Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : We present the global general circulation model IPSL-CM5 developed to study the long-term response of the climate system to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the 5th Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This model includes an interactive carbon cycle, a representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, and a comprehensive representation of aerosols. As it represents the principal dynamical, physical, and bio-geochemical processes relevant to the climate system, it may be referred to as an Earth System Model. However, the IPSL-CM5 model may be used in a multitude of configurations associated with different boundary conditions and with a range of complexities in terms of processes and interactions. This paper presents an overview of the different model components and explains how they were coupled and used to simulate historical climate changes over the past 150 years and different scenarios of future climate change. A single version of the IPSL-CM5 model (IPSL-CM5A-LR) was used to provide climate projections associated with different socio-economic scenarios, including the different Representative Concentration Pathways considered by CMIP5 and several scenarios from the Special Report on Emission Scenarios considered by CMIP3. Results suggest that the magnitude of global warming projections primarily depends on the socio-economic scenario considered, that there is potential for an aggressive mitigation policy to limit global warming to about two degrees, and that the behavior of some components of the climate system such as the Arctic sea ice and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation may change drastically by the end of the twenty-first century in the case of a no climate policy scenario. Although the magnitude of regional temperature and precipitation changes depends fairly linearly on the magnitude of the projected global warming (and thus on the scenario considered), the geographical pattern of these changes is strikingly similar for the different scenarios. The representation of atmospheric physical processes in the model is shown to strongly influence the simulated climate variability and both the magnitude and pattern of the projected climate changes.
Climate Dynamics (0930-7575) (Springer), 2013-05 , Vol. 40 , N. 9-10 , P. 2123-2165

Droits : The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00138/24966/23079.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00138/24966/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce numéro de la Revue Etudes Caribéennes consacré au tourisme vise à poser les bases d’une réflexion sur le fonctionnement des lieux touristiques, les programmes d’aménagement touristique et les différents enjeux pour les territoires. Lieu ouvert ou lieu fermé, flux concentré ou flux diffus, la nature du lieu touristique, avec ses pratiques, classiques ou originales, oriente les types d’impacts potentiels. Les choix opérés en matière d’aménagement touristique sont donc primordiaux : dans quelles conditions opte-t-on pour un tourisme balnéaire classique, massif, ou pour une approche touristique alternative ? Ces différentes déclinaisons sont-elles attachées à des territoires spécifiques ? Faut-il opposer ces deux approches ou les considérer complémentaires dans leurs environnements respectifs, peuvent-elles partager un même espace ? L’objectif de ce numéro thématique est de réunir des approches diverses et renouvelées qui développent des analyses sous l’angle de l’économie, de l’aménagement du territoire, de la sociologie, de la géographie… Les articles pourront proposer une réflexion théorique ou privilégier des études de cas, traitant des relations tourisme de masse – tourisme alternatif ou s’attachant à illustrer l’une de ces deux aspects. Les terrains privilégiés ne seront pas exclusivement caribéens et américains, ils pourront relever de n’importe quelle région du monde et illustrer des situations présentes et/ou passées. Les thématiques privilégiées seront : 1. Les concepts de tourisme de masse et de tourisme alternatif (identification, caractéristiques, logiques spatiales, enjeux économiques, sociaux, environnementaux). 2. Les lieux du tourisme masse (stations balnéaires, villes historiques, formes spécifiques d’aménagement des lieux et les types de structures d’accueil) 3. Alter-tourismes et renouvellement des pratiques touristiques (écotourisme, tourisme communautaire, agrotourisme …) 4. L’aménagement des lieux touristiques et les modalités de gestion des environnements protégés (conservation, protection et pratiques touristiques et récréatives) 5. Les enjeux économiques, sociaux, environnementaux autour de différents types de lieux touristiques. This issue of the Revue Etudes Caribéennes, devoted to tourism, aims to lay the foundations of a reflection on the functioning tourist places, their development programs and the different challenges presented to them. Exposed/Open or closed location, concentrated or diffused flows, the nature of these tourist places with their traditional or original customs, orientate different types of potential impacts. The choices made in tourism development are essential: in which conditions should be opted for the traditional seaside tourism, or for mass tourism, or for alternative tourism? Are certain properties linked to specific territories? Should we oppose these two approaches or consider them as complementary in their environments and can they share the same place? The objective of this thematic issue is to call for various and renewed approaches which develop analysis in terms of the economy, regional planning, sociology, geography etc. Articles may propose a theoretical reflection or focus on case studies, dealing with the relations of mass tourism, alternative tourism, or to illustrate one of these two aspects. Priorities fields will not exclusively be Caribbean and American but can come from any part of the world and can illustrate post and/or present situations. The prioritized analysis will include: 1. The concepts of mass tourism and alternative tourism (identification, characteristics, spatial logics, and economic, social and environmental issues). 2. Places of mass tourism (resorts, historic cities, specific forms of site layout and reception facilities) 3. Alter-tourism and the renewal of tourism practices (ecotourism, community tourism, agrotourism) 4. The development of tourist spots and of management methods concerning protected environments (conservation, protection, tourism practices and recreational practices) 5. Economic, social, and environmental issues surrounding different types of tourist places. Este número de la Revista Estudios Caribeños consagrado al turismo apunta a poner las bases de una reflexión sobre el funcionamiento de los lugares turísticos, los programas de ordenación turística y las diferentes apuestas para los territorios. Lugar abierto o cerrado, flujos concentrados o flujos difusos, la naturaleza del lugar turístico, con sus prácticas, clásicas u originales, orienta los tipos de impactos potenciales. Las elecciones operadas en materia de ordenación turística son primordiales: ¿en qué condiciones se opta por un turismo balneario clásico, masivo, o por un enfoque turístico alternativo? ¿Estas diferentes declinaciones están relacionadas a territorios específicos? ¿Se debe oponer estos dos enfoques o considerarlos complementarios en sus ambientes respectivos, pueden compartir el mismo espacio? El objetivo de este número temático es de reunir los diversos y renovados enfoques que desarrollan los análisis sobre el ángulo de la economía, la ordenación del territorio, la sociología, la geografía… Los artículos podrán proponer una reflexión teórica o privilegiar los estudios prácticos, tratando las relaciones turismo de masa-turismo alternativo o dirigirse a ilustrar uno de estos dos aspectos. Los terrenos privilegiados no serán exclusivamente caribeños y americanos, podrán hacer frente a cualquier región del mundo e ilustrar situaciones presentes y/o pasadas. Los temas privilegiados serán: 1. Los conceptos de turismo de masa y de turismo alternativo (identificación, características, lógicas espaciales, apuestas económicas, sociales, ambientales). 2. Los lugares de turismo de masa (estaciones balnearias, ciudades históricas, formas específicas de ordenación de lugares y de tipos de estructuras de recepción). 3. Alter-turismos y renovación de las prácticas turísticas (ecoturismo, turismo comunitario, agroturismo...). 4. La ordenación de lugares turísticos y las modalidades de gestión de los ambientes protegidos (conservación, protección y prácticas turísticas y recreativas). 5. Las apuestas económicas, sociales, ambientales alrededor de diferentes tipos de lugares turísticos.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7521
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7521

