Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : East African Rift (EAR) is the divergent plate boundary. EAR exposes different stages of extension, from early stage rifting in Tanzania to oceanic accretion in Afar (Ethiopia). Manyara basin is the southernmost rift system of the east branch of EAR with recent volcanism (< 1.5 Ma) and a seismic swarm in the lower crust (20 – 40 km). Due to its location and tectonic setting, the Manyara basin offers the opportunity to study the earliest stage of rift initiation. Manyara volcanism is composed of several types of hyper-alkaline lavas as Mg-nephelinites (Mg# > 55) (Labait, Kwaraha), calciocarbonatite (Kwaraha) and evolved nephelinites (Mg# < 35) (Hanang).Mg-nephelinites (Labait and Kwaraha) are primary lavas mainly composed of olivine and clinopyroxene (cpx). Geochemical modelling from trace elements suggests that these primary magmas result from a degree of partial melting < 1 % from a CO2-garnet-phlogopite-bearing peridotite. These magmas have an asthenospheric source at depth > 120 km (lava carries xenoliths with equilibrium conditions > 4 GPa). The minerals were crystallized from a magma with a low H2O content (0.1 and 0.5 wt% H2O). The calciocarbonatite and evolved nephelinites are derived from Mg-nephelinites by fractional crystallization and immiscibility processes. Hanang nephelinites are silica- and alkaline-rich lavas (44.2 – 46.7 wt % SiO2, 9.5 –12.1 wt % Na2O+K2O, respectively) composed by cpx, Ti-garnet, nepheline, apatite and titanite. Complex zonation of cpx (e.g. abrupt change of Mg#, Nb/Ta, and H2O) and trace element patterns of nephelinites record magmatic differentiation involving open system with carbonate-silicate immiscibility and primary melt replenishment. The low H2O content of cpx (3 – 25 ppm wt. H2O) indicates that at least 0.3 wt % H2O was present at depth during carbonate-rich nephelinite crystallization at 340 – 640 MPa and 1050 – 1100 °C. The study of hosted-nepheline melt inclusions from Hanang allows constraining the late magmatic evolution of nephelinites during storage and magma ascent. Melt inclusions are composed by a silicate trachytic glass, a carbonate phase and a shrinkage bubble. Trachytic glass contains high content in CO2 (0.43 wt %, SIMS analyses), sulfur (0.21 – 0.92 wt % S), chlorine (0.28 –0.84 wt % Cl) and H2O low content (< 0.1 wt %, Raman analyses). Immiscibility process leading to the formation of carbonate occurs in a closed system during rapid magma ascent between 200 – 500 MPa. The carbonate phase is a Ca-Na-K-S-rich and anhydrous carbonate (33 wt % CaO, 20 wt % Na2O, 3 wt % K2O, and 3 wt % S). The pre-immiscible liquid has a phonolitic composition with 6 ± 1.5 wt % CO2 at 700 MPa. A preliminary study of melt inclusions by XANES spectroscopy and whole rocks by Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine these Manyara lavas were formed at oxidizing conditions (~ ΔFMQ +1.5).The early stage rifting volcanism (Manyara Basin) is characterized by CO2-rich and H2O-poor magmas from at least 120 km below the rift escarpment. The presence of CO2-rich magmas and the small amount of volcanic rocks erupted at the surface may indicate that the storage and percolation of these magmas at depth is a potential trigger for deep seismic swarms.
Le rift Est africain (REA) est une frontière de plaque en extension. Ce rift présente plusieurs stades d’extension, de l’initiation du rift en Tanzanie jusqu’à l’accrétion océanique en Afar. Le bassin de Manyara se situe le plus au sud de branche Est du REA. Il est caractérisé par la présence de volcanisme récent (< 1,5 Ma) et d’un essaim sismique dans la croûte inférieure (20 – 40 km). De par sa localisation et son contexte tectonique, le bassin de Manyara offre l’opportunité d’étudier le stade le plus précoce de l’initiation du rift. Le bassin de Manyara est composé de plusieurs types de laves hyperalcalines, les néphélinites magnésiennes (Mg# > 55) (Labait, Kwaraha), de calciocarbonatite (Kwaraha) et des néphélinites différenciées (Mg# < 35) (Hanang).Les néphélinites magnésiennes (Labait et Kwaraha) sont des laves primaires composées d’olivines et de clinopyroxènes (cpx). La modélisation géochimique des éléments en trace suggère que ces magmas primaires résultent d'un degré de fusion partielle ≤ 1 % à partir d'une péridotite à grenat et phlogopite. Ces magmas proviennent d’une profondeur > 120 km (présence de xénolites avec des conditions d’équilibre > 4 GPa). Les minéraux ont cristallisés à partir d’un magma pauvre en eau (0,1 et 0,5 pds % H2O). La calciocarbonatite et les néphélinites différenciés sont issues des néphélinites magnésiennes par cristallisation fractionnée et processus d’immiscibilité. Les néphélinites du Hanang sont riches en éléments alcalins (9,5 – 12,1 pds % Na2O+K2O) et en silice (44,2 – 46,7 pds% SiO2) et sont composés de cpx, grenat, néphéline, titanite et apatite. La zonation complexe dans les cpx (par exemple, changement brusque de Mg#, Nb/Ta, et H2O) implique une différenciation magmatique en système ouvert avec immiscibilité de liquide carbonaté et silicaté ainsi qu’un remplissage de la chambre magmatique avec des liquides primaires. La faible teneur en eau des cpx (3 – 25 ppm H2O) indique la présence d’un magma pauvre en eau (0,3 pds % H2O) lors de la cristallisation des cpx à des conditions crustales (340 – 640 MPa et 1050 – 1100 °C). L’étude des inclusions vitreuses dans les néphélines de Hanang permet de contraindre l'évolution magmatique tardive des néphélinites et le comportement des éléments volatils (CO2, H2O, S, F, Cl) lors du stockage et de la remontée du magma. Les inclusions vitreuses sont composées d’un verre trachytique, d’une phase carbonatée et d’une bulle de rétraction. Le verre trachytique contient du CO2 (0,43 pds % CO2, analyses SIMS), du soufre (0,21 à 0,92 pds% S), du chlore (0,28 – 0,84 pds % Cl) et très peu d’H2O (< 0,1 pds % H2O, analyses Raman). Le processus d’immiscibilité conduisant à la formation du carbonate se produit dans un système fermé pendant l'ascension rapide du magma, entre 200 – 500 MPa. La phase carbonatée est un carbonate anhydre et riche en Ca-Na-K-S (33 pds % CaO, 20 pds % Na2O, 3 pds % K2O, et 3 pds % S). Le liquide pré-immiscible a une composition phonolitique avec 6 ± 1,5 pds % CO2 à une pression de 700 MPa. Une étude préliminaire des inclusions par spectroscopie XANES et des roches par spectroscopie Mössbauer a permis de déterminer que les laves de Manyara se sont formées à conditions oxydantes (~ ∆FMQ +1,5).À l’initiation du rift, le volcanisme dans le bassin de Manyara est caractérisé par des magmas riches en CO2 et pauvres en H2O issus d’au moins 120 km de profondeur sous l'escarpement du rift. La présence de ces magmas riches en CO2 et la faible quantité de roches volcaniques émises à la surface peuvent indiquer que le piégeage et la percolation de ces magmas en profondeur est un déclencheur potentiel des essaims sismiques profonds.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01563231

