Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Although ants may induce community-wide effects via changes in physical habitats in terrestrial environments, their influence on aquatic communities living in plant-held waters remains largely underexplored. The neotropical tank-bromeliad Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) occurs along forest edges in ant-gardens initiated by Camponotus femoratus or by Pachycondyla goeldii. Its leaves form wells that hold rainwater and provide suitable habitats for many aquatic organisms. We postulated that these ant-plant mutualisms indirectly affect the microbial community structure via changes in the environmental conditions experienced by the plants. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the protist communities from 63 tank-bromeliads associated with either C. femoratus or P. goeldii (hereafter Cf-Aechmea and Pg-Aechmea) along a forest edge in French Guiana. For each plant, a large number of environmental variables (including habitat structure, food resources, incident radiation and the presence of aquatic invertebrates) were quantified to determine their relative importance in driving any observed differences across ant-associated plants. Pg-Aechmea are located in sun-exposed areas and hold low volumes of water and low amounts of detritus, whereas Cf-Aechmea are located in partially shaded areas and accumulate higher amounts of water and detritus. Protists (i.e., protozoa and algae) inhabiting Cf-Aechmea exhibit greater richness and abundances than those in Pg-Aechmea. Variations in detritus content, number of leaves, incident radiation, and the epiphyte richness of the ant-garden were the main factors explaining the variation in protist richness. A shift in the functional group composition of protists between bromeliads tended by different ant species suggested that mutualistic ants indirectly mediate changes in the microbial food web.
Basic and Applied Ecology

hal-00913126
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913126
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913126/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2012.10.002
OATAO : 10190

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Inter Research
Résumé : International audience
The main objective of the VULSACO (VULnerability of SAndy COasts to climate change and anthropic pressure) project was to investigate present day and potential future vulnerability of sandy coasts at the 2030 horizon, i.e. on a time scale related to climate variability. The method, based on a multidisciplinary approach bringing together geologists, geographers, physicists, social psychologists, engineers and stakeholders, was structured around 4 axes: field data analysis; numerical modelling; analysis of governance and stakeholder perceptions; and development of vulnerability indexes. This approach was designed to investigate vulnerability at a local scale and was applied to 4 contrasting beaches located in France: Sète Lido (Mediterranean Sea), Truc Vert and La Tresson beaches (Atlantic Ocean), and Dewulf (English Channel). The results focus on decadal and multi-annual beach trends at the Truc Vert beach site. There is almost no trend in beach volume at Truc Vert beach, although there is a variation in this parameter on a cycle of 2 to 3 yr, with variations related to wave energy and probably to indexes of climate variability. Numerical modelling identified the sensitivity of beach responses to changes in wave height and direction, especially in terms of subtidal morphology and the potential development of shoreline instability. Together with the observed offshore wave angle at the Biscay Buoy, these model results suggest that a potential change in wave angle due to climate variability could significantly modify the bars' morphology. The combination of data analysis and numerical modelling contributed to the development of vulnerability indexes designed for sandy coasts, which take into account climate-dependant variables such as waves. This allowed the differentiation of the sites in terms of vulnerability to erosion: Sète Lido and Truc Vert beach were the most and least vulnerable sites, respectively. These indexes help in identifying the dominant components of beach vulnerability, and provide potential for the study of how anthropogenic factors affect vulnerability. The study of stakeholder perceptions and decision-making with regard to climate-related risk also highlighted potential anthropogenic effects on beach vulnerability, and identified possible site-specific outcomes.
ISSN: 0936-577X

hal-00843946
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00843946
DOI : 10.3354/cr01153

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article analyse les déterminants de la disposition des managers à formaliser les PME informelles en Côte d’Ivoire. Les données utilisées portent sur 400 entreprises du secteur informel enquêtées dans le cadre du projet CAPEC/CRDI. À partir des statistiques descriptives et de l’estimation d’un modèle Probit, l’étude met en évidence d’une part les variables qui influencent négativement et d’autre part celles qui influencent positivement la disposition à formaliser les PME. Il ressort de ces enquêtes que les taxes, le fait que l’entreprise soit dirigée par une femme, les coûts d’enregistrement, l’affiliation à une organisation politique et l’ignorance des procédures ont un effet négatif sur la disposition des managers à formaliser leurs entreprises. Les résultats montrent que la possession d’un plan d’affaires à la création, l’expérience du manager, la localisation, le niveau d’instruction supérieur, la simplification des procédures d’enregistrement affectent positivement la propension à formaliser les PME informelles. De même, les problèmes d’accès au financement et aux marchés publics conduisent les managers à la formalisation de leurs entreprises. Au regard de ces déterminants, la réduction des coûts de la formalisation, un meilleur accès des PME qui se formalisent au financement et aux marchés publics, le renforcement des capacités des opérateurs de l’informel, l’instauration d’une fiscalité incitative et la vulgarisation des procédures de déclaration s’avèrent des leviers importants de la formalisation.
This paper analyzes the determinants of the willingness of managers to formalize informal SMEs in Côte d'Ivoire. The data used relate to 400 informal sector enterprises surveyed under the CAPEC / IDRC project. On the basis of descriptive statistics and the estimation of a Probit model, the study highlights both variables that negatively influence and those that positively influence the willingness to formalize SMEs. These surveys show that taxes, the fact that the company is headed by a woman, registration costs, affiliation to a political organization and ignorance of procedures have a negative effect on the formalization of businesses.Moreover, the results show that ownership of a business plan at creation, managerial experience, location, higher education, simplification of registration procedures positively affect the propensity to formalize informal SMEs. Similarly, the problems of access to finance and public procurement lead to more formalization. In view of these determinants, the reduction in the costs of formalization, better access by SMEs to financing and public procurement, capacity building for informal operators, the introduction of tax incentives and the Dissemination procedures are important levers of formalization.
Côte d’Ivoire