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : We tested the applicability of the BIT (branched and isoprenoid tetraether) index as a proxy for palaeoflood events in the river-dominated continental margin of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). We compared the concentrations of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (br GDGTs) and crenarchaeol in suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected downstream in the Rhône River, as well as in surface sediments and a ca. 8m piston core from the Rhône prodelta. The core covered the last 400 yr, with four distinct intervals recording the river influence under natural and man-induced shifts in four main channels of the river mouth (Bras de Fer, Grand Rhône, Pégoulier,and Roustan). The results indicate that there are mixed sources of br GDGTs and crenarchaeol in the prodelta, complicating applicationof the BIT index as an indicator of continental organic carbon input and thus as a palaeoflood proxy. However, the sedimentary BIT record for the period when continental material was delivered by the river more directly to the core site (Roustan phase;1892 to present) mimics the historical palaeoflood record. This shows the potential of the BIT index as a palaeoflood proxy, provided that the delivery route of the continental material by rivers to the core sites remains constant over time. The study also highlights the idea that shifts in river channels should be taken into account for the use of the BIT index as a palaeoflood proxy.
Organic Geochemistry (0146-6380) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2014-10 , Vol. 75 , P. 99-108

Droits : 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30969/29345.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.06.011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30969/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société des américanistes
Résumé : International audience
A large set of historical documents give us descriptions of Antillean Amerindian boats. These texts constitute a continuous series from the time of first contact to sub-contemporaneous anthropological descriptions. This paper is based on extensive review of the data contained in those early Spanish, Dutch, English, and French sources and also on a review of the few direct archaeological evidences. In this way we tried to analyse not only the nature of the relationship that existed between Antillean Amerindians and the sea but also to obtain an accurate description of their different boat types. Finally we have reconstituted the building process chaîne opératoire of the Kanawa, which were the boat type specifically designed and preferentially used for over-sea navigations.
Nous disposons d'un très grand nombre de descriptions historiques des embarcations amérindiennes antillaises. Ces textes constituent une série continue allant du récit des premiers moments aux études ethnologiques sub-contemporaines. Cet article s'appuie sur une recension d'une ampleur inédite des informations contenues dans ces sources espagnoles, hollandaises, anglaises et françaises précoces ainsi que sur les quelques données archéologiques directes disponibles. Nous avons par ce biais tenté de dégager la nature du rapport entretenu par les populations amérindiennes des Antilles avec l'élément marin, mais aussi d'obtenir la description la plus précise possible des différentes embarcations constituant leur flotte et enfin d'établir la chaîne opératoire de construction des kanawa l'un de ces navires spécifiquement conçu et préférentiellement utilisé pour la navigation en haute mer.
ISSN: 0037-9174

hal-01671136
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01671136
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01671136/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01671136/file/JSA102_1_15_art_berard1.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/jsa.14688

