Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley/Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Photosynthetic eukaryotes have a critical role as the main producers in most ecosystems of the biosphere. The ongoing environmental metabarcoding revolution opens the perspective for holistic ecosystems biological studies of these organisms, in particular the unicellular microalgae that often lack distinctive morphological characters and have complex life cycles. To interpret environmental sequences, metabarcoding necessarily relies on taxonomically curated databases containing reference sequences of the targeted gene (or barcode) from identified organisms. To date, no such reference framework exists for photosynthetic eukaryotes. In this study, we built the PhytoREF database that contains 6490 plastidial 16S rDNA reference sequences that originate from a large diversity of eukaryotes representing all known major photosynthetic lineages. We compiled 3333 amplicon sequences available from public databases and 879 sequences extracted from plastidial genomes, and generated 411 novel sequences from cultured marine microalgal strains belonging to different eukaryotic lineages. A total of 1867 environmental Sanger 16S rDNA sequences were also included in the database. Stringent quality filtering and a phylogeny-based taxonomic classification were applied for each 16S rDNA sequence. The database mainly focuses on marine microalgae, but sequences from land plants (representing half of the PhytoREF sequences) and freshwater taxa were also included to broaden the applicability of PhytoREF to different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. PhytoREF, accessible via a web interface (http://phytoref.fr), is a new resource in molecular ecology to foster the discovery, assessment and monitoring of the diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes using high-throughput sequencing.
ISSN: 1755-098X

hal-01149047
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149047
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149047/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01149047/file/Decelle_2015_PhytoREF.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/1755-0998.12401

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In French Guiana, located on the northeastern coast of South America, bats of different species are very numerous. The infection of bats and their ticks with zoonotic bacteria, especially Rickettsia species, is so far unknown. In order to improve knowledge of these zoonotic pathogens in this French overseas department, the presence and diversity of tick-borne bacteria was investigated with molecular tools in bat ticks. In the beginning of 2013, 32 bats were caught in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, an area close to the coast of French Guiana, and the ticks of these animals were collected. A total of 354 larvae of Argasidae soft ticks (Ornithodoros hasei) from 12 bats (Noctilio albiventris) were collected and 107 of them were analysed. DNA was extracted from the samples and quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to detect Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp. and Coxiella burnetii. All tested samples were negative for Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp. and Coxiella burnetii. Rickettsia DNA was detected in 31 (28.9%) ticks. An almost entire (1118 base pairs long) sequence of the gltA gene was obtained after the amplification of some positive samples on conventional PCR and sequencing. A Bayesian tree was constructed using concatenated rrs, gltA, ompA, ompB, and gene D sequences. The study of characteristic sequences shows that this Rickettsia species is very close (98.3-99.8%) genetically to R. peacockii. Nevertheless, the comparative analysis of sequences obtained from gltA, ompA, ompB, rrs and gene D fragments demonstrated that this Rickettsia is different from the other members of the spotted fever group. The sequences of this new species were deposited in GenBank as Candidatus Rickettsia wissemanii. This is the first report showing the presence of nucleic acid of Rickettsia in Ornithodoros hasei ticks from South American bats. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES

hal-01459758
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01459758
DOI : 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Résumé :  
absent
Modelling and experimental research on genetic processes in tropical and temperate forests
Kourou, Guyane, France

ISBN : 85-87690-14-0
hal-01189193
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189193
PRODINRA : 13321

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Résumé :  
absent
Modelling and experimental research on genetic processes in tropical and temperate forests [proceedings]
Kourou, Guyane, France

hal-01032053
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032053

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Standard microbial evolutionary ontology is organized according to a nested hierarchy of entities at various levels of biological organization. It typically detects and defines these entities in relation to the most stable aspects of evolutionary processes, by identifying lineages evolving by a process of vertical inheritance from an ancestral entity. However, recent advances in microbiology indicate that such an ontology has important limitations. The various dynamics detected within microbiological systems reveal that a focus on the most stable entities (or features of entities) over time inevitably underestimates the extent and nature of microbial diversity. These dynamics are not the outcome of the process of vertical descent alone. Other processes, often involving causal interactions between entities from distinct levels of biological organisation, or operating at different time scales, are responsible not only for the destabilisation of pre-existing entities, but also for the emergence and stabilisation of novel entities in the microbial world. In this article we consider microbial entities as more or less stabilised functional wholes, and sketch a network-based ontology that can represent a diverse set of processes including, for example, as well as phylogenetic relations, interactions that stabilise or destabilise the interacting entities, spatial relations, ecological connections, and genetic exchanges. We use this pluralistic framework for evaluating (i) the existing ontological assumptions in evolution (e.g. whether currently recognized entities are adequate for understanding the causes of change and stabilisation in the microbial world), and (ii) for identifying hidden ontological kinds, essentially invisible from within a more limited perspective. We propose to recognize additional classes of entities that provide new insights into the structure of the microbial world, namely ``processually equivalent'' entities, ``processually versatile'' entities, and ``stabilized'' entities.
ISSN: 0169-3867

hal-01544796
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544796
DOI : 10.1007/s10539-012-9350-2