NNT : 2016MONTT114
tel-01563231
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01563231
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01563231v2/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01563231/file/2016_BAUDOUIN_archivage.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The gametogenic cycle and the reproductive effort of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, cultivated in Takapoto lagoon were studied for a 1-year period (March 1997-April 1998) by bimonthly observations of gonadal sections, dry tissue weights and gonadal index in a population of pearl oyster composed of three age-groups. pearl oysters attained sexual maturity in the end of their first year (height approximate to 40 mm), implying that P. margaritifera is a late-maturing species in comparison with other Pteriidae. This species was also confirmed to be a marked protandrous successive hermaphrodite in culture, with 100 % of males at first maturity and 75 % in older pearl oyster (height > 120 mm). The general pattern of gametogenic activity, fairly synchronous in both sexes, was comparable with that of other tropical bivalves: reproduction occurs continuously throughout the year with a maximal activity during the warm season (November-May). No resting period was observed. Quantitative growth data showed that P. margaritifera exhibits an annual synchronised polymodal spawning pattern, with two spawning peaks in age-group I (height approximate to 70 mm) and five in age-groups II (height approximate to 100 mm) and III (height approximate to 120 mm). Spawning was sometimes incomplete, nevertheless a clear relationship between gamete production (P-R, g) and size (height H, mm) was obtained: P-R = 5.26 x 10(-7) H-2.91 (R-2 = 0.99, p < 0.05). Estimation of P-R was used to calculate the annual reproductive effort in P. margaritifera. Reproductive effort (%) was similar to those calculated for temperate species and showed a progressive increase with the age of pearl oyster, from 7 % in age-group I to 38 % in age-group III. This study showed that, in a fairly stable tropical environment such as the Takapoto lagoon, P. margaritifera is a multiple spawner, which uses an opportunistic reproductive strategy, allowing investment all year around, of any surplus energy into gamete production. Surplus energy is ensured by the high pumping rates developed by this non-symbiotic bivalve to succeed in low seston conditions. (C) 2000 Ifremer/Cnrs/Inra/Ird/Cemagref/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.
Le cycle et l'effort de reproduction de l'huître perlière à lèvres noires, Pinctada margaritifera, cultivée dans le lagon de Takapoto, ont été étudiés sur une période annuelle (de mars 1997 à avril 1998), par un suivi bimensuel des stades de maturation et des indices gonadiques, sur une population en élevage composée de trois groupes d'âge (1, 2 et 3 ans). Cette étude a confirmé que P. margaritifera est une espèce qui se reproduit tardivement par rapport aux autres Ptériidés (elle atteint sa maturité sexuelle à la fin de sa première année, pour une hauteur approximative de 40 mm). Par ailleurs, elle présente, en élevage, une protandrie marquée (100 % de mâles à première maturité, 75 % pour des huîtres âgées de trois ans). Le schéma général de sa gamétogenèse, relativement synchrone dans les deux sexes, est comparable à celui des autres bivalves tropicaux : la reproduction est quasiment continue (aucune période de repos sexuel) avec une activité accrue en saison chaude (de novembre à mai). L'analyse des variations du poids de la gonade suggère l'existence de deux pics d'émission de gamètes chez les huîtres de un an et cinq pics chez les huîtres de 2 et 3 ans (cycle de reproduction de type polymodal). Bien que ces émissions de gamètes soient parfois incomplètes, une relation entre la production de gamètes (PR, en g) et la taille de l'huître perlière (hauteur, H, en mm) a été établie : PR = 5,26 x 10-7 H2,91 (R2 = 0,99, p < 0,05). Ces résultats ont permis de calculer l'effort de reproduction de P. margaritifera à Takapoto et sur un bilan annuel : il augmente avec l'âge de l'huître perlière de 7 % pour le groupe d'âge I à 38% pour le groupe d'âge III. Ces valeurs annuelles sont similaires à celles calculées chez les bivalves de milieux tempérés. Cette étude a donc montré que, dans un environnement tropical assez stable tel que celui du lagon de Takapoto, P. margaritifera présente une reproduction continue, avec plusieurs pics d'émission de gamètes par an. Cette stratégie « opportuniste » permet l'investissement, de tout surplus d'énergie en production de gamètes, tout au long de l'année. Malgré la faible concentration du milieu en nourriture, ces surplus d'énergie sont assurés par les fortes capacités de filtration développées par cette espèce tropicale non-symbiotique.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Elsevier), 2000 , Vol. 13 , N. 1 , P. 37-48