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10358
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10358

Résumé : Les termites ont un rôle clé dans le fonctionnement de l’écosystème forêt en particulier celui du recyclage de la litière en matière organique. Cependant, quelques espèces de termites sont des xylophages spécialisés dans la dégradation du bois des forêts, mais sont considérés comme des nuisibles dans les zones anthropisées.En France, le problème « termites » lié aux constructions n’a été traité que dans les années 90. La loi n°99-471, votée le 8 juin 1999 définit les modalités de mise en oeuvre d´une politique de lutte dans laquelle sont engagés tous les acteurs: l´Etat, les collectivités locales, les professionnels ainsi que les propriétaires d´immeubles. La Guyane-française est située dans la carte établie par le FCBA des départements de France où l’arrêté est effectif. Toutefois, ce département d’outre-mer reste aujourd’hui avec beaucoup de lacunes en termes de connaissances sur ses termites.On connaît de façon exhaustive le nombre et les différentes espèces de termites xylophages et on sait également quelles sont les principales familles qui sont présentes dans les bâtiments. Mais on ne sait pas dire quelles sont les espèces de termites qui s’intéressent à nos bois d’œuvres.L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les genres et espèces de termites qui s’attaquent à trois essences de bois de durabilité faible ou moyenne (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) et de comprendre comment ces attaques se produisent, en contexte forestier, en lien avec des variables du milieu, et l’effet de la saison de mise en contact.Le Yayamadou est une espèce très appétante pour les termites de Guyane, à condition de disposer de tas de bois d’un volume suffisant (> 500cm3), c’est l’espèce qui présente la plus grande diversité de termites actifs. 18 espèces de termites ont été trouvées sur les tas de bois, mais 10 seulement avec une fréquence dépassant le %. Une description détaillée et une clé d’identification sont proposées pour ces espèces.La diversité des termites est plus importante dans les milieux forestiers naturels. Les résultats montrent, qu’Heterotermes tenuis est l’espèce la plus fréquente quel que soit le milieu. Il y a une spécificité attractive de certaines espèces de termites pour telle essence plutôt que telle autre.Enfin, la saisonnalité, correspondant au moment où l’on installe les échantillons de bois en forêt, joue un rôle dans l’apparition de termites sur telle ou telle essence de bois. Il existe dans chaque milieu des espèces qui peuvent potentiellement s’attaquer au bois des habitations
The termites have a role key in the functioning of the ecosystem forest in particular the one of the recycling of the litter in organic matter. Nevertheless, some termites species are specialized in the degradation of the wood of the forests, but are considered plagues in humans place.In France, the problem « termites » linked by the buildings was treated only in the 90’s. The law n°99-471, voted by the 8 June 1999 defines the methods of implement of politics to fights in which are engaged all the actors: the government, the local groups, the professionals as well as the owners of buildings. The French Guiana-is in the map established by the FCBA that departments of France where the law is effective. Nevertheless, this “outre-mer” department remains today with a lot of gaps in terms of knowledge on its termites. We know in a manner exhaustive the number and the different types of xylophagous termites and we know too which are the principal families that are present in the buildings. But we don’t know to say which are the types of termites that are very interested in our lumber.The objective of this study is to identify the genera and termites species that attack themselves to three sorts of wood of weak or average durability (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) and to understand how these attacks produce themselves, in forest context, in link with variables of the environment, and the effect of the season of placement in contact.The Yayamadou is a Wood specie that atracts a lot of termites in French Guiana, to condition to have access to pile of wood of a sufficient volume (> 500cm3), it is the type that presents the biggest diversity of active termites. 18 species of termites were found on the wood piles, but 10 only with a frequency surpassing the 80%. A detailed description and an identification key are proposed for these species. The diversity of the termites is more important in the natural forest environments. The results show, that Heterotermes tenure is the type the does more frequent whatever the environment. There is an attractive specificity of some types of termites for such wood species rather than such other.Finally, the seasonality, corresponding the moment when we installs the wood samples in forest, plays a role in the appearance of termites on such or such wood species. There are in every environment of the types that potentially can attack the wood of the buildings.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0571/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Both flow field heterogeneity and mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains have been studied separately for explaining observed anomalous transport. Here we investigate non-Fickian transport using high-resolution 3-D X-ray microtomographic images of Berea sandstone containing microporous cement with pore size below the setup resolution. Transport is computed for a set of representative elementary volumes and results from advection and diffusion in the resolved macroporosity (mobile domain) and diffusion in the microporous phase (immobile domain) where the effective diffusion coefficient is calculated from the measured local porosity using a phenomenological model that includes a porosity threshold ( inline image) below which diffusion is null and the exponent n that characterizes tortuosity-porosity power-law relationship. We show that both flow field heterogeneity and microporosity trigger anomalous transport. Breakthrough curve (BTC) tailing is positively correlated to microporosity volume and mobile-immobile interface area. The sensitivity analysis showed that the BTC tailing increases with the value of inline image, due to the increase of the diffusion path tortuosity until the volume of the microporosity becomes negligible. Furthermore, increasing the value of n leads to an increase in the standard deviation of the distribution of effective diffusion coefficients, which in turn results in an increase of the BTC tailing. Finally, we propose a continuous time random walk upscaled model where the transition time is the sum of independently distributed random variables characterized by specific distributions. It allows modeling a 1-D equivalent macroscopic transport honoring both the control of the flow field heterogeneity and the multirate mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains.
ISSN: 0043-1397