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Gravitropism is a major process in vertical growth as it allows the positioning of plant in the gravity field and thus, for trees, it takes part in the light foraging strategies. Without any gravitropism, trees would adopt a weeping habit or fall on the ground due to the increasing with growth supported weight, especially at the advance regeneration stage (sapling stage) in the understorey, where tree are very slender and poorly stiff. Most of the gravitropic studies are made by physiologists in order to understand the process and thus are associated to complex laboratory methods (genetic engineering, anatomical studies, accurate 2D ou 3D measurements of form changes with time). In order to study the ecological relevance and the specific diversity of gravitropic performances in natural forests, we developed a framework that uses different kinds of datas. Synchronical analysis has been done i) at the population level in large sample of trees and ii) at the tree level from destructive measurement of the dissymmetry maturation strains known to be the main motor of the posture control reaction of trees. In both cases, biomechanical models allows to estimate some aspects of the dynamic gravitropic process. Diachronical analysis has been done in natural conditions on permanent plots, or in a more traditional way, by observing in greenhouse experiments the righting movements of plants artificially tilted. In the first case, the problem is the high variability of natural disturbances and the slowness of growth and movements in the dark understorey. The second choice allows a measurement of a capacity (i.e. the ability of the species to react in quite extreme conditions of verticality disturbance but good for growth light and nutrient conditions) that is more easy to analyse, but is maybe not so relevant for estimating the ecological strategy (some species could have developed a high efficience of gravitropic reaction in natural conditions by avoiding the mechanical disturbance or adapting the reaction to slow growth and changing environments in natural conditions). All approaches use the same basic biomechanical modelling, i) to analyse simultaneously the reaction and the disturbance (due to the weight increase) during growth, or ii) to combine different parameters (geometry, growth, weight, maturation strains) involved in shape changes and posture control. They give a classification of the species according to their gravitropic performances. Results on 15 species are discussed, with relation to shade-tolerance or avoidance.
6th Plant Biomechanics Conference
Cayenne, France

hal-00565956
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565956

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Deciphering the evolutionary processes driving nucleotide variation in multiallelic genes is limited by the number of genetic systems in which such genes occur. The complementary sex determiner (csd) gene in the honey bee Apis mellifera is an informative example for studying allelic diversity and the underlying evolutionary forces in a well-described model of balancing selection. Acting as the primary signal of sex determination, diploid individuals heterozygous for csd develop into females, whereas csd homozygotes are diploid males that have zero fitness. Examining 77 of the functional heterozygous csd allele pairs, we established a combinatorical criteria that provide insights into the minimum number of amino acid differences among those pairs. Given a data set of 244 csd sequences, we show that the total number of csd alleles found in A. mellifera ranges from 53 (locally) to 87 (worldwide), which is much higher than was previously reported (20). Using a coupon-collector model, we extrapolate the presence of in total 116-145 csd alleles worldwide. The hypervariable region (HVR) is of particular importance in determining csd allele specificity, and we provide for this region evidence of high evolutionary rate for length differences exceeding those of microsatellites. The proportion of amino acids driven by positive selection and the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions in the HVR-flanking regions reach values close to 1 but differ with respect to the HVR length. Using a model of csd coalescence, we identified the high originating rate of csd specificities as a major evolutionary force, leading to an origin of a novel csd allele every 400,000 years. The csd polymorphism frequencies in natural populations indicate an excess of new mutations, whereas signs of ancestral transspecies polymorphism can still be detected. This study provides a comprehensive view of the enormous diversity and the evolutionary forces shaping a multiallelic gene.
ISSN: 0737-4038

hal-01544758
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544758
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/mst207

