rapidly to environmental change.Conclusions : We propose that marine planktonic microeukaryote assemblages incorporate dynamic and metabolically active abundant and rare subcommunities, with contrasting structuring patterns but fairly regular proportions, across space and time.
ISSN: 0960-9822

hal-01149637
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149637
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149637/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149637/file/Logares_et_al_CurrentBiol_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.050

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Although protists are critical components of marine ecosystems, they are still poorly characterized. Here we analysed the taxonomic diversity of planktonic and benthic protist communities collected in six distant European coastal sites. Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) from three size fractions (pico-, nano- and micro/mesoplankton), as well as from dissolved DNA and surface sediments were used as templates for tag pyrosequencing of the V4 region of the 18S ribosomal DNA. Beta-diversity analyses split the protist community structure into three main clusters: picoplankton-nanoplankton-dissolved DNA, micro/mesoplankton and sediments. Within each cluster, protist communities from the same site and time clustered together, while communities from the same site but different seasons were unrelated. Both DNA and RNA-based surveys provided similar relative abundances for most class-level taxonomic groups. Yet, particular groups were overrepresented in one of the two templates, such as marine alveolates (MALV)-I and MALV-II that were much more abundant in DNA surveys. Overall, the groups displaying the highest relative contribution were Dinophyceae, Diatomea, Ciliophora and Acantharia. Also, well represented were Mamiellophyceae, Cryptomonadales, marine alveolates and marine stramenopiles in the picoplankton, and Monadofilosa and basal Fungi in sediments. Our extensive and systematic sequencing of geographically separated sites provides the most comprehensive molecular description of coastal marine protist diversity to date.
ISSN: 1462-2912

hal-01191731
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01191731
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01191731/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01191731/file/Massana_2015_Marine_protist.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/1462-2920.12955

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490