hal-01278285
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01278285
DOI : 10.1002/2015WR017645

Résumé : Ce travail est l'expression d'une volonté de chercheurs, de la Carabe d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques méso- et micro-météorologiques appliquées aux milieux insulaires sous influence des alizés et de développer la recherche dans ces domaines.On sait que le phénomène météorologique le plus remarquable impactant les îles de la Caraïbe reste le cyclone tropical. Mais d'autres phénomènes, a des échelles inferieures, telles que les pluies intenses, les houles, la dégradation de la qualité de l'air ont une importance aigüe en termes de risques naturels ou de risques sur la sante. Ces exemples attestent la nécessité d'utiliser des méthodes de descente d'échelle pour exploiter l'information météorologique et/ou climatique de grande échelle et dériver des scenarios locaux et régionaux appliques aux territoires insulaires. Ce défi est important car l'attente d'analyses scientifiques pertinentes dans ces domaines est grande.Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour principaux objectifs la simulation numérique puis l'analyse des mécanismes méso- et micro-échelles qui induisent des circulations locales diurnes et nocturnes sur l'archipel de la Guadeloupe à l'aide de codes numériques météorologiques éprouves car largement utilises en recherche et en prévision opérationnelle.Ils constituent donc la première étude de modélisation numérique à haute résolution en basse atmosphère, par descente d'échelle dynamique, pour des intervalles d'espace compris entre 1 km et 111 m sur cet archipel.Le modelé atmosphérique Weather Research and Forecasting ARW V3.4 (WRF ARW), non-hydrostatique, a été utilise pour l'ensemble des simulations pour modéliser la troposphère depuis l'échelle globale à l'échelle de la turbulence.Trois situations météorologiques classiques réelles d'une durée de 48 heures, correspondant à 80 % des situations météorologiques observées dans la zone, alizes soutenus (AS), alizes moyens (AM), alizes faibles (AF) ont été examinées. Ces situations sont caractérisées par les valeurs du nombre de Froude local suivantes : 0,82 (AS), 0,41 (AM) et 0,21 (AF). Six domaines de modélisation ont été sélectionnés pour effectuer les descentes d'échelle dynamiques : D01 (maille de 27 km), D02 (maille de 9 km), D03 (maille de 3 km), D04 (maille de 1 km), D05 (maille de 333 m) et D06 (maille de 111 m) avec soixante-dix niveaux verticaux. Les quatre premiers domaines (D01 à D04) couvrent l'archipel de la Guadeloupe et sont utilisés en mode méso-échelle à l'aide d'un schéma d'ensemble de couche limite planétaire YSU. Les domaines D05 (couvrant l'île de la Basse-Terre et le centre de l'archipel) et D06 (couvrant la zone littorale et rurale du Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin et la zone urbaine de l'agglomération pointoise) sont utilisés en mode Large Eddy Simulation avec une fermeture de la turbulence 1,5 TKE 3D. Le modèle WRF a été forcé toutes les six heures par l'assimilation des champs d'analyses globales du modèle NCEP FNL (1° de résolution). Les simulations effectuées ont permis d'obtenir des champs de variables météorologiques 10-minutes à très hautes résolutions spatiales.Les résultats des simulations méso- et micro-échelles ont été confrontés aux valeurs expérimentales obtenues à l'aide de capteurs places sur des mâts météorologiques (campagne Atmo-Mangrov et réseau de mesure Météo-France). Il s'agissait d'optimiser l'utilisation des couplages de codes numériques tout en conservant la possibilité de les confronter aux observations expérimentales.Les résultats des simulations numériques micro-échelles, des différents cas (AS, AM, AF) sont utilisées pour forcer (c'est-à-dire définir les conditions limites) un modèle lagrangien de dispersion de particules : FLEXPART. Le système couple FLEXPART-WRF a été employé dans le domaine D06 pour étudier la dispersion du panache d'oxydes d'azote émis par la principale usine de production d'électricité de l'île.