Résumé : Ce travail de thèse intitulé «Evaluation de marqueurs génétiques du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis combinée à l'utilisation d'outils bioinformatiques: apport en épidémiologie et phylogénie de la tuberculose» a consisté en la sélection et l'évaluation de marqueurs minisatellites dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques et phylogénétiques du bacille tuberculeux, Une première partie a ainsi porté sur l'épidémie de tuberculose en Guadeloupe, Martinique, et Guyane française ainsi que dans un pays continental à faible incidence de tuberculose, la Suède, Les résultats montrent les disparités existant entre les populations de patients tuberculeux des 3 départements français d'Amérique (DFA) ainsi que les similitudes génotypiques existant entre les bacilles tuberculeux. Par ailleurs le rôle majeur joué par les cas d'importation dans l'épidémie de tuberculose a été montré aussi bien dans les DFA qu'en Suède. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à une utilisation optimale des minisatellites pour une meilleure discrimination de la famille génotypique émergeante « Beijing» circulant au Japon (Osaka, Kobe et Okinawa), ainsi qu'en Russie. Nous avons constaté le faible pouvoir discriminant du format classique 12-locus MIRU (Mycobacterial lnterspersed Repetitive Units) et proposons plusieurs nouvelles stratégies de typage basées plusieurs marqueurs minisatellites incluant certains locus hypervariables. Enfin, dans un troisième volet, nous avons étudié la diversité génétique des bacilles tuberculeux circulant actuellement dans la Caraïbe. laquelle semble refléter le passé historique très particulier de cette zone géographique au croisement d'une multitude de peuplements.
This thesis entitled "Evaluation of genetic markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis combined with the use of bioinformatics tools: input for epidemiology and phylogeny of tuberculosis" deals with the selection and evaluation of minisatellite markers in the context of epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of the tubercle bacillus M. tuberculosis. The first part of the present work has focused on the epidemic of tuberculosis in Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guiana as well as in a low incidence continental country, i.e Sweden. The results show differences between populations of TB patients in the three French Departments of America and similarities between the genotypes of the circulating tubercle bacilli Moreover, results highlight the important role played by imported cases for TB epidemic the three French departments of America and Sweden. ln a second part, minisatellite markers have been evaluated for a better discrimination of strains of the emerging genotype "Beijing" circulating in Japan (Osaka, Kobe and Okinawa), and Russia. A low discriminatory power of classical format 12-locus MIRU (Mycobacterial lnterspersed Repetitive Units) was observed and new combinations of minisatellites have also been proposed including hypervariable locus. Finally, the genetic diversity of tubercle bacilli circulating in the Caribbean was investigated which currently seem to reflect historical past of this very special region at the intersection of a multitude of cultures and peoples.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0427/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé :  
Nineteen novel microsatellite loci were isolated from Adenomera andreae, a widespread Amazonian frog considered to be a species complex. Three multiplex kits were optimized. Genetic diversity was assessed in 66 individuals sampled in three populations along the West of the Approuague River catchment (French Guiana). We also tested the multiplex kits in four other Adenomera and nine Leptodactylus species with 43.4 and 17.5% success respectively.
ISSN: 1877-7252

hal-01032133
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032133
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-009-9053-4

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: The meiotic developmental pathway in yeast enables both differentiation of vegetative cells into haploid spores that ensure long-term survival, and recombination of the parental DNA to create genetic diversity. Despite the importance of proper metabolic regulation for the supply of building blocks and energy, little is known about the reprogramming of central metabolic pathways in meiotically differentiating cells during passage through successive developmental stages. Results: Metabolic regulation during meiotic differentiation in budding yeast was analyzed by integrating information on genome-wide transcriptional activity, 26 enzymatic activities in the central metabolism, the dynamics of 67 metabolites, and a metabolic flux analysis at mid-stage meiosis. Analyses of mutants arresting sporulation at defined stages demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming is tightly controlled by the progression through the developmental pathway. The correlation between transcript levels and enzymatic activities in the central metabolism varies significantly in a developmental stage-dependent manner. The complete loss of phosphofructokinase activity at mid-stage meiosis enables a unique setup of the glycolytic pathway which facilitates carbon flux repartitioning into synthesis of spore wall precursors during the co-assimilation of glycogen and acetate. The need for correct homeostasis of purine nucleotides during the meiotic differentiation was demonstrated by the sporulation defect of the AMP deaminase mutant amd1, which exhibited hyper-accumulation of ATP accompanied by depletion of guanosine nucleotides. Conclusions: Our systems-level analysis shows that reprogramming of the central metabolism during the meiotic differentiation is controlled at different hierarchical levels to meet the metabolic and energetic needs at successive developmental stages.
ISSN: 1471-2180

inserm-01094132
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132/file/s12915-014-0060-x.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12915-014-0060-x