Droits : 2000 Ifremer/Cnrs/Inra/Ird/Cemagref/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/publication-1391.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00135-2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1391/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Transmission electron microscopy observations on olivine crystals deformed at moderate (≤1273 K) temperature evidenced dislocations interactions explaining the hardening observed in the experiments, but also recovery mechanisms by the absorption or emission of point defects. Thus we investigate the possibility that, at geological strain-rates, these recovery processes allow steady-state deformation by dislocation creep at low to moderate temperatures in the lithospheric mantle. We test this hypothesis using a 2.5-D dislocation dynamics (DD) model, which combines dislocation glide and recovery by climb. This model shows that diffusion-controlled recovery processes allow for steady-state deformation by dislocation creep in the lithospheric mantle at stresses <500 MPa. For stresses of 50–200 MPa, steady-state strain-rates of 10−15 s−110−15 s−1 may be attained at temperatures as low as 900 K. Fitting of the DD model produces a flow law, which represents a lower bound for the lithospheric mantle strength, since the models describe the deformation of an olivine single crystal in an easy slip orientation. Comparison of strain-rates and Moho temperatures inferred for different geodynamic environments and the predictions of this model-based flow law implies, nevertheless, that, except in incipient rifts, most of the observed deformation may be produced by stress levels ≤200 MPa, consistent with those inferred to be produced by convection. This convergence suggests that the present models, which explicitly calculate the time-dependent dislocation dynamics, may provide a correct first order estimate of the mechanical behaviour of the lithospheric mantle, which cannot be derived directly from any existing data.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/file/Boioli.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.012