Résumé : SODACAL prawn farm which was set up as a pilot farm for the development of a prawn industry in New Caledonia, saw its production exponentially rise from 1984 to 1992 (to 400 t/year, then experienced a sharp drop in 1993 (250 t/year) which carried on until 1997, and finally rose back to a stabilizing level around 400 t/year until 1999. The study analyses the difficulties observed before and during the drop of production. Among them, mortality outbreaks, other biological perturbations (benthic mat clearing and crab and fish mortality) and focus on the noxious state of the bottom (reduced and smelling sulfide hydrogen). It particularly shows that Syndrome 93 outbreaks could be observed on this farm from 1990. The analysis highlights the particular climatic conditions in New Caledonia from 1990 to 1995 (drought) and their potential impact on the production. The development of this very particular process of physical and topographic differential evolution of the pond bottom under wind action (accumulation and digging) and its consequences on pond preparation is explained. This work takes a close look at the grow-out management : age and quality of post larvae, pond stocking with pre-grown animals, feed characteristics and management, water exchange management and pumping capacity, strategy on density and size of harvested animals. The results have been assessed using a distinctive tool, the "survival differential", allowing inter-pond comparisons within a site, inter-farms comparisons over pluri-annual periods of time. >From the commented farm results over a 20 year period, we could distinguish the principal factors responsible for the drop of grow-out capacity of some ponds. We have outlined a conceptual description of the different parameters leading to the decrease of survival, an epidemiological scenario and a synoptic table of the history of events and their relative severity. The study draws the hypothesis of a cumulative effect of positive factors, which could have led back to satisfying production results: a physical and biochemical restoration of pond bottoms, a modified and standardized grow-out management, an appropriate pumping capacity and the come back of adequate climatic conditions. This case study illustrates the concept of « flexibility » of the farming capacity and the sustainability of prawn farming in New Caledonia. The clear objective of this 20 year historic investigation was to get relevant information, in order to improve the understanding on the "summer syndrome" which hits two farms at the moment, and to participate in the hypothesis under study by the DAC (2005). We also tried to make the new farmers aware of the fragility of the pond ecosystem, and give some common-sense advices in the hope that such problems will not happen again in other places.
La ferme de SODACAL, conçue à l'origine comme une ferme de démonstration pour le développement d'une filière d'aquaculture exportatrice de crevettes en Nouvelle-Calédonie a connu une phase de croissance exponentielle de sa production de 1984 à 1992 (jusqu'à 400 t/an), puis une chute brutale en 1993 (250 t/an) qui s'est prolongée jusqu'en 1997 et enfin une reprise à partir de 1998 pour arriver à une stabilisation autour de 420 t/an depuis 1999. L'étude inventorie les dysfonctionnements observés avant et pendant la crise de production. Parmi ceux-ci sont évoqués les épisodes de mortalité de crevettes, d'autres désordres biologiques (décollements de tapis benthique et « hécatombes » de crabes et de poissons), l'état délétère des fonds (sédiments réduits et odeur d'hydrogène sulfuré). Elle permet notamment de montrer que des épisodes de mortalité typiques du Syndrome 93 pouvaient être observés sur cette ferme dès 1990. L'étude met en évidence les conditions climatiques remarquables qui ont sévi en Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1990 à 1995 (sécheresse) et leur impact probable sur les élevages. La genèse du phénomène très particulier d'évolution physique et topographique des fonds des bassins par l'effet du vent (accumulation et creusement) et des conséquences sur la préparation des bassins est explicitée. Ce travail aborde la gestion zootechnique : l'âge et la « qualité » des post larves, la pratique des ensemencements à partir d'animaux pré grossis, la gestion de l'alimentation et la nature de la provende, le contrôle du renouvellement d'eau et la capacité de pompage, le choix des densités et du calibre des animaux récoltés. Les résultats ont pu être évalués à travers un outil original «le différentiel de survie », permettant des comparaisons inter-bassins au sein du site, inter-fermes à des périodes pluri annuelles distinctes. A partir des résultats commentés de la ferme obtenus sur 20 années, on a pu distinguer les principaux facteurs qui ont provoqué cette chute d'aptitude culturale de certains bassins. Un schéma conceptuel des différents paramètres ayant conduit à la baisse des survies, un scénario épidémiologique ainsi qu'un tableau synoptique de la chronologie des évènements et de leur relative sévérité sont esquissés. Le rapport ébauche l'hypothèse d'un cumul de causes favorables qui ont permis le retour à des résultats zootechniques satisfaisants : une réhabilitation physique et biochimique des fonds de bassins, une zootechnie modifiée et standardisée, une capacité de pompage adéquate et une climatologie de nouveau favorable. Cette étude de cas permet ainsi d'illustrer les notions d « élasticité » de l'aptitude culturale et de durabilité de la crevetticulture en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le but de cette enquête historique sur 20 ans est l'acquisition d'informations pertinentes permettant d'améliorer la compréhension du « Syndrome d'été » qui affecte actuellement deux fermes de production et ainsi aider à compléter le scénario hypothétique avancé par le Dac (2005). Enfin, au travers de cet historique, on a cherché également à sensibiliser les nouveaux opérateurs de la filière sur la fragilité de l'écosystème-bassin et présenter quelques conseils de bon sens pour éviter que de tels phénomènes ne se reproduisent ailleurs.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/rapport-718.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/718/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : ACTIVITY_REPORT
Understanding genomic evolution in wild populations is of particular importance because evolution is a central process in our understanding of populations’ history and their future response to global changes. In addition to fundamental knowledge, the study of populations’ evolution has wide applications such as conservation/restoration genetics or epidemiology. Indeed, genetic diversity is the ‘fuel’ for populations’ evolution and adaptation to new conditions, and estimating the extent and the geographic structure of genetic diversity, as well as identifying the evolutionary forces behind (demography, gene flow, and adaptation) are thus major challenges in the current context of global changes. [br/]A particular attention is currently devoted to the process of genetic divergence in wild populations, with emphases on gene flow, local adaptation, and their interactions. Indeed, adaptation in wild populations is supported in many species by many kinds of experiments based on both quantitative phenotypic traits and molecular data. However, the processes governing populations’ evolution are poorly understood in the tropical rainforest of Amazonia, and the relative influence of neutral and adaptive processes are continuously discussed. [br/]I am a young scientist interested in the process of genomic divergence in wild (tree) populations. I aimed at understanding how evolution structures the genetic diversity and governs molecular divergence in wild populations, with particular emphases on gene flow and local adaptation. During five years as a young scientist, I worked on answering the following questions, focusing on two tree species occupying vulnerable areas: mainly [i]Eperua falcata[/i] in Amazonia and, to a lesser extent, [i]Abies alba[/i] in the Mediterranean area.[br/][u]Scientific questions:[/u][br/]- Which evolutionary drivers are responsible of the structure of genetic diversity in wild populations occupying wide areas? This question was addressed at different geographical scales: from large (regional) to very local (microgeographic) scales. [br/]- What is the relative influence of neutral (gene flow, inbreeding) and adaptive drivers in the process of genetic divergence?[br/]- Is microgeographic adaptation possible in spite of extensive gene flow between populations occupying the extreme boundaries of an ecological gradient? [br/]- What is the extent of natural selection in the (whole) genome of wild populations? [br/][br/]My research work is at the interface between three promising disciplines: Evolutionary genomics (i.e. the study of populations evolution and the evolutionary drivers behind), Bioinformatics (i.e. the treatment of next-generation data), and Bayesian modelling (i.e. the empirical calibration of complex mechanistic model). I intend to take advantage of the recent advances in sequencing and informatic technologies to bring up to date the field of ecological genetics and evolutionary biology, by developing modern research strategies to study the process of genomic divergence in wild populations.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204218

hal-01204218
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204218
PRODINRA : 286326

Résumé : 2009, Scott Zona -- CC: at-ncsa (Creative Commons license requiring attribution, prohibiting commercial uses, and requiring rights-share for use of this image)
voucher specimen deposited at Rancho Sana Ana Botanic Garden (RSA), Claremont, CA & the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLAS), Gainesville, FL, USA & University of Puerto Rico (UPR).
specimen cited in: Zona, S. 1996. Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae). Flora Neotropica 71: 1–36.
Puerto Rico -- Arecibo