Résumé : En raison de sa richesse en ressources génétiques, et des utilisations traditionnelles locales qui en sont faites, la biodiversité végétale issue du bassin amazonien constitue une véritable source de principes actifs à valoriser. L’espèce Euterpe oleracea Mart., vernaculairement appelée baie d’açai, qui connaît un intérêt scientifique important, est le parfait exemple de ressources naturelles bioactives valorisées issues de cette zone géographique. Les études scientifiques lui confèrent de très nombreuses propriétés biologiques, mais, la plus connue et la plus médiatisée est sa capacité antioxydante liée majoritairement à sa composition polyphénolique. En Guyane française, on peut parler de « diversité » au sein de la famille des Palmiers puisque plus de 75 espèces y ont été recensées. Parmi lesquelles, on peut citer une espèce très commune ayant des propriétés surtout alimentaires, et dont la connaissance phytochimique reste, à l’heure actuelle, très limitée : l’Oenocarpus bataua Mart dit patawa. Ce sujet de thèse de doctorat s’articule autour de la mesure de l’activité antioxydante du fruit mûr de ce palmier, et de la détermination des polyphénols responsables de cette dernière. La singularité de ce travail réside dans l’étude des différentes composantes tissulaires du fruit : mésocarpe, épicarpe et mélange épicarpe/mésocarpe (MEM). Dans un premier temps, les conditions les plus favorables d’extraction de biomolécules (notamment de l’épicarpe et du mésocarpe) ont été définies à l’aide du test DPPH. Les tests préliminaires effectués sur les tissus pris séparément, ont conduit à sélectionner un mélange acétone/eau (70/30, v/v) pour révéler, au mieux, la capacité antioxydante de chaque partie du fruit. Une étape de délipidation initiale s’est avérée nécessaire dans le cas de l’étude du mésocarpe. La confirmation de l’activité antioxydante a été réalisée au moyen d’autres tests d’activité chimique (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), et a été complétée par l’utilisation d’un test d’activité biologique (KRL) en raison de ses mécanismes réactionnels plus complets. Il en ressort que le tissu végétal le plus antioxydant est le mésocarpe qui contient des proanthocyanidines, famille de composés phénoliques connue pour ses nombreuses activités biologiques.Le même travail a été effectué sur les tissus regroupés (fruit global ou MEM). Ainsi, a été retenue l’utilisation du solvant mixte acétone/eau sans étape de délipidation initiale. La capacité antioxydante du fruit étudié a été comparée à celle de l’açai, espèce choisie comme référence. Il s’avère que les extraits d’açai ont une activité antioxydante très supérieure à celle du patawa lorsqu’ils sont testés vis-à-vis de l’ORAC et du KRL. Le tissu mésocarpe a, lui, démontré une capacité antioxydante supérieure à celle de l’açai. Ces résultats sont à associer avec la composition phytochimique propre à chaque fruit. La composition polyphénolique du fruit de patawa, déterminée par UPLC/MSn, supposerait la présence d’anthocyanes, de tanins condensés, de stilbènes et d’acides phénoliques. Ces travaux, qui méritent d’être approfondis, en particulier pour le mésocarpe, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’utilisation du fruit patawa, en particulier l’incorporation de composés phénoliques issus du mésocarpe dans des formulations galéniques ayant attrait aux domaines de la Nutrition, de la Cosmétique et de la Pharmaceutique.
Due to its wealth in genetic resources, and to traditional uses, plant biodiversity issued from the Amazonian Basin is a real source of active process to valorize. The specie Euterpeoleracea Mart., usually called acai berry, which is experiencing a huge scientific interest, is the perfect example of valued natural bioactive resources from the geographic area. Scientific studies give it many biological properties, but the most known is its antioxidant property mainly due to its polyphenolic composition. In French Guiana, we can use the term “diversity” within the palm family with more than 75 species identified. Among them is a common species, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., called “Patawa”, mainly with alimentary properties but for which knowledge of phytochemical properties is until now very poor. The present research deals with determining the antioxidant activity of this palm fruit and with the identification of the polyphenols responsible for it.The uniqueness of this work lays in the study of the different tissue components of this fruit namely the mesocarp, the epicarp and mixing epicarp / mesocarp (MEM). In a first time, the most favorable extraction conditions of biomolecules (particularly of the epicarp and mesocarp) were defined using the DPPH test. The preliminary tests performed on those tissues taken separately, have led to select an acetone / water (70/30, v / v) to reveal, at best, the antioxidant capacity of each part of the fruit. An initial defatting step was necessary in the case of the study of the mesocarp. The confirmation of the antioxidant activity was carried out by other tests of chemical activity (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), and was supplemented by the use of a bioassay (KRL) due to its more complete reaction mechanisms. Results point out that the most antioxidant tissue is the mesocarp that contains proanthocyanidins, phenolics of a chemical family known for its numerous biological activities.The same work was performed on tissues combined (overall result). The mixed solvent acetone / water, without initial defatting step, has been selected. The antioxidant capacity of fruit was compared to that of the Acai specie chosen as a reference. It turns out that acai extracts have antioxidant activity much greater than that of Patawa when tested vis-à-vis of ORAC and KRL. In contrary, mesocarp tissue has a greater antioxidant capacity than that of Acai. These results can be associated with the phytochemical composition of each fruit. The polyphenolic composition of the fruit of Patawa determined by UPLC / MSn, reflects the presence of anthocyanins, condensed tannins, stilbene and phenolic acids. This work, which deserves to be deepened, especially for the mesocarp tissue, opens new prospects for the use of Patawa fruit, especially the incorporation of phenolic compounds from the mesocarp in pharmaceutical formulations linked to the fields of Nutrition, of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0573/document