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-villars
Résumé : 69 new hydrothermal sites were discovered during the Naudur diving cruise. Dives were conducted between 17 degrees 5 and 18 degrees 40'5 on four segments showing marked contrast in morphology, volcanic, tectonic and hydrothermal activity. At 17 degrees 10'5, 17 degrees 25'5 and 18 degrees 37'5 the ridge has a dome shaped cross-section and is dominated by very active volcanic activity. Early widespread low temperature (<50 degrees C) diffuse hydrothermal discharge is followed by focused high temperature black smokers. At 18 degrees 15'S tectonic activity is dominant, no recent lava was observed, and only two of the 20 hydrothermal sites are active. At 18 degrees 32'5 recent lava representing a new volcanic episode partly covers the bottom of the graben. Deep hydrothermal convection is reactivated with new black smokers along the graben wall. Also, there is low temperature shimmering water from cooling lava flows. These three segments can be considered as successive volcanic/tectonic episodes typical of a fast spreading ridge. Further, the observations support a new model for the temporal evolution of episodic hydrothermal activity. Hydrothermal convection is unstable and superficial during the volcanic stage (dykes injection). At the beginning of the teaonic stage (graben formation) faults allow deep circulation and hot fluid to reach the surface. As the graben widens hydrothermal activity is less important and may cease. The heat of a new volcanic episode reactivates the deep hot water circulation along the graben faults completing a cycle.
69 nouveaux sites hydrothermaux ont été découverts entre 17'5 et 18'40'5 sur quatre segments présentant des activités volcaniques et tectoniques contrastées. A 17°10'S,17025'S et 18'37'5, la ride forme un dôme et l'activité volcanique est dominante. Les émissions hydrothermales sont d'abord diffuses et de basse température, puis focalisées et de haute température. A 18°15'S la majorité des sites hydrothermaux sont inactifs dans un graben axial dépourvu de laves récentes. A 18'32'5, des laves récentes s'épanchent au fond du graben. Les circuits hydrothermaux réactivés par le nouvel épisode volcanique se traduisent par des diffusions sur les laves récentes et par une reprise des émissions de haute température le long des murs du graben. Ces quatre segments traduisent des épisodes volcanoltectoniques successifs, caractéristiques de I'évolution temporelle des dorsales rapides. Les observations permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle de l'activité hydrothermale. Les circuits hydrothermaux sont diffus, peu structurés, instables et superficiels durant les épisodes volcaniques. Au début des épisodes tectoniques, les failles du graben drainent les fluides chauds en profondeur, puis lorsque le graben s'élargit, l'activité s'interrompt. La reprise de l'activité volcanique réamorce les circulations profondes le long des failles du graben.
Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II (1251-8069) (Gauthier-villars), 1994-12 , Vol. 319 , N. 11 , P. 1399-1406

Droits : Académie des Sciences
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29455/27889.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29455/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Fluid escape structures on the Nile Deep Sea Fan were investigated during the MEDIFLUX MIMES expedition in 2004. Mud volcanoes, pockmarks and authigenic carbonate structures were surveyed for the first time with a high-resolution deep-towed 75 kHz sidescan sonar and a 2-8 kHz Chirp sediment echosounder. In combination with existing multibeam bathymetry and detailed seafloor in situ geological observations, these new data allowed detailed seep analyses. About 60 gas flares were detected acoustically in the water column from the sidescan sonar raw data at water depths from 770 to 1700 m. These gas flares coincide at the seabed with 1) the centres of the mud volcanoes where mud is also extruded, 2) the borders of the mud volcanoes where the emitted gases contribute to the precipitation of authigenic carbonates, and 3) to the edges of broad sheets of authigenic carbonates. Subsurface sediments are commonly disturbed by ascending fluids throughout the delta, with an abundance of seep-related carbonate structures on the seafloor. The feeder channels below mud volcanoes, similar to the gas conduits below the widespread carbonate crust structures and pockmarks, are relatively narrow and, for the vast majority of them, do not exceed a few metres in diameter. The seeps on the Nile Deep Sea Fan clearly follow lineations on the seafloor that we can relate to faults. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Marine Geology (0025-3227) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2010-09 , Vol. 275 , N. 1-4 , P. 1-19