The present work expresses the will of Caribbean researchers to improve the meso- and micro-meteorological scientific knowledge of the trade winds influenced island areas, and to develop research in these domains.It is well known that tropical hurricanes remain the most remarkable meteorological phenomena that affect the Caribbean islands. But some other phenomena, of smaller scale, such as intense rainfall events, swells, or air quality degradation, are of extreme importance for natural or health hazards. These examples show the need to use downscaling methods to exploit large scale meteorological or climatic information, and to obtain local and regional scenarios for the island areas. This is an important challenge, as sound scientific studies in these matters are eagerly expected. The aim of the research works exposed in the present dissertation is numerical simulation and analysis of the meso- and microscale mechanisms that induce diurnal and nocturnal local circulations in the Guadeloupe archipelago, using numerical meteorological models that are widely used in research and in operational forecasting.These works represent the first high-resolution (1 km to 111 m) numerical study of the lower atmosphere over the Guadeloupe archipelago. The Weather Research and Forecasting ARW 3.4 (WRF-ARW) model is used to simulate the troposphere from global scale to turbulence scale. Real cases of three typical weather types (80% of cases during a year) are examined during 48 hours : strong trade winds (STW), medium trade winds (MTW) and weak trade winds (WTW). These weather types are characterized by values of the local Froude number : 0.82 (STW), 0.41 (MTW) and 0.21 (WTW). Six domains have been selected for the dynamical downscaling : D01 (grid spacing of 27 km), D02 (grid spacing of 9 km), D03 (grid spacing of 3 km), D04 (grid spacing of 1 km), D05 (grid spacing of 333 m) and D06 (grid spacing of 111 m), including 70 vertical levels. The first four domains (D01 to D04) cover the Guadeloupe archipelago and are used in the meso-scale simulations with the planetary boundary layer scheme YSU (ensemble mean). Domain D05 (covering the Basse-Terre island and the middle of the archipelago) and domain D06 (covering the coastal and rural area of Le Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin and the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre), are employed in the micro-scale simulation (LES) with the 3D TKE 1.5 order closure scheme. WRF has been 6 hourly reinitialized with the NCEP FNL global analyses (resolution of 1°). These simulations permitted to obtain 10-minutes meteorological variable fields with a very high resolution (111 m).Meso-scale and micro-scale model results have been evaluated with observational data from meteorological stations (field campaign Atmo-Mangrov, French Met Office).Once validated, the micro-scale model outputs have been used for the assimilation of the lagrangian particle dispersion model : FLEXPART. The coupling FLEXPART-WRF has been employed in domain D06, in order to analyze the dispersion of the nitrogen oxide plume emitted by the main power plant of the archipelago.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0735/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BMJ Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE:To identify local meteorological drivers of dengue fever in French Guiana, we applied an original data mining method to the available epidemiological and climatic data. Through this work, we also assessed the contribution of the data mining method to the understanding of factors associated with the dissemination of infectious diseases and their spatiotemporal spread.METHODS:We applied contextual sequential pattern extraction techniques to epidemiological and meteorological data to identify the most significant climatic factors for dengue fever, and we investigated the relevance of the extracted patterns for the early warning of dengue outbreaks in French Guiana.RESULTS:The maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, global brilliance, and cumulative rainfall were identified as determinants of dengue outbreaks, and the precise intervals of their values and variations were quantified according to the epidemiologic context. The strongest significant correlations were observed between dengue incidence and meteorological drivers after a 4-6-week lag.DISCUSSION:We demonstrated the use of contextual sequential patterns to better understand the determinants of the spatiotemporal spread of dengue fever in French Guiana. Future work should integrate additional variables and explore the notion of neighborhood for extracting sequential patterns.CONCLUSIONS:Dengue fever remains a major public health issue in French Guiana. The development of new methods to identify such specific characteristics becomes crucial in order to better understand and control spatiotemporal transmission.Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
ISSN: 1067-5027

lirmm-01379072
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-01379072
DOI : 10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002348
PUBMED : 24549761

