Éditeur(s) : Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, University of Florida Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, University of Florida ( Gainesville, FL )
Résumé : (Biographical) Dr. Louise Ivers is Chief of Mission for Partners In Health (PIH) in Haiti, an international non-profit organization that provides direct health care and social services to poor communities around the world, supported by research and advocacy. She is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and an Associate Physician in the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). She completed her residency in Internal Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and a fellowship in Infectious Diseases at the combined MGH/BWH program. Dr. Ivers also received a diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and a Master of Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Ivers implements health programs, and is interested in improving the delivery of healthcare in resource poor settings, the provision of care to the rural and urban poor, as well as patient-oriented investigation that offers solutions to barriers to healthcare. She balances her time between management of PIH Haiti, direct clinical service, and operational research. Dr. Ivers has contributed to published articles on HIV/AIDS, food insecurity, and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Current projects include investigating the impact of targeted food assistance to people with HIV infection in rural Haiti, the effectiveness of ARV therapies on viral suppression in community-based programs, and humanitarian assistance in response to the January 2010 earthquake. Dr. Ivers has served as a Technical Advisor to the WHO and also mentors Haitian and American physicians.
(Funding) Sponsored by the Caleb and Michele Grimes Fund in the CLAS Dean's Office and organized by the Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere.

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.

Résumé : (Bibliography) Includes bibliographical references.
Title from PDF title screen (viewed on February 23, 2011).
Paper version available for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.
Haiti
Haiti
Haiti
Haiti
Haiti

703448560
ocn703448560
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00021599/00001

Éditeur(s) : Amer Geophysical Union
Résumé : After the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake, we deployed a mainly offshore temporary network of seismologic stations around the damaged area. The distribution of the recorded aftershocks, together with morphotectonic observations and mainshock analysis, allow us to constrain a complex fault pattern in the area. Almost all of the aftershocks have a N-S compressive mechanism, and not the expected left-lateral strike-slip mechanism. A first-order slip model of the mainshock shows a N264 degrees E north-dipping plane, with a major left-lateral component and a strong reverse component. As the aftershock distribution is sub-parallel and close to the Enriquillo fault, we assume that although the cause of the catastrophe was not a rupture along the Enriquillo fault, this fault had an important role as a mechanical boundary. The azimuth of the focal planes of the aftershocks are parallel to the north-dipping faults of the Transhaitian Belt, which suggests a triggering of failure on these discontinuities. In the western part, the aftershock distribution reflects the triggering of slip on similar faults, and/or, alternatively, of the south-dipping faults, such the Trois-Baies submarine fault. These observations are in agreement with a model of an oblique collision of an indenter of the oceanic crust of the Southern Peninsula and the sedimentary wedge of the Transhaitian Belt: the rupture occurred on a wrench fault at the rheologic boundary on top of the under-thrusting rigid oceanic block, whereas the aftershocks were the result of the relaxation on the hanging wall along pre-existing discontinuities in the frontal part of the Transhaitian Belt. Citation: Mercier de Lepinay, B., et al. (2011), The 2010 Haiti earthquake: A complex fault pattern constrained by seismologic and tectonic observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L22305, doi:10.1029/2011GL049799.
Geophysical Research Letters (0094-8276) (Amer Geophysical Union), 2011-11 , Vol. 38 , N. L22305 , P. 7 p.

Droits : 2011 by the American Geophysical Union
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00054/16557/14071.pdf
DOI:10.1029/2011GL049799
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00054/16557/