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12457/9766.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.04.003
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12457/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Polarized emittance measurements were acquired for synthetic forsterite, the pure magnesium end member of the olivines group, on the whole infrared spectral range and up to the melting point by using CO2 laser heating. The experimental data, fitted with a semi-quantum dielectric function model, allowed the retrieval of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of forsterite both in the opaque and semi-transparent regions. The analysis of the phonon parameters indicates that the lattice dynamics evolve drastically with increasing temperature. The normal modes involving motions of the magnesium cations located in site 1 are the more impacted, and some of them vanish around 1,200 K. The results confirm that the enhancement of the lattice anharmonicity and the increasing mobility of the magnesium cations are closely linked and are at the origin of the anomalies observed in the evolution of the thermophysical properties. This complete set of spectroscopic data may be a step toward a more precise evaluation of the impact of thermal radiation heat transfer inside systems involving forsterite and quantification of their heat budget.
ISSN: 0342-1791

hal-00817079
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817079
DOI : 10.1007/s00269-013-0570-z

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The genus Cecropia includes pioneer trees that colonize canopy gaps and cleared areas. It is widely distributed from Mexico to Northern Argentina. Cecropia trees have architecture, which corresponds to the Rauh’s architectural model. In recent studies we have found that C. obtusa/ and C. sciadophylla, in French Guiana, have a strong annual periodicity for growth, branching and flowering processes, with annual emission of 35 nodes for C. obtusa and 25 for C. sciadophylla. Those species show different life histories since C. sciadophylla has longer life expectancy. In addition, C. sciadophylla is found more frequently in forest gaps, although in French Guiana mixed populations are found. The aim of this work was to compare developmental strategies of both species in three different field stations in French Guiana and to determine how these two species coexist during its first years of life. We studied a 20-year old population of /C. sciadophylla/ at Saint Elie’s Road, a 10-year old population of /C. obtusa/ at Paracou’s field station, and a 7-year old mixed population at Counami’s Road. /C. sciadophylla /emits 25 nodes per year in both studied populations, while/ C. obtusa /emits 35 nodes in the monospecific population and 30 nodes in the mixed population. In the monocaule stage, the lower number of nodes emitted by /C. sciadophylla/ compared to /C. obtusa /is compensated with a higher internodal length, which allows finding individuals with similar ages and lengths, but different number of nodes. The branching and flowering processes start on average three years before in /C. obtusa/, however for 12-year old individuals we observed a dominancy of C. sciadophylla over C. obtusa. In the mixed population it is likely that the different life histories would decrease competition effects allowing coexistence of both species during the first stages of life
Botany 2008
Vancouver, Canada

hal-01190209
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190209
PRODINRA : 182910

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : We present the global general circulation model IPSL-CM5 developed to study the long-term response of the climate system to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the 5th Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This model includes an interactive carbon cycle, a representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, and a comprehensive representation of aerosols. As it represents the principal dynamical, physical, and bio-geochemical processes relevant to the climate system, it may be referred to as an Earth System Model. However, the IPSL-CM5 model may be used in a multitude of configurations associated with different boundary conditions and with a range of complexities in terms of processes and interactions. This paper presents an overview of the different model components and explains how they were coupled and used to simulate historical climate changes over the past 150 years and different scenarios of future climate change. A single version of the IPSL-CM5 model (IPSL-CM5A-LR) was used to provide climate projections associated with different socio-economic scenarios, including the different Representative Concentration Pathways considered by CMIP5 and several scenarios from the Special Report on Emission Scenarios considered by CMIP3. Results suggest that the magnitude of global warming projections primarily depends on the socio-economic scenario considered, that there is potential for an aggressive mitigation policy to limit global warming to about two degrees, and that the behavior of some components of the climate system such as the Arctic sea ice and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation may change drastically by the end of the twenty-first century in the case of a no climate policy scenario. Although the magnitude of regional temperature and precipitation changes depends fairly linearly on the magnitude of the projected global warming (and thus on the scenario considered), the geographical pattern of these changes is strikingly similar for the different scenarios. The representation of atmospheric physical processes in the model is shown to strongly influence the simulated climate variability and both the magnitude and pattern of the projected climate changes.
Climate Dynamics (0930-7575) (Springer), 2013-05 , Vol. 40 , N. 9-10 , P. 2123-2165

Droits : The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00138/24966/23079.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00138/24966/