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : Precise mapping of above-ground biomass (AGB) is a major challenge for the success of REDD+ processes in tropical rainforest. The usual mapping methods are based on two hypotheses: a large and long-ranged spatial autocorrelation and a strong environment influence at the regional scale. However, there are no studies of the spatial structure of AGB at the landscapes scale to support these assumptions. We studied spatial variation in AGB at various scales using two large forest inventories conducted in French Guiana. The dataset comprised 2507 plots (0.4 to 0.5 ha) of undisturbed rainforest distributed over the whole region. After checking the uncertainties of estimates obtained from these data, we used half of the dataset to develop explicit predictive models including spatial and environmental effects and tested the accuracy of the resulting maps according to their resolution using the rest of the data. Forest inventories provided accurate AGB estimates at the plot scale, for a mean of 325 Mg.ha^-1. They revealed high local variability combined with a weak autocorrelation up to distances of no more than10 km. Environmental variables accounted for a minor part of spatial variation. Accuracy of the best model including spatial effects was 90 Mg.ha^-1 at plot scale but coarse graining up to 2-km resolution allowed mapping AGB with accuracy lower than 50 Mg.ha^-1. Whatever the resolution, no agreement was found with available pan-tropical reference maps at all resolutions. We concluded that the combined weak autocorrelation and weak environmental effect limit AGB maps accuracy in rainforest, and that a trade-off has to be found between spatial resolution and effective accuracy until adequate “wall-to-wall” remote sensing signals provide reliable AGB predictions. Waiting for this, using large forest inventories with low sampling rate (<0.5%) may be an efficient way to increase the global coverage of AGB maps with acceptable accuracy at kilometric resolution
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01269305
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269305
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0138456
PRODINRA : 326359

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work aims at studying the sedimentary record of the Gulf of Lion margin during the post-rift evolution. Methodology is based on the exploitation of a disparate database (the BRGM Banque du Sous-Sol, industrial seismic reflection, exploration boreholes, onshore outcrops), which -through high-resolution onshore-ofshore correlations- leads to interpretations of the post-rift evolution of distinct segments of the margin. The part played by the Messinian salinity crisis in the margin evolution is underlined. The processes of the subsequent restoration of the margin during the Plio-Quaternary are analysed. The distinct evolutions observed on different segments o the margin are related to local forçings (structural heritage and /or variable sediment flux). The results are used to improve the knowledge of littoral aquifers reservoirs.
L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude de l'enregistrement sédimentaire de la marge du Golfe du Lion pendant son évolution post-rift. On met au point une méthodologie basée sur l'exploitation et de données disparates (Banque du Sous-Sol du BRGM, sismique réflexion industrielle, forages pétroliers profonds, affleurements de terrain), conduisant à des corrélations terre-mer haute-résolution et aboutissant à des interprétations de l'évolution post-rift de plusieurs segments de la marge. On met en évidence le rôle de la crise de salinité messinienne dans l'évolution de la marge et les modalités de la reconstruction de celle-ci, pendant le Plio-Quaternaire. Les évolutions variables selon les segments sont analysées, et mises en relation avec les contrôles locaux (héritages et /ou flux sédimentaires différents). Ces résultats sont appliqués à des problématiques de réservoirs aquifères littoraux.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146

tel-00438146
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438146/file/theseduvail.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Although ants may induce community-wide effects via changes in physical habitats in terrestrial environments, their influence on aquatic communities living in plant-held waters remains largely underexplored. The neotropical tank-bromeliad Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) occurs along forest edges in ant-gardens initiated by Camponotus femoratus or by Pachycondyla goeldii. Its leaves form wells that hold rainwater and provide suitable habitats for many aquatic organisms. We postulated that these ant-plant mutualisms indirectly affect the microbial community structure via changes in the environmental conditions experienced by the plants. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the protist communities from 63 tank-bromeliads associated with either C. femoratus or P. goeldii (hereafter Cf-Aechmea and Pg-Aechmea) along a forest edge in French Guiana. For each plant, a large number of environmental variables (including habitat structure, food resources, incident radiation and the presence of aquatic invertebrates) were quantified to determine their relative importance in driving any observed differences across ant-associated plants. Pg-Aechmea are located in sun-exposed areas and hold low volumes of water and low amounts of detritus, whereas Cf-Aechmea are located in partially shaded areas and accumulate higher amounts of water and detritus. Protists (i.e., protozoa and algae) inhabiting Cf-Aechmea exhibit greater richness and abundances than those in Pg-Aechmea. Variations in detritus content, number of leaves, incident radiation, and the epiphyte richness of the ant-garden were the main factors explaining the variation in protist richness. A shift in the functional group composition of protists between bromeliads tended by different ant species suggested that mutualistic ants indirectly mediate changes in the microbial food web.
ISSN: 1439-1791