Éditeur(s) : Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh
Résumé : During the GWADASEIS cruise (Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, February-March 2009) a very high resolution (VHR) seismic-reflection survey was performed in order to constrain Late Quaternary to Present faulting. The profiles we obtained evidence frequent "ponding" of reworked sediments in the deepest areas, similar to the deposition of Mediterranean "homogenites". These bodies are acoustically transparent (few ms t.w.t. thick) and are often deposited on the hanging walls of dominantly normal faults, at the base of scarps. Their thickness appears sufficient to compensate (i.e. bury) co-seismic scarps between successive earthquakes, resulting in a flat and horizontal sea floor through time. In a selected area (offshore Montserrat and Nevis islands), piston coring (4 to 7m long) was dedicated to a sedimentological analysis of the most recent of these particular layers. It corresponds to non-stratified homogenous calcareous silty sand (reworked calcareous plankton and minor volcanoclastics). This layer can be up to 2 m thick, and overlies fine-grained hemipelagites. The upper centimeters of the latter represent the normal RedOx water/sediment interface. Pb-210 and Cs-137 activities lack in the massive sands, while a normal profile of unsupported Pb-210 decrease is observed in the hemipelagite below, together with a Cs-137 peak corresponding to the Atmospheric Nuclear Experiments (1962). The RedOx level was thus capped by a recent instantaneous major sedimentary event considered as post-1970 AD; candidate seismic events to explain this sedimentary deposits are either the 16 March 1985 earthquake or the 8 October 1974 one (M-w = 6.3 and M-w = 7.4, respectively). This leads to consider that the syntectonic sedimentation in this area is not continuous but results from accumulation of thick homogenites deposited after the earthquakes (as observed in the following weeks after Haiti January 2010 event, McHugh et al., 2011). The existence of such deposits suggests that, in the area of study, vertical throw likely results from cumulated effects of separated earthquakes rather than from aseismic creep. Examination of VHR profiles shows that all major co-seismic offsets are recorded in the fault growth sequence and that co-seismic offsets can be precisely estimated. By using a sedimentation rate deduced from Pb-210 decrease curve (0.5 mmyr(-1)) and taking into account minor reworking events detected in cores, we show that the Redonda system may have been responsible for five > M-6 events during the last 34 000 yr. The approach presented in this work differs from fault activity analyses using displaced sets of isochronous surfaces and postulating co-seismic offsets. Combining VHR seismic imagery and coring we can decipher co-seismic vs. slow continuous displacement, and thus actually estimate the amplitude and the time distribution of major co-seismic offsets.
Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences (1561-8633) (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh), 2012 , Vol. 12 , N. 5 , P. 1755-1767

Droits : Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20040/21990.pdf
DOI:10.5194/nhess-12-1755-2012
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20040/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La question de l’attractivité est souvent évoquée par plusieurs auteurs pour expliquer les mobilités étudiantes, qu’elles soient internationales ou régionales. L’attractivité du pays d’accueil ou des universités accueillantes font ainsi partie des logiques explicatives avancées. Ce papier part du contexte de crise universitaire et académique généré par le séisme de 2010 à Haïti pour réfléchir sur les fluctuations de la notion d’attractivité dans le cadre de mobilités étudiantes quasiment forcées et actées depuis des pays africains. Et ceci, en examinant des programmes de mobilité proposés par le Bénin et le Sénégal aux étudiants haïtiens au moment où la plupart des pays du Nord optaient davantage pour une délocalisation des étudiants haïtiens ou un maintien sur place. Notre propos relativise fortement le critère d’attractivité comme déterminant majeur des mobilités étudiantes en contexte de crise de l’institution universitaire.
The issue of attractiveness is often mentioned by several authors to explain international or regional student’s mobilities. The attractiveness of the host country, or host universities are part of the explanatory logic’s scheme. This paper mobilizes the context of academic crisis generated by the 2010’s earthquake in Haiti to examine the meanings of the concept of attractiveness in the almost forced student mobility and originated from African countries. And this, by examining institutional and political springs of mobility programs offered by Benin and Senegal to Haitian students while most northern countries opted to relocate Haitian students or maintain them on site. Our analysis highly relativizes attractiveness as major determinant of student mobility in the context of academic crisis generated by natural disaster.
Bénin
Haïti
Sénégal

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7578
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7578