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-villars
Résumé : The submersible-study of four segments of the East Pacific Rise between 17 degrees and 18 degrees 40'S, where the spreading rate is greater than 150 mm/a, allows us to confirm the variability of the accretion processes. The segment between 17 degrees and 17 degrees 30'S shows an intense present-day magmatic activity. The one between 18 degrees 10' and 18 degrees 22'S shows a mainly tectonic activity. The segment between 18 degrees 22' and 18 degrees 37'S is an intermediate stage with an axial graben in which fresh lavas were emplaced by an extremely young eruption. On all the segments the hydrothermal activity exists ranging from shimmering water up to black smokers, It is associated with different stages of animal colonization.
L'étude par le submersible Nautile de quatre segments de la Dorsale Est Pacifique entre 17° et 18°40'S où le taux d'ouverture est de plus de 150 mm/an, permet de confirmer la variabilité des processus de l'accrétion dans le temps et dans l'espace. Le segment compris entre 17° et 17°30'S montre une intense activité magmatique actuelle ou sub-actuelle, celui compris entre 18°10' et 18°22'S montre une activité essentiellement tectonique et celui compris entre 18°22' et 18°37'S une combinaison des deux, le graben d'extension étant partiellement rempli de laves émises lors d'une éruption extrêmement récente. Partout existe une activité hydrothermale, allant de l'émission de fluides moirés à des fumeurs noirs, associée à divers stades de colonisation animale.
Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II (1251-8069) (Gauthier-villars), 1994-10 , Vol. 319 , N. 7 , P. 811-818

Droits : Académie des Sciences
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29458/27840.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29458/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Meteorological Society
Résumé : Global positioning system (GPS) data from a dense network have been used for the analysis of the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille, France, during the second intensive observation period (IOP2; 21–26 June 2001) of the Expérience sur Sites pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emission (ESCOMPTE) field experiment. Both tomographic analyses and integrated water vapor (IWV) contents from GPS have been used, in addition to wind profiler data and surface observations. Tomographic analysis of data from the dense GPS network and radiosondes provided the continuous temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the city of Marseille. The city is located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern France and is often under the influence of sea-breeze effects. Two different layers of breeze circulation are identified: a shallow sea breeze, blowing perpendicular to the local coastline, and a deep sea breeze, induced by the regional temperature gradient between sea and land. The origin of water vapor is shown to be mainly due to the advection of marine moist air by these sea-breeze circulations. However, the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille is strongly influenced by the synoptic situation, which changes during the IOP2 (between a northerly mistral in the early stage of the IOP and an easterly wind at the end). It is shown that vertical profiles from tomographic analyses (combined with wind profiler data) allow for a proper interpretation of the diurnal cycle observed in IWV. Two-dimensional maps of IWV are also shown to complement the description of the horizontal advection of moisture by the different circulation regimes.
ISSN: 1558-8424

hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/file/drJAM_cycle_diurne_GPS_rev1.pdf
DOI : 10.1175/JAM2450.1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Traditional network generation models aim to replicate global structural properties observed on various real-world networks (power law degree distribution, short average distance, community structure, etc.) through synthetic link formation mechanisms such as triadic closure or preferential attachment. Nowadays the large amount of data available allows to study more precisely the link formation processes and to compare the models to real situations. In this work, we analyse the communication activities of the users of a mobile telephony operator for studying the link formation process. The communications emitted and received by users are strong indicators for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the link formation process and highlighting how user attributes correlate with the formation process in such a network. In a first study conducted at a global level we show that the traditional mechanisms commonly used in network generation models are not the main link formation mechanisms involved in this network. In a second study, we analyse more precisely the link formation process by searching for correlations between some user attributes and the formation of the new links. These results provide valuable guidelines to the design of more realistic generation models taking into account network structure and node attributes.
IEEE International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS)
Marrakesh, Morocco

hal-01312314
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01312314
DOI : 10.1109/RCIS.2014.6861065

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : Absolute Mα and Mβ X-ray intensities were measured for the elements Pt, Au, Pb, U, and Th by electron impact for energies ranging from 6 to 38 keV. Experimental data were obtained by measuring the X-ray intensity emitted from bulk samples with an electron microprobe using high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectrometers. Recorded X-ray intensities were converted into absolute X-ray yields by evaluation of the detector efficiency and then compared with X-ray intensities calculated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Simulated Mα and Mβ X-ray intensities were found to be in good agreement with the measurements, allowing their use in standardless quantification methods. A procedure and a software program were developed to accurately obtain virtual standard values. Standardless quantifications of Pb and U were tested on standards of PbS, PbTe, PbCl2, vanadinite, and UO2.
ISSN: 0003-2700

hal-01217495
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01217495
DOI : 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01443