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ecological signs of Earth's biosphere forewarn an alarming trajectory towards a global mass-extinction. Assessing species performance and susceptibilities to decline is essential to comprehend and reverse this trend. Yet it is challenging, given difficulties associated with quantifying individual and population processes that are variable across time, space, and life-stages. We describe a new approach to estimating and comparing species performances that combines empirical data, a novel theoretical consideration of population dynamics, and modern statistics. Our approach allows for a more realistic continuous representation of individual performances along development stages while taking into account non-linearity, and natural variability as captured by spatio-temporally replicated observations. We illustrate its application in a coral meta-assemblage composed of populations of the three major reef-building taxa Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites. Using a unique set of highly replicated observations of individual coral dynamics under various environmental conditions, we show how taxa differ in their investment in recruitment and size-specific aptitude for growth and survival, notably through different use of clonal shrinkage, fragmentation, fission, and fusion processes. Our results reveal contrasting life-history trade-offs among taxa which, along with differing patterns of density-dependent recruitment, modulate species responses to decline. These differences in coral life history traits reflect opposing life-strategies, imply regulation at differing life-stages, and explain divergence in species trajectories. Our findings indicate a high potential for resilience in Pocillopora and Porites populations, thanks respectively to a sustained recruitment that promotes demographic elasticity through replacement of individuals, and a steady resistance to mortality which confers persistence through lingering of individuals. Resilience in Acropora appears more arbitrary, given high susceptibility to perturbations and dependency of recruitment on presence of established local populations. We identify management actions that can complement Acropora's life history and benefit recovery of its populations following mortality events. Our regression-modelling approach to quantifying and comparing species performances in different population processes is applicable to all taxa, as illustrated even those with complex clonal life histories, and can be implemented at wide spatio-temporal and taxonomic coverage. It can promote more accurate representation of species dynamics in both descriptive and predictive modelling approaches. The semi-parametric contrast curve method we develop facilitates comparing response variables along continuous explicative metrics while accounting for multiple sources of complexity in empirical data. It should widely benefit investigations in ecology and quantitative science.
ISSN: 1476-945X

hal-01212337
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212337
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.07.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany) Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Arenal volcano is nearly unique among arc volcanoes with its 42 year long (1968–2010) continuous, small-scale activity erupting compositionally monotonous basaltic andesites that also dominate the entire, ~7000 year long, eruptive history. Only mineral zoning records reveal that basaltic andesites are the result of complex, open-system processes deriving minerals from a variety of crystallization environments and including the episodic injections of basalt. The condition of the mafic input as well as the generation of crystal-rich basaltic andesites of the recent, 1968–2010, and earlier eruptions were addressed by an experimental study at 200 MPa, 900–1,050 °C, oxidizing and fluid-saturated conditions with various fluid compositions [H2O/(H2O + CO2) = 0.3–1]. Phase equilibria were determined using a phenocryst-poor (~3 vol%) Arenal-like basalt (50.5−wt% SiO2) from a nearby scoria cone containing olivine (Fo92), plagioclase (An86), clinopyroxene (Mg# = 82) and magnetite (Xulvö = 0.13). Experimental melts generally reproduce observed compositional trends among Arenal samples. Small differences between experimental melts and natural rocks can be explained by open-system processes. At low pressure (200 MPa), the mineral assemblage as well as the mineral compositions of the natural basalt were reproduced at 1,000 °C and high water activity. The residual melt at these conditions is basaltic andesitic (55 wt% SiO2) with 5 wt% H2O. The evolution to more evolved magmas observed at Arenal occurred under fluid-saturated conditions but variable fluid compositions. At 1,000 °C and 200 MPa, a decrease of water content by approximately 1 wt% induces significant changes of the mineral assemblage from olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase (5 wt% H2O in the melt) to clinopyroxene + plagioclase + orthopyroxene (4 wt% H2O in the melt). Both assemblages are observed in crystal-rich basalt (15 vol%) and basaltic andesites. Experimental data indicate that the lack of orthopyroxene and the presence of amphibole, also observed in basaltic andesitic tephra units, is due to crystallization at nearly water-saturated conditions and temperatures lower than 950 °C. The enigmatic two compositional groups previously known as low- and high-Al2O3 samples at Arenal volcano may be explained by low- and high-pressure crystallization, respectively. Using high-Al as signal of deeper crystallization, first magmas of the 1968–2010 eruption evolved deep in the crust and ascent was relatively fast leaving little time for significant compositional overprint by shallower level crystallization.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-01115717
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01115717
DOI : 10.1007/s00410-014-1040-4

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’objectif de cet article est de proposer les bases d’une réflexion ouverte sur les ressorts de la colonisation à travers la démarche littéraire proposée par Ngugi. Dans le prolongement de sa réflexion, il s’agit de rappeler que les rapports colonisé-colonisateur (Memmi) sont fortement ancrés dans nos logiques et raisonnements ordinaires du quotidien. Et, paradoxalement, alors que le terme de colonisation semble évoquer dans nos consciences un lointain passé, révolu — l’un des dossiers clos de l’histoire —, les guerres de type colonial et les processus de recolonialisation se précipitent en ce début de XXIe siècle. Haro sur les ressources du continent africain et qu’on chasse au plus vite — sous moult habillages — les dirigeants les moins conciliants ! La colonisation est un processus d’exploitation politico-économique qui nécessite de contrôler les esprits, du colonisé comme du colonisateur.
The aim of this article is to propose the basis for an open reflection on the sources of colonization through the literary approach proposed by Ngugi. In this context, it has been repetitively noted that the relations between Colonized and Colonizer (Memmi) are tenacious in our nature and everyday ways of thinking. And, contradictorily, the term "colonization" seems to evoke the days of yore, already accomplished, in our minds - one of the closed chapters in history - while the colonial-type armed conflicts and the process of recolonization have burst out again by the beginning of XXI century. Conquering the African resources, then to chase with all haste - using many stratagems - the least conciliatory leaders! The colonization is a process of the politico-economic exploitation that requires a mind control, of both the colonized and the colonizers.
Afrique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5497
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5497