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le violent séisme qui a secoué Haïti et sa capitale le 12 janvier 2010 dernier a laissé des séquelles au sein de la population haïtienne déjà fragilisée par la violence, la pauvreté et aussi par des catastrophes naturelles répétées (ouragans, inondations, érosion, etc.). Ce séisme, aussi prévisible qu’il soit, est une catastrophe naturelle et humanitaire sans précédent dont les principales causes sont l’absence de constructions et d’infrastructures solides, bâties selon les normes parasismiques, l’occupation anarchique de l’espace urbain par les populations et les nombreuses irrégularités incontestées observées dans le domaine de l’urbanisme. En outre, ce séisme s’est produit à un moment où l’on commençait à observer dans le pays un élan de stabilisation sur le plan politique, un mouvement de croissance économique ainsi qu’un début d’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations. La catastrophe est venue freiner cette dynamique socioéconomique tout en amplifiant les problèmes existants et en engendrant d’autres difficultés et d’autres défis. Cet article analyse, à travers des témoignages de première main et un état des lieux, les différents impacts de cette catastrophe sur la population locale ainsi que les interrogations et les incertitudes diverses de cette population concernant son avenir.
On January the twelfth 2010, Haiti and its capital have been devastated by a very strong earthquake that has provoked many aftereffects among the local population since that population had already been weakened before by street violence, poverty and by frequent natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods... That earthquake, even foreseeable, has given way to an important disaster whose causes are the absence of well built infrastructures and buildings, the anarchic use of urban spaces by the population, and multiple irregularities in town planning issues. Furthermore, that earthquake took place in a moment when that population was on its way of improvement politically, socially and economically. The disaster has stopped that dynamic, intensifying the existing problems and challenges, and creating new ones. This article analyze – through first hand testimonies, statements and observations – the impacts of such a disaster on the local population as well as diverse inquiries and doubts of that population on its future.
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4842
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4842

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Geosciences Union
Résumé : International audience
During the GWADASEIS cruise (Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, February-March 2009) a very high resolution (VHR) seismic-reflection survey was performed in order to constrain Late Quaternary to Present faulting. The profiles we obtained evidence frequent "ponding" of reworked sediments in the deepest areas, similar to the deposition of Mediterranean "homogenites". These bodies are acoustically transparent (few ms t.w.t. thick) and are often deposited on the hanging walls of dominantly normal faults, at the base of scarps. Their thickness appears sufficient to compensate (i.e. bury) co-seismic scarps between successive earthquakes, resulting in a flat and horizontal sea floor through time. In a selected area (offshore Montserrat and Nevis islands), piston coring (4 to 7 m long) was dedicated to a sedimentological analysis of the most recent of these particular layers. It corresponds to non-stratified homogenous calcareous silty sand (reworked calcareous plankton and minor volcanoclastics). This layer can be up to 2 m thick, and overlies finegrained hemipelagites. The upper centimeters of the latter represent the normal RedOx water/sediment interface. 210Pb and 137Cs activities lack in the massive sands, while a normal profile of unsupported 210Pb decrease is observed in the hemipelagite below, together with a 137Cs peak correspond- ing to the Atmospheric Nuclear Experiments (1962). The RedOx level was thus capped by a recent instantaneous major sedimentary event considered as post-1970 AD; candidate seismic events to explain this sedimentary deposits are either the 16 March 1985 earthquake or the 8 October 1974 one (Mw=6.3 and Mw=7.4, respectively). This leads to consider that the syntectonic sedimentation in this area is not continuous but results from accumulation of thick homogenites deposited after the earthquakes (as observed in the following weeks after Haiti January 2010 event, McHugh et al., 2011). The existence of such deposits suggests that, in the area of study, vertical throw likely results from cumulated effects of separated earthquakes rather than from aseismic creep. Examination of VHR profiles shows that all major co-seismic offsets are recorded in the fault growth sequence and that co-seismic offsets can be precisely estimated. By using a sedimentation rate deduced from 210Pb decrease curve (0.5 mm yr−1) and taking into account minor reworking events detected in cores, we show that the Redonda system may have been responsible for five >M6 events during the last 34 000 yr. The approach presented in this work differs from fault activity analyses using displaced sets of isochronous surfaces and postulating co-seismic offsets. Combining VHR seismic imagery and coring we can decipher co-seismic vs. slow continuous displacement, and thus actually estimate the amplitude and the time distribution of major co-seismic offsets.
ISSN: 1561-8633