Résumé : Les résultats de cette étude de la composition du fruit à pain récolté sur un territoire contrasté du point de vue agropédoclimatique, et de son amidon, montrent que la teneur en amidon du fruit à pain apparaît comme étant influencée par la saison, mais pas par la zone de récolte. La teneur en amidon beaucoup plus élevée pour les fruits à pain développés durant la saison la plus sèche est un résultat très original. La connaissance du cycle de développement des fruits à pain à la Martinique a été décrite pour une première fois, permettant de déterminer une période de récolte optimisée par rapport à la floraison : la 16ème semaine pour une croissance maximale, ou la 17ème semaine pour une plus haute teneur en amidon. L’étude de Worrell et al., (1998), la seule publiée actuellement, menée à la Barbade, a montré un cycle plus long de 2 semaines environ.Du point de vue de la diversité génétique, les fruits à pain récoltés en Martinique constituent un seul groupe, à l’opposé de ceux récoltés en Guadeloupe qui constituent 2 sous-groupes proches.En ce qui concerne l’amidon, nos résultats montrent que les dimensions des grains d’amidon de fruits matures sont comprises entre 9 et 12 µm. Leur taille augmente avec la croissance du fruit puisque dans un fruit immature leur diamètre moyen était de 7,5 µm. Il s’agit d’amidons de type B à très haute cristallinité, dont les températures d'empesage sont autour de 75 °C. Parmi les facteurs agropédoclimatiques, l’humidité a eu un rôle actif sur la qualité de l’amidon puisque à la fois la quantité d’amylose et la masse molaire de l’amylopectine diminuent. L’amidon a une solubilité et un gonflement faible du même ordre de grandeur que les amidons classiques et une forte viscosité à la gélatinisation et à la rétrogradation, lui conférant une aptitude à l’utilisation comme gélifiant.Des essais d’applications alimentaires ont été effectués en panification et en extrusion. Des transformations en produits de type crackers ont donné des résultats moyennement satisfaisant avec 100 % de farine de fruit à pain. En panification l’incorporation de farine de fruit à pain a des actions délétères sur la valeur boulangère. L’acceptabilité d’un goût « nature, vert » conféré par la farine de fruit à pain devra notamment être évaluée lors de travaux ultérieurs.Le développement de produits à base de fruit à pain permettra
The results of this study the composition of breadfruit harvested in an area of agro climatic soil contrasting views, and its starch, show that the starch content of breadfruit appears to be influenced by season, but not by collection area. The starch content is much higher for breadfruit developed during the driest season is a very original result. Knowledge of the development cycle of breadfruit in Martinique has been described for the first time, to determine an optimal harvest period compared to flower: the 16th week for maximum growth, or the 17th week for a higher starch content. The study by Worrell et al., (1998), the only currently published, conducted in Barbados, showed a longer cycle of about 2 weeks.From the perspective of genetic diversity, breadfruit harvested in Martinique as a single group, in contrast to those collected in Guadeloupe that are close to two subgroups.With regard to starch, our results show that the size of starch granules of mature fruits are between 9 and 12 microns. Their size increases with the growth of the fruit as an immature fruit in their mean diameter was 7.5 microns. This is B-type starches with very high crystallinity, with temperatures of gelatinization are around 75 °C. Agro climatic soil factors, humidity took an active role on the quality of starch, since both the amount of amylose and amylopectin molecular weight of the decline. The starch has a solubility and low swelling of the same order of magnitude as the conventional starches and high viscosity to gelatinization and retrogradation, giving it a suitability for use as a gelling agent.Testing of food applications were made in bakery and extrusion. Changes in products like crackers gave moderately satisfactory results with 100 % breadfruit flour. Incorporation into bread flour breadfruit has deleterious actions on the baking. The acceptability of a taste "nature green" conferred by the breadfruit flour will be particularly assessed in future work.Product development based breadfruit allow several things, which meet the growing demand for food diversification.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0517/document