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : A travers l'analyse comparée de deux sites archéologiques colombiens : Ciudad Perdida et San Agustín, il s’agit de faire ressortir les enjeux identitaires et territoriaux des processus de patrimonialisation et de mise en tourisme de ressources matérielles, naturelles et immatérielles du pays. En retraçant l'histoire patrimoniale de ces deux sites et leur émergence en tant que destinations touristiques il sera question de repérer les multiples acteurs impliqués dans ces processus : Etats, scientifiques, industrie touristique, populations et autorités locales et peuples indigènes. Cela permettra de comprendre que l'avenir touristique et patrimonial de ces sites engendre une série « d’épreuve de justifications » (Boltanski, Thévenot, 1991) au sein desquelles ces acteurs en tension mobilisent différentes valeurs et principes de justice afin de légitimer leurs positions. Dans cette étude, les logiques de désappropriation, d'appropriation et réappropriation territoriales seront particulièrement analysées afin d'expliquer comment la gestion patrimoniale et touristique des vestiges archéologiques apparaît comme un outil de revendication identitaire s'inscrivant autant dans les dynamiques juridiques des politiques multiculturelles colombiennes que dans l'épistémè postcoloniale de l'Amérique Latine en général.
Through the comparative analysis of two archaeological sites in Colombia: Ciudad Perdida and San Agustín this study aims to reveal the identity and territory issues linked with the material, intangible and natural heritage and the development of tourism. The history of the acknowledgment of heritage and the analysis of the emergence of those sites as touristic destinations allow to identify all actors involved in both processes: State, scientists, touristic industry, local populations and authorities and native peoples. Through this first analysis it is possible to understand that those patrimonial and touristic processes generate a series of “tests of justifications” (Boltanski, Thévenot, 1991) in which several values and principles of justice are mobilised by the different actors in order to legitimate their stances. In this article the logic of disappropriation, appropriation and re-appropriation of territories is highlighted to explain how the touristic and patrimonial management of the archaeological sites appears as a tool of identity claims integrated both in the legal dynamics of Colombian multicultural policies and the postcolonial episteme of Latin America in general.
A través un análisis comparativo sobre dos sitios arqueológicos de Colombia: Ciudad Perdida y San Agustín se propone poner en relieve las cuestiones de la identidad y del territorio a partir de los procesos de patrimonialización y de desarrollo turístico de los recursos materiales, intangibles y naturales del país. Al reconstituir la trayectoria patrimonial de los sitios y sus procesos de surgimiento como destino turístico es posible identificar los diversos actores involucrados en ambos procesos: Estado, científicos, industria turística, población y autoridades locales y pueblos indígenas. Eso permite entender que el futuro patrimonial y turístico de los sitios genera una serie de “pruebas de justificación” (Boltanski, Thévenot, 1991) en que los actores en tensión recurren a distintos valores y principios de justicia con el fin de legitimar sus posiciones. Este artículo subraya las lógicas de desapropiación, apropiación y de re-apropiación territoriales para explicar cómo la gestión patrimonial y turística de los vestigios arqueológicos se revela como una herramienta para las reivindicaciones identitarias que se integra tanto a las dinámicas jurídicas de las políticas multiculturales de Colombia como a la espísteme postcolonial de América latina en general.
Colombie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5454
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5454

Éditeur(s) : Inter-Research
Résumé : The marine environment is of special interest for studying hybridization between closely related taxa because of the high dispersal potential of planktonic larvae, such as those of most bivalve species. The oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. gigas are known to be very close genetically and entirely inter-fertile under controlled conditions. However, hybridization in the wild had not been investigated, mainly due to the lack of nuclear diagnostic markers. In the present paper, we first estimated genetic differentiation between these 2 closely related taxa using 8 microsatellite markers. Interestingly, 5 markers displayed significant differences of allele size between taxa. The subsequent sequencing of alleles of one of these microsatellites showed several mutational events, which suggested null alleles and homoplasy. The presence of 1 insertion/deletion event in its 5' flanking sequence enabled us to design a new bi-allelic ('C' and 'NC') nuclear PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (-RFLP) marker (CG44R). This, together with a mitochondrial DNA marker, was used to analyze populations of C. angulata and C. gigas. The CG44R allele frequencies were very different between C. angulata (f[C] = 0.91) and C. gigas (f[NC] = 0.92) populations. This analysis also provided evidence for hybridization between C. angulata and C. gigas in a wild Portuguese population where the 2 taxa are in contact due to recent transportation of C. gigas stocks for aquacultural production. Our results represent the first indication of hybridization between these 2 taxa in the natural environment, and contribute to knowledge of the evolutionary history of the Crassostrea genus.
Marine Ecology Progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-Research), 2004 , Vol. 272 , P. 141-152

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/publication-3355.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3355/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The importance of secondary tropical forests regarding the maintenance of soil fauna abundance and diversity is poorly known. The aims of this study were (1) to describe soil fauna abundance and diversity and (2) to assess the determinants of soil fauna abundance and diversity in two stands of a tropical semi-evergreen secondary forest. Soil macrofauna and microarthropod abundance and soil macrofauna diversity were described at two sites developed on different soils and with different site histories: (1) a natural secondary stand (natural forest) under two dominant tree species, Pisonia subcordata and Bursera simaruba, and (2) a planted secondary forest (planted forest) under three tree species, B. simaruba, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia heterophylla. The effects of both soil and main tree species' litter quality were assessed to explain soil fauna abundance and diversity. The abundance of soil macrofauna was significantly higher in the soil under the planted forest, and soil fauna communities were contrasted between the two sites. In the planted forest, a soil-dwelling macrofauna community developed (mainly consisting of the anecic earthworm Polypheretima elongata). In the natural forest, soil macrofauna and microarthropod communities were located at the soil surface. The effect of plant litter quality varied according to each dominant tree species and was superimposed to soil effect. The lowest macrofauna abundance was associated with B. simaruba in the natural forest. T. heterophylla supported a much greater macrofauna community than the two other tree species studied at the same soil, and it appears likely that this is due to the palatability of its leaves compared with the other trees (low lignin, tannins, soluble phenols).
ISSN: 0178-2762