insu-00844581
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844581
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844581/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844581/file/nhess-12-1755-2012.pdf
DOI : 10.5194/nhess-12-1755-2012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
After the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake, we deployed a mainly offshore temporary network of seismologic stations around the damaged area. The distribution of the recorded aftershocks, together with morphotectonic observations and mainshock analysis, allow us to constrain a complex fault pattern in the area. Almost all of the aftershocks have a N‐S compressive mechanism, and not the expected left‐lateral strike‐slip mechanism. A first‐order slip model of the mainshock shows a N264°E north‐dipping plane, with a major left‐lateral component and a strong reverse component. As the aftershock distribution is sub‐parallel and close to the Enriquillo fault, we assume that although the cause of the catastrophe was not a rupture along the Enriquillo fault, this fault had an important role as a mechanical boundary. The azimuth of the focal planes of the aftershocks are parallel to the north‐dipping faults of the Transhaitian Belt, which suggests a triggering of failure on these discontinuities. In the western part, the aftershock distribution reflects the triggering of slip on similar faults, and/or, alternatively, of the south‐dipping faults, such the Trois‐Baies submarine fault. These observations are in agreement with a model of an oblique collision of an indenter of the oceanic crust of the Southern Peninsula and the sedimentary wedge of the Transhaitian Belt: the rupture occurred on a wrench fault at the rheologic boundary on top of the under‐thrusting rigid oceanic block, whereas the aftershocks were the result of the relaxation on the hanging wall along pre‐existing discontinuities in the frontal part of the Transhaitian Belt.
ISSN: 0094-8276

insu-00643489
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00643489
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00643489/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00643489/file/GRL-haiti.2011.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL049799

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union
Résumé : International audience
During the GWADASEIS cruise (Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, February–March 2009) a very high resolution (VHR) seismic-reflection survey was performed in order to constrain Late Quaternary to Present faulting. The profiles we obtained evidence frequent " ponding " of reworked sediments in the deepest areas, similar to the deposition of Mediterranean " homogenites ". These bodies are acoustically transparent (few ms t.w.t. thick) and are often deposited on the hanging walls of dominantly normal faults, at the base of scarps. Their thickness appears sufficient to compensate (i.e. bury) co-seismic scarps between successive earthquakes, resulting in a flat and horizontal sea floor through time. In a selected area (offshore Montserrat and Nevis islands), piston coring (4 to 7 m long) was dedicated to a sedimento-logical analysis of the most recent of these particular layers. It corresponds to non-stratified homogenous calcareous silty sand (reworked calcareous plankton and minor volcanoclas-tics). This layer can be up to 2 m thick, and overlies fine-grained hemipelagites. The upper centimeters of the latter represent the normal RedOx water/sediment interface. 210 Pb and 137 Cs activities lack in the massive sands, while a normal profile of unsupported 210 Pb decrease is observed in the hemipelagite below, together with a 137 Cs peak corresponding to the Atmospheric Nuclear Experiments (1962). The RedOx level was thus capped by a recent instantaneous major sedimentary event considered as post-1970 AD; candidate seismic events to explain this sedimentary deposits are either the 16 March 1985 earthquake or the 8 October 1974 one (M w = 6.3 and M w = 7.4, respectively). This leads to consider that the syntectonic sedimentation in this area is not continuous but results from accumulation of thick homogen-ites deposited after the earthquakes (as observed in the following weeks after Haiti January 2010 event, McHugh et al., 2011). The existence of such deposits suggests that, in the area of study, vertical throw likely results from cu-mulated effects of separated earthquakes rather than from aseismic creep. Examination of VHR profiles shows that all major co-seismic offsets are recorded in the fault growth sequence and that co-seismic offsets can be precisely estimated. By using a sedimentation rate deduced from 210 Pb decrease curve (0.5 mm yr −1) and taking into account minor reworking events detected in cores, we show that the Redonda system may have been responsible for five > M 6 events during the last 34 000 yr. The approach presented in this work differs from fault activity analyses using displaced sets of isochronous surfaces and postulating co-seismic offsets. Combining VHR seismic imagery and coring we can decipher co-seismic vs. slow continuous displacement, and thus actually estimate the amplitude and the time distribution of major co-seismic offsets.
Natural Hazards and Earth System Science