hal-00817519
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817519

Résumé : Notre étude s’est proposée d’analyser l’incidence du paludisme et son évolution dans le temps et dans l’espace, ainsi que de rechercher les facteurs de risque d’accès palustres chez les enfants d’un village du Moyen-Oyapock (Camopi), peuplé d’Amérindiens wayampi et émerillon, d’une part, et d’un village du Haut-Maroni (Antecume Pata), peuplé d’Amérindiens wayana, d’autre part. L’approche a été multiple avec, pour chacun des deux sites d’étude :- Une analyse de survie (modèle de Cox) à partir des accès palustres confirmés biologiquement dans une cohorte d’enfants de moins de sept ans régulièrement suivis, ainsi qu’un questionnaire de type Connaissances, Attitudes et Pratiques (CAP), puis les caractéristiques des habitats et la description de leur environnement immédiat.- Une analyse spatiale avec une classification de l’occupation du sol à partir d’images satellites SPOT 5, l’extraction de variables environnementales d’intérêt, l’étude de leur effet sur la transmission du paludisme et la mise au point d’une méthode objective de sélection d’un rayon d’observation autour des habitations pour la caractérisation de l’environnement.- Une étude de séries temporelles (ARIMA) afin de déterminer l’effet des évènements climatiques et hydrologiques sur le paludisme, aux niveaux local et plus global (El Niño).Les taux d’incidence d’accès palustres sur la période 2001-2009 se sont révélés particulièrement élevés chez les jeunes enfants, notamment à Camopi avec une moyenne de 773‰ par année. Une diminution brutale de l’incidence a eue lieu en 2007 sur le Haut-Maroni et ce phénomène est observé à Camopi depuis 2010. Une prémunition se développe assez rapidement au cours de la vie (2-3 ans), surtout contre les reviviscences à Plasmodium vivax. Les facteurs environnementaux se sont avérés être les plus nombreux et les plus fortement liés à l’incidence palustre. En effet, le dégagement des alentours du carbet de toute végétation et une certaine distance de celui-ci à la forêt sont des facteurs protecteurs. La composante géographique est également apparue essentielle à Camopi avec une incidence qui variait selon le fleuve d’habitation et en fonction de la distance au hameau principal. Les facteurs météorologiques locaux (température et niveau du fleuve) se sont également révélés être liés à l’incidence du paludisme à court terme (0-3 mois). Par ailleurs, nos résultats ont permis d’émettre un certain nombre d’hypothèses quant à la transmission et au(x) vecteur(s) local(ux), et notamment de suggérer la participation d’un vecteur autre qu’An. darlingi dans la transmission du paludisme à Camopi. Nous avons également prouvé par ce travail que la télédétection et les systèmes d’information géographique sont très prometteurs pour la prise en compte de la dimension spatiale et environnementale dans l’étude des maladies transmissibles, notamment dans les zones d’accès difficile de Guyane.
The aim of our study was to analyze the incidence of malaria in children and its evolution through time and space, as well as to search for risk factors in a village in Mid-Oyapock (Camopi), populated by Amerindians Wayampi and Emerillon, on the one hand, and a village in Upper-Maroni (Antecume Pata), populated by Amerindians Wayana, on the other hand. The approach was multiple with, for both study sites:- A survival analysis (Cox modelling) completed out of biologically confirmed malaria attacks in a cohort of children under seven, as well as a Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Behavior (KAPB) questionnaire, and also the characteristics of the houses and the description of their immediate environment.- A spatial analysis with a land cover classification from SPOT 5 satellite images, the extraction of environmental variables, the study of their effect on malaria transmission and the development of an objective method for picking the proper observation horizon around houses in order to characterize the environment.- A time series study (ARIMA) to determine the effect of climatic and hydrological events on malaria at local and global (El Niño) scales.The incidence rates of malaria attacks during the period 2001-2009 were particularly high among young children, especially in Camopi with an average of 773‰ by year. A sharp decline in incidence occurred in 2007 on the Upper Maroni and this phenomenon has been observed in Camopi since 2010. An acquired immunity develops quite rapidly during the life (2-3 years old), especially against P. vivax relapses. Environmental factors were found to be the most strongly associated with malaria incidence. Indeed, living in a hut cleared from the surrounding vegetation and at a larger distance from the forest are protective factors. The geographic component also appeared essential in Camopi with an incidence which varied with the river of living and with the distance from the main hamlet. The local meteorological factors (temperature and river level) also proved to be linked to malaria incidence in the short term (0-3 months). Moreover, our results have allowed issuing a number of assumptions about the transmission and the local vector(s), in particular to suggest the involvement of another vector than An. darlingi in the malaria transmission in Camopi. We also proved by this work that remote sensing and geographic information systems hold great promise for the inclusion of the spatial and environmental dimensions in the study of transmitted diseases, especially in areas of difficult access in French Guiana.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0448/document

Éditeur(s) : John Libbey Eurotext ltd
Résumé : The new sustainable development data repository requires new analysis grids, in particular for factors accounted for in productive system typologies. This paper, based on the aquaculture example, analyses the diversity in aquaculture systems with respect to sustainable development. Various typologies are obtained by evaluating structural and functional approaches integrating variables related to production and regulation systems and to the territorial insertion of fish farms. Categories have been defined on a scale based on a set of five sites, which are representative of a wider range of aquaculture systems. Use of these categories goes beyond the local typologies and prepares a generic meta-typology classification for the systems. This generic classification is then compared to the views of sustainable development held by the fish farmers working on the various types of farms.
Cahiers Agricultures (1166-7699) (John Libbey Eurotext ltd), 2009-04 , Vol. 18 , N. 2 , P. 199-210