hal-00495371
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495371
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495371/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495371/file/Loranger-Merciris_et_al._2007.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s00374-007-0199-5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Long-term exposure to air pollution (AP) has been shown to have an impact on mortality in numerous countries, but since 2005 no data exists for France. We analyzed the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality at the individual level in a large French cohort followed from 1989 to 2013. The study sample consisted of 20,327 adults working at the French national electricity and gas company EDF-GDF. Annual exposure to PM10, PM10–2.5, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2, and benzene was assessed for the place of residence of participants using a chemistry-transport model and taking residential history into account. Hazard ratios were estimated using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model, adjusted for selected individual and contextual risk factors. Hazard ratios were computed for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in air pollutant concentrations. The cohort recorded 1967 non-accidental deaths. Long-term exposures to baseline PM2.5, PM10-25, NO2 and benzene were associated with an increase in non-accidental mortality (Hazard Ratio, HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.20 per 5.9 μg/m3, PM10-25; HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.15 per 2.2 μg/m3, NO2: HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.31 per 19.3 μg/m3 and benzene: HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.22 per 1.7 μg/m3).The strongest association was found for PM10: HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.25 per 7.8 μg/m3. PM10, PM10-25 and SO2 were associated with non-accidental mortality when using time varying exposure. No significant associations were observed between air pollution and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Long-term exposure to fine particles, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and benzene is associated with an increased risk of non-accidental mortality in France. Our results strengthen existing evidence that outdoor air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for mortality. Due to the limited sample size and the nature of our study (occupational), further investigations are needed in France with a larger representative population sample.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01187145
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187145
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187145/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187145/file/Association%20between%20long-term%20exposure%20to%20air%20pollution%20and%20mortality_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Coral reefs are increasingly being altered by a myriad of anthropogenic activities and natural disturbances. Long-term studies offer unique opportunities to understand how multiple and recurrent disturbances can influence coral reef resilience and long-term dynamics. While the long-term dynamics of coral assemblages have been extensively documented, the long-term dynamics of coral reef fish assemblages have received less attention. Here, we describe the changes in fish assemblages on Tiahura reef, Moorea, from 1979 to 2011. During this 33-yr period, Tiahura was exposed to multiple disturbances (crown-of-thorns seastar outbreaks and cyclones) that caused recurrent declines and recoveries of coral cover and changes in the dominant coral genera. These shifts in coral composition were associated with long-term cascading effects on fish assemblages. The composition and trophic structure of fish assemblages continuously shifted without returning to their initial composition, whereas fish species richness remained stable, albeit with a small increase over time. We detected nonlinear responses of fish density when corals were most degraded. When coral cover dropped below 10 % following a severe crown-of-thorns sea star outbreak, the density of most fish trophic groups sharply decreased. Our study shows that historical contingency may potentially be an important but largely underestimated factor explaining the contemporary structure of reef fish assemblages and suggests that temporal stability in their structure and function should not necessarily be the target of management strategies that aim at increasing or maintaining coral reef resilience.
ISSN: 0722-4028

hal-01282725
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282725
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-015-1371-2

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La vulnérabilité croissante aux aléas extrêmes et les conséquences du changement climatique accentuent l’exposition des Antilles françaises aux risques naturels. Dans ce contexte, la Caisse Centrale de Réassurance par son rôle dans l’indemnisation des Catastrophes naturelles en France cherche à consolider ses connaissances sur les ouragans et les phénomènes induits comme les submersions, les inondations ou les glissements de terrain.À partir des archives antillaises et métropolitaines, une reconstruction de l’intensité des ouragans survenus depuis le début du xviie siècle a été possible. Elle permet ainsi d’évaluer l’exposition des territoires antillais. L’analyse des dommages a permis de proposer une évaluation des enjeux et ainsi saisir la construction de la vulnérabilité. Les réponses apportées en matière de gestion du risque depuis le xviie attestent de la volonté d’assurer la protection des enjeux et des populations et mettent en avant les relations entre risque et aménagement du territoire.
The rising vulnerability to Extreme hazard and the consequences of climate change increase the exposure of French Antilles to natural hazards. Therefore, the French reinsurance company Caisse Centrale de Réassurance aims to develop its scientific knowledge of hurricanes and induced phenomena like storm surges, floods and landslides.With the study of historical archives, located in the Antilles and Metropolitean France, it was possible to build an exhaustive hurricane Severity chronology since the 17th century. Then, a detailed damage analysis in specific strategic areas has offered the opportunity to assess the evolution of the vulnerability of the French Antilles societies. Furthermore, the Risk Management policies, since the 17th century, attest the willingness to protect strategic areas and populations and highlight the link between risk and land use.
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Saint-Martin
Saint-Barthélemy

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7176
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7176

