Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction and characterization of lycopene, a carotenoid, from a tropical fruit, Psidium guajava L. and to demonstrate its health benefits. Deionised water, mixed with organic solvents, was used for extraction, and the depletion stage was reached in order to define the number of extractions needed to extract most of the lycopene. Optimum extraction was achieved with petroleum ether combined with guava puree:deionised water ratio of 40% using 15 ml of water. Four extractions were a satisfactory compromise to maximize the amount of lycopene recovered and to minimize the use of organic solvent. Excellent purification of lycopene was obtained by HPLC-VIS detection (470 nm) with acetonitrile/methanol/tetrahydrofuran mobile phase. Characterization was confirmed by FTIR analysis. A modification of the DPPH test made it possible to assess the EC50, thereby ranking lycopene among good antioxidants. As Psidium guajava is already widely used in the food industry, these results support claims for health benefits for products derived from guava.
ISSN: 23192399

hal-01672063
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01672063
DOI : 10.9790/2402-1104016773

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
High sea surface temperature accompanied by high levels of solar irradiance is responsible for the disruption of the symbiosis between cnidarians and their symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. This phenomenon, known as coral bleaching, is one of the major threats affecting coral reefs around the world. Because an important molecular trigger to bleaching appears related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is critical to understand the function of the antioxidant network of Symbiodinium species. In this study we investigated the response of two Symbiodinium species, from contrasting environments, to a chemically induced oxidative stress. ROS produced during this oxidative burst reduced photosynthesis by 30 to 50% and significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. Lipid peroxidation levels and carotenoid concentrations, especially diatoxanthin, confirm that these molecules act as antioxidants and contribute to the stabilization of membrane lipids. The comparative analysis between the two Symbiodinium species allowed us to highlight that Symbiodinium sp. clade A temperate was more tolerant to oxidative stress than the tropical S. kawagutii clade F. These differences are very likely a consequence of adaptation to their natural environment, with the temperate species experiencing conditions of temperature and irradiance much more variable and extreme.
ISSN: 0140-7791

hal-01546161
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546161
DOI : 10.1111/pce.12825

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid present in brown micro-and macro algae, that induces apoptosis or autophagy in cancer cells grown in vitro. In vivo studies confirmed its interest as a natural anticancer compound, as it exerts antitumoral, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activities in animal models. Studies focused on the pharmacology of fucoxanthin in cancer cells and tumors have revealed that it affects a wide panel of cellular, molecular and tissular processes, suggesting that its biological activity may be related in part to a nonspecific integration in cell membranes, and possible interaction with lipid rafts. Thus, preliminary data confirming this interaction of fucoxanthin with lipid rafts were obtained in mast cells and hepatoma WIF-B9 cells. We here discuss this hypothesis, in view of the critical function of lipid rafts in cancer cell survival, invasivity and communication with the tumoral microenvironment.
ISSN: 2141-2294

hal-01391001
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391001
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391001/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01391001/file/could-fucoxanthin-interaction-with-lipid-rafts-mediate-its-cytotoxicity-incancer-cells-.pdf
DOI : 10.4172/jomr.1000144

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Academy of Sciences
Résumé : International audience
The integration of foreign genetic information is central to the evolution of eukaryotes, as has been demonstrated for the origin of the Calvin cycle and of the heme and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways in algae and plants. For photosynthetic lineages, this coordination involved three genomes of divergent phylogenetic origins (the nucleus, plastid, and mitochondrion). Major hurdles overcome by the ancestor of these lineages were harnessing the oxygen-evolving organelle, optimizing the use of light, and stabilizing the partnership between the plastid endosymbiont and host through retargeting of proteins to the nascent organelle. Here we used protein similarity networks that can disentangle reticulate gene histories to explore how these significant challenges were met. We discovered a previously hidden component of algal and plant nuclear genomes that originated from the plastid endosymbiont: symbiogenetic genes (S genes). These composite proteins, exclusive to photosynthetic eukaryotes, encode a cyanobacterium-derived domain fused to one of cyanobacterial or another prokaryotic origin and have emerged multiple, independent times during evolution. Transcriptome data demonstrate the existence and expression of S genes across a wide swath of algae and plants, and functional data indicate their involvement in tolerance to oxidative stress, phototropism, and adaptation to nitrogen limitation. Our research demonstrates the ``recycling'' of genetic information by photosynthetic eukaryotes to generate novel composite genes, many of which function in plastid maintenance.
ISSN: 0027-8424

hal-01544793
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544793
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1517551113

Résumé : Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés physiques et chimiques de six accessions de Mammea americana afin de pouvoir identifier les accessions les plus prometteuses pour la vente en frais ou la transformation. Nous avons également cherché à évaluer l’activité antioxydante de la pulpe, identifier et quantifier ses composés phénoliques et optimiser leur extraction à l’aide de la technique assistée par ultrasons.Nos résultats montrent que les accessions étudiées présentent des caractéristiques physiques, physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles significativement différentes. Pavé 11, Lézarde et Ti Jacques sont intéressants pour la vente en frais, en raison de leurs fruits sucrés avec une teneur élevée en caroténoïdes et composés phénoliques totaux. Sonson, Pavé 11 et Lézarde présentent une adaptabilité à la transformation. La composition polyphénolique de la pulpe déterminée par HPLC-DAD et UPLC-MS, a mis en évidence la présence d’acides phénoliques, de tanins condensés, de flavonols et flavanols dans nos échantillons. D’autre part, les tests d’activité antioxydante (DPPH et ORAC) révèlent que Ti jacques est l’extrait le plus actif. Un plan d’expérimentation a été mis en œuvre afin d’optimiser l’extraction des polyphénols à l’aide d’une technique d’extraction assistée par ultrasons. Les résultats montrent que l’extrait obtenu est riche en polyphénols et contient les mêmes teneurs en acides phénoliques et flavonols comparé à celui obtenu par la méthode conventionnelle. De plus, l’extrait obtenu à l’aide d’un solvant « vert » possède de bonnes propriétés organoleptiques.
Our work focuses on the physical and chemical properties of six mamey apple cultivars in order to select elite cultivars suitable for food processing or as table fruit. The antioxidant activity of the fruit pulp, the identification and quantification of the polyphenols responsible for it, and ultrasound assisted extraction method were also investigated.According to our results, the postharvest routes for every cultivar could be different. Pavé 11, Lézarde and Ti Jacques were found to be good for consumption, giving sweeter fruits with high total phenolic and carotenoid contents. Sonson, pavé 11 and Lézarde had suitable characteristics for the manufacturing of mamey products. The polyphenolic composition of the pulp determined by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS showed the presence of phenolic acids, condensed tannins, flavonols and flavanols. The results of the antioxidant test (DPPH and ORAC) point out that the most antioxidant cultivar was Ti Jacques. The design and optimization of the ultrasound assisted extraction method has done for polyphenols extraction. The results showed that the polyphenols rich extract contains the same content of phenolic acids and flavonols in comparison to the conventional method. Additionally, the dry extract obtained with a “green” solvent, had good organoleptic properties.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0702/document