Droits : 2009 John Libbey Eurotext ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6560.pdf
DOI:10.1684/agr.2009.0297
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6560/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Energy is a critical enabler. In tropical countries, access to modern electricity is vital to reducing poverty and improving health, increasing productivity and promoting economic growth. However, the International Energy Agency reported in 2015 more than 1.2 billion people still did not have access to electricity in 2013, around 80% of them live in developing and tropical countries. Then, the same agency report also in 2016 around 6.5 million premature deaths each year can be attributed to air pollution. Therefore, it is time to support appropriate renewable energy developments, particularly the river hydrokinetic developments seems to be a better solution in tropics because of large and powerful rivers in these areas.In French Guiana, 35% of the inland populations are still not connected to the electrical grid (Région Guyane, 2012). This could be ascribed to the fact that extending grid wires hundreds of kilometers through difficult terrain and thick jungles just to serve a small remote village is economically unviable initiative (Ajan et al., 2003; Anyi et al., 2010). As an alternative, French Guiana and most of the tropical countries resort to diesel-powered generators which requires significant imports of expensive fuel, difficult to bring into remote areas (Région Guyane, 2012).This works proposes guidelines to estimate river hydrokinetic fluxes in the vicinity of remote communities in tropics. The method is applied to identify and characterise potential sites along an important reach of the Maroni river in French Guiana. First, a novel method to carry out river terrain elevation model is presented and some results about the Maroni river are reported. It begins from how to conduct ADCP survey, which corrections on them should be made and ends up by interpolating bathymetry over curvilinear profiles which handle the flow lines. That approach involves how mutli-source data (sparse ADCP-cross profiles, incomplete LiDAR tiles and hydroligic data) are merged and combined to estimate local cross section shape, maximum water depth and carry out cross profile in ungauged sites.This is followed by a deep characterisation about time-evolution of hydrokinetic fluxes field in the areas of interest by implementation of a full 2D hydrodynamic model (TELEMAC2D) over an important reach of the Maroni river. To optimise computational cost, river sections outside the areas of interest are modelled as a porous media where only the flows variables up and down stream must fulfil the field data.
CAS
Deshaies, Guadeloupe

hal-01514240
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514240

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ecological signs of Earth's biosphere forewarn an alarming trajectory towards a global mass-extinction. Assessing species performance and susceptibilities to decline is essential to comprehend and reverse this trend. Yet it is challenging, given difficulties associated with quantifying individual and population processes that are variable across time, space, and life-stages. We describe a new approach to estimating and comparing species performances that combines empirical data, a novel theoretical consideration of population dynamics, and modern statistics. Our approach allows for a more realistic continuous representation of individual performances along development stages while taking into account non-linearity, and natural variability as captured by spatio-temporally replicated observations. We illustrate its application in a coral meta-assemblage composed of populations of the three major reef-building taxa Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites. Using a unique set of highly replicated observations of individual coral dynamics under various environmental conditions, we show how taxa differ in their investment in recruitment and size-specific aptitude for growth and survival, notably through different use of clonal shrinkage, fragmentation, fission, and fusion processes. Our results reveal contrasting life-history trade-offs among taxa which, along with differing patterns of density-dependent recruitment, modulate species responses to decline. These differences in coral life history traits reflect opposing life-strategies, imply regulation at differing life-stages, and explain divergence in species trajectories. Our findings indicate a high potential for resilience in Pocillopora and Porites populations, thanks respectively to a sustained recruitment that promotes demographic elasticity through replacement of individuals, and a steady resistance to mortality which confers persistence through lingering of individuals. Resilience in Acropora appears more arbitrary, given high susceptibility to perturbations and dependency of recruitment on presence of established local populations. We identify management actions that can complement Acropora's life history and benefit recovery of its populations following mortality events. Our regression-modelling approach to quantifying and comparing species performances in different population processes is applicable to all taxa, as illustrated even those with complex clonal life histories, and can be implemented at wide spatio-temporal and taxonomic coverage. It can promote more accurate representation of species dynamics in both descriptive and predictive modelling approaches. The semi-parametric contrast curve method we develop facilitates comparing response variables along continuous explicative metrics while accounting for multiple sources of complexity in empirical data. It should widely benefit investigations in ecology and quantitative science.
ISSN: 1476-945X

hal-01212337
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212337
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.07.003