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work focus on the characterization of the source and dynamic of compactional fluids during sedimentary burial, through two complementary examples of late orogenic oil‐field half‐grabens: The exhumed Lodève Permian Basin and a deep buried Jurassic basin in the North Viking Graben (North Sea).Constituting the main part of the thesis, a multi‐disciplinary approach was conducted in the Lodève Basin where Ba‐F‐Cu‐Pb polymetallic mineralized systems are trapped into synrift faults and paleokarsts in the carbonate basement at the hinge point of the rollover. The source, timing and P/T conditions of fluid migration were deduced from the analysis of the microfabric, the fluid inclusions microthermometry, and the isotopic (Sr, S, O, H) and Rare Earth Element (REE) signature. Results are then crossed with a structural and thermal modeling that consolidates the sequence and dynamics of fluid during burial.A similar approach was conducted in the North Viking Graben where fluid markers are restricted to 3D seismic and well core data. Comparable Ba‐Pb‐Zn veins are reported in basin margin, plugging one of the most important siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir in the substratum. This analysis provides additional constraints on basinal fluid behavior and allows us to propose a global dynamic model for various compositions of fluids and reservoirs.We conclude to a polyphase fluid sequence history including:(a) In the carbonate basement of the Lodève Basin, karstic paleocanyon incisions and associated cavities coupled to synrift fault, act as major drain for fluids. These structures are early affected by hypogen‐sulfuric karstification in response to the interaction between bacterial oxidation of sulfides entrapped within Lower Permian blackshales and the basement oxidizing aquifer.(b) Disequilibrium compaction initiates overpressure‐driven basinal fluid migration towards basin margins, characterized by temperatures around 150‐180°C and salinities between 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Isotopic (Sr, S, O) and REE analyses reveal that Ba‐M+‐rich mineralizing fluids derived mainly from buried blackshales diagenesis. External fluids coming from the lower crust are also identified that play a key role in fluorite precipitation by the leaching of late hercynian granites (mean temperature of 250°C and salinity > 20wt%eq.NaCl).(c) During the synrift period, fluid overpressure is responsible for the periodic reactivation of fault plane according to seismic‐valve process, bedded‐control shearing and hydraulic brecciation at the basement‐seal interface. These mechanisms induce cyclic polymetallic mineralization by the mixing between in‐situ formation water and deep ascending basinal fluids.(d) Thermogenic fluids expulsion starts with last basinal fluids during late burial stage. Hydrocarbons thus migrate along the same regional pathways up to the rollover crest, where they are partly rerouted by the previous mineralized baffle.(e) In the Lodève basin, post‐rift exhumation of the margins led to the remobilization of synrift deposits by subaerial biochemical processes at the sulfate‐methane transition. The latter results from the interaction between the still active hydrocarbon dysmigration with a playa lake sulfate‐rich aquifer. Secondary low‐temperature barite fronts precipitate then within basement meteoric karsts.In addition to the « source to sink » model of basinal fluids, this work provides new insights on the early plugging of hydrocarbon reservoirs and for the metallogenesis of Mississippi Valley‐Type deposits.
Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation de la source et de la dynamique des fluides de bassin au cours de leur chargement à travers deux exemples complémentaires de demi‐grabens tardi‐orogéniques pétroliers : Le Bassin Permien de Lodève, aujourd’hui à l’affleurement et un bassin jurassique enfouis dans le North Viking Graben (Mer du Nord).Le coeur de la thèse concerne le Bassin de Lodève où, à partir d’une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée, nous avons caractérisé l’architecture des minéralisations (Ba, F, Cu, Pb) piégées dans un réseau paléokarstique alimenté par les failles syn‐rift, dans le substratum carbonaté à l’apex du roll‐over. La source, le calendrier et les conditions de migration des fluides ont été approchés à partir de l’analyse de la micro‐fabrique, la microthermométrie sur inclusions fluides, les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O, H) et de Terres Rares. Les résultats analytiques ont été enfin croisés avec un modèle thermique et structural du bassin qui conforte la séquence et la dynamique du système fluide en cours d’enfouissement.Une démarche similaire, mais plus limitée, a été conduite dans le bassin du North Viking Graben où l’accès aux marqueurs fluides est restreint aux données de sismique 3D et de carottes. Comme à Lodève, les minéralisations Ba‐Pb‐Zn colmatent un réservoir dans le substratum à l’apex du roll‐over. Elles se présentent sous forme de ciments dans des grès ou des fractures. Cette analyse apporte des contraintes complémentaires et permet de proposer un modèle dynamique général avec des variantes en fonction de la nature des fluides et des réservoirs.On retiendra donc la séquence fluide suivante :(a) Dans le cas du bassin de Lodève sur substratum carbonaté, les chemins préférentiels de drainage se développent dans des paléocanyons N‐S couplés à un réseau de fractures et d’endokarsts météoriques. Ces derniers sont élargis en début de rifting par la dissolution hypogène sulfurique produite par l’oxydation bactérienne des sulfates et des pyrites des blackshales, au contact de l’aquifère oxydant du Cambrien.(b) Le déséquilibre de compaction initie la migration des fluides interstitiels en surpression vers les marges avec des températures autour de 150‐180°C et des salinités entre 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O) révèlent que la majorité des fluides provient de l’altération diagénétique des blackshales riches en métaux. Des interactions sont également mises en évidence avec des fluides profonds (entre 240°C et 260°C ; salinités > à 20wt%eq.NaCl), qui lessivent les granites tardi‐hercyniens.(c) Pendant le syn‐rift, les conditions de surpression de fluide permettent la réactivation cyclique des failles, les décollements stratigraphiques et la formation de brèches hydrauliques, favorisant la mise en connexion avec les réservoirs superficiels à l’apex du rollover. Le modèle de Sibson ajusté aux fluides de bassins est alors le moteur de la migration verticale.(d) Les fluides thermogéniques commencent à être expulsés avec les derniers fluides de compaction au cours d’un stade plus évolué de l’enfouissement en empruntant les mêmes chemins jusqu’à l’apex du roll over. Ils sont alors partiellement freinés et déviés par les colmatages minéralisés antérieurs.(e) A Lodève, la continentalisation des minéralisations antérieures au cours de l’exhumation post‐rift conduit à leur remaniement partiel au niveau de la transition sulfate‐méthane induite par l’interaction entre une playa évaporitique et la dysmigration des hydrocarbures. Des barytines secondaires de basse température, déprimées en Sr sont alors précipitées de manière synsédimentaire dans des karsts météoriques du socle.Outre l’illustration d’un modèle complet (source to sink) de dynamique des fluides dans un bassin, ce travail apporte de nouvelles contraintes dans l’approche du colmatage des réservoirs à hydrocarbures sur les têtes de blocs basculés et sur la genèse des gîtes miniers de type Mississippi Valley‐Type.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583

tel-01457583
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583/file/th%C3%A8seLaurent2015V2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Over the last decades, numerous studies have emphasized the role of serpentinites in the subduction zone geodynamics. Their presence and role in subduction environments are recognized through geophysical, geochemical and field observations of modern and ancient subduction zones and large amounts of geochemical database of serpentinites have been created. Here, we present a review of the geochemistry of serpentinites, based on the compilation of ~ 900 geochemical data of abyssal, mantle wedge and exhumed serpentinites after subduction. The aim was to better understand the geochemical evolution of these rocks during their subduction as well as their impact in the global geochemical cycle. When studying serpentinites, it is essential to determine their protoliths and their geological history before serpentinization. The geochemical data of serpentinites shows little mobility of compatible and rare earth elements (REE) at the scale of hand-specimen during their serpentinization. Thus, REE abundance can be used to identify the protolith for serpentinites, as well as magmatic processes such as melt/rock interactions before serpentinization. In the case of subducted serpentinites, the interpretation of trace element data is difficult due to the enrichments of light REE, independent of the nature of the protolith. We propose that enrichments are probably not related to serpentinization itself, but mostly due to (sedimentary-derived) fluid/rock interactions within the subduction channel after the serpentinization. It is also possible that the enrichment reflects the geochemical signature of the mantle protolith itself which could derive from the less refractory continental lithosphere exhumed at the ocean-continent transition. Additionally, during the last ten years, numerous analyses have been carried out, notably using in situ approaches, to better constrain the behavior of fluid-mobile elements (FME; e.g. B, Li, Cl, As, Sb, U, Th, Sr) incorporated in serpentine phases. The abundance of these elements provides information related to the fluid/rock interactions during serpentinization and the behavior of FME, from their incorporation to their gradual release during subduction. Serpentinites are considered as a reservoir of the FME in subduction zones and their role, notably on arc magma composition, is underestimated presently in the global geochemical cycle.
ISSN: 0024-4937

hal-00903601
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903601
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2013.05.019