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Geological Society
Résumé : Gem opals from Wegel Tena, Wollo Province, Ethiopia, occur in Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrites. They display a unique geochemistry, with some samples yielding the highest Ba concentrations ever recorded. They are generally much richer in chemical impurities than opals from other localities. For example, the sum Al+Fe or the sum Na+Mg+Ca+K+Ba are often higher. These geochemical features make them easy to distinguish from other opals worldwide. We observed strong geochemical variations and some good positive correlations in our samples, such as Al+Fe vs. Na+Mg+Ca+K+Ba, Al vs Ca, or Ba vs Ca. This shows that the crystallography of opal has controlled, at least in part, the incorporation of chemical impurities, although opal is not well-crystallized. In addition, the multimodal distributions of several chemical impurities (e.g. U vs Sr, Al vs Ca, Ba vs Ca, etc.) suggest at least two origins of silica: weathering of feldspars and weathering of volcanic glass. In addition, opals from Wegel Tena contain numerous well-preserved microscopic plant fossils. Moreover, their host rock exhibits features typical of pedogenesis (abundant clays, desiccation cracks, and grain size sorting). We propose that the opals at Wegel Tena formed during the Oligocene period when volcanic emissions stopped for a time long enough to allow weathering of ingimbrites and therefore liberation of silica. This accompanied the formation of soil and development of plant life, and some plants were trapped in opal.
ISSN: 1467-7873

hal-00767555
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00767555
DOI : 10.1144/1467-7873/10-MINDEP-058

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The presence of obstacles met in natural environment by the flow, influences the dispersion of air pollutants which it carries. This thesis, based on spatiotemporal micro-meteorological measurements in tropical region, aims at studying the dispersion of compounds emitted by the ecosystem mangrove according to the weather conditions. At a daily scale, the meteorological analysis reveals, besides the presence of Trade Winds, the existence of thermal flows of which nocturnal thermodynamic parameters have been defined. The field observation has shown that the weak intensity of the wind disadvantages the dispersion of compounds emitted during the night. At a finer scale, the existence of a spectral gap separating large scale phenomena of those related to turbulence has been demonstrated. These last ones were treated by spectral and statistical approaches to quantify the turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat during the night, for an averaged duration of 13 minutes. The stratification of the surface layer has been considered and determined by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The measurements acquired at night and the application of Kolmogorov theory allowed us to deduct the dissipation rate of energy and the size of the vortices at 5.5 meters in height. This work has also led us, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, to identify, in mangrove, sulphurated volatil organic compounds, organohalogen, BTEX, ... All these results will later serve to feed dispersion models related to the studied ecosystem.
La présence d'obstacles rencontrés en milieu naturel par l'écoulement, influence la dispersion des polluants qu'il transporte. Cette thèse, fondée sur des mesures micro-météorologiques spatio-temporelles en région tropicale, vise à étudier la dispersion de composés émis par l'écosystème mangrove en fonction des conditions météorologiques. A l'échelle journalière, l'analyse météorologique révèle, outre la présence des Alizés, l'existence d'écoulements thermiques dont des paramètres thermodynamiques nocturnes ont été définis. L'observation terrain nous a montré que la faible intensité du vent défavorise la dispersion des composés émis durant la nuit. A une échelle plus fine, l'existence d'un trou spectral séparant les phénomènes de grande échelle de ceux liés à la turbulence a été mise en évidence. Ces derniers ont été traités par des approches spectrale et statistique pour quantifier les flux turbulents de quantité de mouvement et de chaleur sensible, pendant la nuit, pour une durée de moyenne de l'ordre de 13 minutes. L'état de stratification de la couche de surface a été pris en compte et déterminé par la théorie de similitude de Monin-Obukhov. Les mesures nocturnes effectuées et l'application de la théorie de Kolmogorov ont permis de déduire les taux de dissipation de l'énergie et la taille des tourbillons à 5,5 m d'altitude. Ce travail a également conduit, par l'analyse chromatographique en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, à l'identification, en mangrove, de composés organiques volatils soufrés, des organohalogénés, des BTEX, ... L'ensemble de ces résultats servira ultérieurement à alimenter les modèles de dispersion spécifiques liés aux écosystèmes étudiés.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665882

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 11AGUY0438
tel-00665882
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665882
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665882/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665882/file/ThA_seCdAlexis.pdf