Résumé : Le maintien de ressources génétiques suffisamment larges est nécessaire pour assurer la viabilité et le potentiel évolutif des populations naturelles. Cette thèse a le principal objectif de caractériser la diversité et la variabilité génétique chez le genre Virola (Myristicaceae) pour décrire les processus évolutifs qui en sont à l'origine. Premièrement,une étude de la régénération d'un échantillonnage exhaustif de V. michelii a été menée dans une parcelle du dispositif expérimental de Paracou ayant subi une exploitation forestière de faible intensité et comparée à une parcelle témoin. La diversité génétique mesurée à partir de marqueurs AFLP (Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism, N=229) en zones perturbées s'est révélée être plis grande qu'en zone non-perturbées. Puis, l'adaptation locale a été étudiée à travers ces mêmes individus et certains loci (AFLP) montrent une sélection divergente pour des environnements contrastés, indiquant un signe d'adaptation. Enfin, l'étude des niveaux de divergence génétique chez trois espèces de Virola du bouclier guyanais (V. michelii, V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent que deux d'entre elles (V. surinamensis et V. kwatae) montrent de fortes similarités génétiques malgré leur distribution sur des environnements contrastés. des Flux de gènes intersécifiques ont été mis en évidence chez ces deux espèces-soeurs et l'hypothèse d'une spéciation écologique est avancée. Ce travail a permis d'aborder différents processus évolutifs à l'origine de la diversité génétique actuelle chez ces espèces forestières tropicales et peut fournir une contribution pour appréhender le devenir des populations.
Genetic diversity is an essential component of biodiversity. The maintenance of sufficient genetic resources is needed to ensure the adaptive potential and the viability of natural populations. In the current context of global changes, the study of adaptation in living organisms is a key task, particularly for tropical forest trees that are dominant components (in terms of biomass and as ecological drivers) of some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize genetic diversity and genetic variability to understand the evolutionary processes that act on them. This ecological-genetic study was carried out at the interspecific and intraspecific level in the Virola genus.If overall high levels of genetic diversity are a guarantee of prosperity for the future of the species, it seems essential to perform studies on the impact of environmental disturbance on genetic diversity. In the first section, the genetic consequences of regeneration dynamics were studied in an exhaustive sample of V. michelii in a low-intensity logging plot and in a control plot at the Paracou experimental site. A greater genetic diversity, measured from AFLP markers (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, N = 229), was found in perturbed areas. Because studying genetic diversity within species may be useful for understanding species adaptation to environmental changes, in the second section. I studied local adaptation in a population of V. michelii on the Paracou experimental site. A genome scan approach with AFLPs (N = 229) was conducted on 77 adult individuals and 401 juveniles to identify genetic differences between populations associated to contrasting conditions for an array of environmental variables. Some loci (N = 2) were found to be subject to divergent selection, indicating adaptation to contrasting habitats.In the third section, the study of levels of genetic divergence in three Virola species of the Guiana Shield (V. michelii, V. surinamensis and V. kwatae) was investigated for nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. V. surinamensis and V. kwatae showed strong genetic similarities despite their contrasting habitats preferences. Coalescent analyses have revealed, on one hand, a recent divergence between these two species suggesting an ecological speciation, and one the other hand that interspecific gene flow occurs between these sister-species.This work focuses on understanding evolutionary processes shaping genetic diversity and provides a useful contribution for biodiversity conservation programs.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0480/document

Résumé : L'objectif du registre des cancers de Guyane est de collecter l ensemble des tumeurs invasives et/ou in situ survenues depuis le 1er janvier 2003 chez des patients vivant en Guyane, quels que soient la localisation de la tumeur, le lieu de diagnostic et de traitement. Cette thèse a pour but de décrire la population atteinte d un cancer afin d améliorer les connaissances sur cette maladie et ainsi de permettre aux actions de santé publique d être plus efficaces.De 2003 à 2009, le taux d incidence des cancers standardisé sur l âge était, dans les deux sexes, 30% inférieur en Guyane par rapport à la France métropolitaine et n était pas différent de celui d Amérique du Sud.Nous avons comparé l incidence, la mortalité et la survie relative des patientes atteintes d un cancer invasif du sein (CIS) et des patientes atteintes d un cancer invasif du col de l utérus (CIC) entre la Guyane et la métropole.Le ratio incidence/mortalité indiquait que les cancers du sein étaient de plus mauvais pronostic en Guyane par rapport à la métropole.La survie relative des femmes atteintes d un CIS était inférieure en Guyane par rapport à la France métropolitaine.En Guyane, le taux standardisé d incidence du cancer du col de l utérus était 4 fois plus élevé qu en métropole. Les femmes vivant dans l intérieur de la Guyane semblaient être diagnostiquées à un stade plus tardif et plus souvent sur symptômes que les femmes du littoral. L accès aux soins des migrants est un challenge et une source d inégalité de santé. La détection précoce des cancers à travers des programmes de prévention est cruciale pour améliorer la survie par cancer et notamment chez les patients étrangers.
The objective of the cancer registry of French Guiana is to compile all patients living in French Guiana with malignant invasive pathology and/or in situ lesions starting January 1st 2003 in persons living in French Guiana, whatever the tumoral location and the place of diagnosis and care. This study aimed to describe the population with invasive cancer to improve the knowledge about this disease in order to target public health interventions more effectively.The age standardised incidence rate was 30% times lower than in France in both sexes and the same than in South America.We compared incidence and relative survival of patients with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and patients with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) between women from French Guiana and metropolitan France.The ratio between incidence and mortality showed that the prognosis of IBC in French Guiana was worse than in metropolitan France.The relative survival rate among women with IBC in French Guiana was lower than among women in metropolitan France.In French Guiana, the age-standardized incidence rate of cervical cancer was four times higher than in France. Women living in remote areas seemed to be diagnosed later and more often following symptoms.Access to care for migrants is challenging and sustains health inequalities. Early detection through prevention programs is crucial for increasing cancer survival notably for foreign-born patients. Further studies with more patients and other variables could improve the knowledge about these diseases

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0743/document