insu-01585969
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01585969
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01585969/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01585969/file/nhess-12-1755-2012-beck.pdf
DOI : 10.5194/nhess-12-1755-2012

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les crises environnementales ont de profondes répercussions sur les économies et les sociétés insulaires, et ceci de manière exacerbée en Haïti, après le terrible tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010. Les petites îles de la Caraïbe et de l’Océan Indien sont confrontées à de nombreuses crises qui ont des origines locales, mais le plus souvent exogènes. Par delà le marasme mondial actuel, l’insularité et l’exiguïté sont autant de facteurs qui aggravent la crise économique et accroissent les tensions dans ces territoires. Dans les DROM (Département et Région d’Outre-mer), les mouvements sociaux ont été très importants.
Environmental crises have a profound impact on island economies and societies, and this so exacerbated in Haiti after the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010. Small islands in the Caribbean and in the Indian Ocean endured numerous crises sometimes of local origin but more often due to external factors. Beyond the current global downturn, insularity and small size are factors that aggravate the economic crisis and increasing tensions in these areas. In DROM (Department Region Overseas), social movements have been very important.
Caraïbes
Guadeloupe
Guyane française
Martinique
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5013
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5013

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Depuis le passage du cyclone Hugo en 1989, la Guadeloupe est plus ou moins préparée à affronter un nouvel évènement cyclonique (alerte météo, abris anti-cycloniques, etc.). En revanche, pour ce qui concerne les tsunamis, ce n’est que depuis quelques années (après le tsunami de 2004 dans l’océan indien, le séisme de Haïti de 2010 et le tsunami du Japon de 2011) qu’une prise de conscience du risque encouru dans la Caraïbe et plus particulièrement dans l’archipel guadeloupéen s’est faite. Des projets d’évaluation de ces risques ont alors vu le jour et c’est dans le cadre de l’un d’eux (projet INTERREG IV TSUNAHOULE) que l’étude de l’aléa submersion marine pour la réserve naturelle de Petite-Terre a été réalisée. Au travers de 3 scénarios extrêmes choisis en accord avec les connaissances météorologiques et géologiques de la région, les impacts modélisés d’un tsunami, d’une houle de nord longue période et d’un cyclone de catégorie 4-5 sont présentés et discutés distinctement après avoir dressé un bilan des différents enjeux de la réserve, ce qui mène à une réflexion sur la vulnérabilité des occupants de la réserve face à ces aléas naturels.
Since the tropical hurricane Hugo devastated Guadeloupe Archipelago in 1989, the island is more or less prepared to face another cyclonic event (alerts, shelters, etc.). On the other hand, tsunamis have only become a great concern in the Caribbean and more particularly in Guadeloupe for a couple of years (after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Japan tsunami). Thus research projects have been led to try to assess marine submersion hazards as the INTERREG IV TSUNAHOULE project in which this study of the natural sanctuary of Petite-Terre has been done. Through 3 extreme scenarios chosen in agreement with meteorological and geological knowledge in the region, the modeled impact of a tsunami, a long period north swell, and a 4-5 category hurricane are presented and discussed separately after having detailed the different stakes of the sanctuary, which leads to start on thought about the vulnerability of its inhabitants, temporary or not, in front of those natural hazards.
Guadeloupe
Petite-Terre

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6643
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6643