Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Charlotte Amalia (V.I.) -- Saint Thomas (V.I.) -- Bluebeard's Castle (Charlotte Amalia, V.I.)
Caribbean

Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Coral Bay (V.I.), Bordeaux Mountain (V.I.) -- Saint John (V.I.)
Caribbean

Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Caribbean

Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Charlotte Amalia (V.I.) -- Saint Thomas (V.I.) -- Fort Christian (Charlotte Amalie, V.I.)
Caribbean
Denmark

Résumé : From Left to Right: Dr. Viggo Christensen, Lawyer, J. P. Jorgensen, and Mr. James Roberts
(Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
(Bibliography) Photo likely taken in November 1916, and published in a book in 1918. The photo was likely taken of the three St. Thomas Colonial Council members immediately before they left for Copenhagen where they gave evidence to the Parliamentary Commission prior to the final decision to sell the Danish West Indies to the USA. The statements of these St. Thomas Colonial Council members are fully documented that they were in favor of the sale. (The contents of this note were submitted by a researcher.)
Charlotte Amalia (V.I.) -- Saint Thomas (V.I.)
Caribbean

Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Charlotte Amalia (V.I.) -- Saint Thomas (V.I.)
Caribbean

Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
Saint John (V.I.)
Caribbean

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490