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of basaltic lava flows can give some clues about post-emplacement tilting occurring in volcanic sequences. Such a study has been carried out on a sequence of 19 successive lava flows from Kerguelen Archipelago. Surprisingly, two different patterns were observed. The first one - herein called normal fabric - is consistent with the lava-flow direction inferred from geological observations, whereas the second one observed for about 70 per cent of the analysed samples - herein called abnormal fabric - appears to be unrelated to the shear history of the lava flows during their emplacements. These abnormal fabrics are not strictly inverse fabric but seem to have a more complex origin. The unusual nature of these abnormal fabrics has been confirmed by lattice preferred orientation of plagioclases obtained from high-resolution electron backscattered diffraction measurements. The aim of this study is to propose a physical interpretation of these fabrics. A first step in our understanding was to clearly identify the nature and the magnetic properties of the Fe-Ti oxides assemblage. Thus, we present a comprehensive rock magnetic analysis relying on low- and high-temperature thermomagnetic curves (K-T), crossover diagrams, first-order reversal curves, ore-microscopy, Mössbauer measurements and electron backscattered images. We found that in the present case the abnormal fabrics are probably linked to a mixture of prevailing single domain (SD) strongly interacting grains population and a subsidiary multidomain grains population. SD grains are identified as small magnetite crystallized within the interstitial glass in globular aggregates along the silicate framework. Then a question arises: to what extent such SD interacting grains in globular aggregates can affect the magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy? To answer this question, we developed a physical model in which the total energy density of an SD grain with an uniaxial anisotropy is minimized. In this model, the distribution function of the direction of the magnetic interaction field is comprised between two boundary states. It is either isotropic, which formally corresponds to the thermal demagnetized state, or it is ordered, which formally corresponds to the Alternative Field demagnetized state. We show that in both cases the degree of anisotropy decreases as the interaction field increases. Thus, we conclude that the abnormal fabric encountered in this study can be simply explained by strong magnetostatic interactions that would explain the large scattering of AMS often observed in basaltic lava flows.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00716449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716449/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716449/file/gji-S-12-HAL.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/J.1365-246X.2012.05421.X

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La prostitution est une problématique très intéressante d’une part parce qu’elle est transversale à tous les temps, à toutes les classes sociales, à tous les espaces, et d’autre part parce qu’il s’agit d’un fléau qui se conjugue le plus souvent au féminin. Il s’agit à mon sens du versant spécifique d’une problématique universelle dont personne ne peut s’affranchir sans mettre en jeu l’ensemble de la condition humaine. En effet, la prostitution est le lieu où convergent et se concentrent de façon exacerbée tous les maux d’une société. La femme est malgré elle au centre de ce système dans lequel on retrouve les frustrations, les rapports de domination, de pouvoir, la violence, la misère, la corruption, l’aliénation… La prostitution, tout comme le concept de genre, est une construction sociale, dans laquelle les femmes sont enfermées réellement et symboliquement.D’autre part, si les maux d’une société sont décuplés dans le système de la prostitution, nulle part ailleurs n’existe un tel abîme entre fantasme et réalité. C’est le lieu des fausses représentations et des euphémismes comme le montrent ces deux expressions édulcorées « zones de tolérance » et « femmes publiques ». A Cuba, malgré les tentatives d’éradication de la prostitution dans les premières décennies qui suivirent le triomphe de la Révolution de 1959, la chute du bloc soviétique et la période de pénurie qui s’ensuivit donnèrent lieu à un retour de cette prostitution, sous de nouvelles formes qui persistent aujourd’hui. Cependant, il fut une époque, celle de la première République (1902-1958) durant laquelle Cuba, rongée par un système néocolonial, connût une recrudescence de ce phénomène, dans des proportions jamais égalées. Une époque somme toute récente où les zones de tolérance, espaces où étaient regroupées les maisons closes, occupaient une grande partie de La Havane coloniale ainsi que des quartiers entiers à travers l’île. A l’intérieur de ces zones très lucratives dont profitaient à la fois les proxénètes, policiers, politiques et hommes d’affaires, les femmes cubaines, mais également, dans une grande proportion des Françaises victimes de la traite des Blanches, se trouvaient au cœur d’un système qui étaient à lui seul le symptôme de la frustration néocoloniale, mais également de l’exacerbation du patriarcat.Cette problématique, on ne peut plus actuelle, convoque la pluridisciplinarité, c’est pourquoi j’ai eu recours à des témoignages de prostituées depuis le début du siècle jusqu’à la Révolution, recueillis et publiés à Cuba. Je me suis penchée sur les différents discours sur la prostitution de l’époque, discours politiques et féministes. Les rapports de police, les plaintes déposées par des femmes, les comptes rendus de procès, et les descriptions des médecins-hygiénistes sont autant de sources qui viennent corroborer les témoignages.
The republican era in Cuba is a complex and difficult one for the Cuban population. 1898 remains engraved in people’s memories as being a time of great disillusion for a population who, having freed itself from Spanish colonial domination, was deprived of independence by the United States of America. Three years of American intervention sufficed to put power bases into place, guarantee maximal exploitation conditions and organize the legal framework of the American domination over Cuba by means of the Platt Amendment in 1901. The protectorate set up by the United States, followed by a neocolonial system in 1934, relies upon the collaboration of presidents and corrupt governments succeeding each other in power. Corruption, nepotism and violence are put in place in a society in which inequality is dramatically worsening and all moral values are disintegrating. In this context and in a Cuban society governed with patriarchal rules, women are the first victims of the system. After the wars of independence, the only options they have are marriage, work or prostitution. Legitimate marriage is only available to a privileged few. With regards to employment, only 9.8% of women have the opportunity to work and this percentage didn’t change until 1959. It was at this time that prostitution reached unprecedented levels. It wasn’t just the case of a few marginalized women but of thousands of mothers, wives, widows and working women who were trapped in this alienating condition, forced to sell their bodies. Legislation and violence are used to control and restrict the work space for prostitutes, removing these ‘streetwalkers’ from the public eye, grouping them together in tolerance zones with very strict rules, which are in reality in the hands of Cuban and French procurers, and subjecting them to constant inspections carried out by hygienists who physically and symbolically assault women’s bodies. What is more, speeches about prostitution, whether made by politicians, feminists, journalists, doctors or mere observers, contribute significantly to a certain representation of these women. While debates about prostitution have recently shaken public opinion, this work refers back to an episode of Cuba’s history which brings us to reflect upon the evolution of the phenomenon and on its protean nature.
Cuba

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6945
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6945