Résumé : Cette thèse concerne la modélisation des dynamiques de maladies foliaires de cultures pérennes tropicales à différentes échelles spatiales. Cette approche de modélisation est appliquée à la cercosporiose noire du bananier. Il s’agit d’explorer et de déterminer les paramètres environnementaux et de résistance de l’hôte ayant une influence significative sur la dynamique spatiotemporelle de la maladie et d’apporter des éléments associés au contrôle de la cercosporiose noire.Deux modèles ont été développés dans le cadre de cette thèse. La dynamique épidémiologique au niveau de la plante est décrite par un modèle mécaniste décomposé en un modèle de croissance de la plante et un module épidémiologique décrivant le cycle épidémique du pathogène. L’architecture du bananier est prise en compte par le biais de compartiments foliaires positionnés dans l’espace. Le modèle a été validé par un jeu de données indépendant. Les expérimentations numériques et l’analyse de sensibilité du modèle réalisées par les méthodes de Morris et de e-FAST ont permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement épidémique de cette maladie et d’identifier les paramètres influant le plus la dynamique épidémique en particulier la vitesse d’extension des lésions, la durée d’incubation et l’efficacité d’infection .L’approche bayésienne a permis de prendre en compte l’information a priori disponible pour ces trois paramètres sur lesquels a porté l’inférence statistique. L’analyse de sensibilité du modèle a également permis d’identifier l’influence de deux paramètres liés à la croissance de la plante : le nombre de feuilles sur une plante et le rythme d’émission foliaire Un modèle de dynamique spatio-temporelle de la cercosporiose noire a été développé à l’échelle d’un territoire à partir d’enquêtes effectuées enMartinique pendant la période d’invasion de cette maladie de septembre 2010 à mai 2012. Les données récoltées étant censurées, l’inférence des paramètres du modèle a été réalisée dans un cadre bayésien en utilisant un algorithme d’augmentation de données. Le modèle et l’inférence développés permettent de reconstruire la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’invasion et de prédire la fin d’invasion sur le territoire.Les deux modèles de dynamiques spatio-temporelles développés à deux échelles spatiales différentes ont permis d’acquérir des informations importantes pour construire des outils de conception de méthode de contrôle de la cercosporiose noire des bananiers.
This thesis concerns the modeling of the dynamics of foliar diseases of tropical tree crops at different spatial scales. This modeling approach is applied to black Sigatoka of banana. It is to explore and determine the environmental parameters and host resistance has a significant influence on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease and to provide elements associated with the control of Sigatoka noire.Deux models were developed as part of this thesis. The epidemiological dynamics at the plant is described by a mechanistic model decomposed into a growth model of the plant and an epidemiological unit describing the pathogen epidemic cycle. The architecture of the banana is taken into account through foliar compartments positioned in space. The model was validated by an independent data set. Numerical experiments and model sensitivity analysis performed by the methods of Morris and e-FAST enabled to better understand the functioning of this epidemic disease and identify the parameters affecting the most dynamic epidemic especially speed extension of the lesions, the incubation period and efficiency of Bayesian .L'approche infection allowed to take into account prior information available for these three parameters that were the statistical inference. The model sensitivity analysis also identified the influence of two parameters related to plant growth: the number of leaves on a plant and rate of leaf emission A dynamic model of space-time Black Sigatoka has been developed at the scale of a territory from surveys enMartinique during the period of invasion of the disease from September 2010 to May 2012. The data collected being censored, inference of model parameters has was performed in a Bayesian framework, using a data augmentation algorithm. The model developed and inference possible to reconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of the invasion and predict the end of the invasion territoire.Les two spatio-temporal dynamics models developed at two different spatial scales has been gained important information for build tools design method of control of black Sigatoka of banana.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0835/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Volumes of magma intruded in and emitted by volcanoes through time can be estimated by reconstruction of vol-cano's morphology and time sequence. Classical approaches for quantifying magma volumes on active volcanoes are based on the difference between pre-and post-eruption digital elevation models (DEM), but this kind of approach needs the pre-eruptive surfaces to be available. For old and eroded volcanoes these surfaces are poorly constrained. However, because the geometrical form of many volcanic edifices exhibits a remarkable symmetry we propose, here, a new approach using primary volcanic landforms in order to estimate the amount of the both erupted and eroded material and to locate eruptive centers. A large fraction of composite volcanoes have near constant slope on their flanks and a form that is concave upwards near their summits. But many phenomena can lead to non-symetrical edifices and complex morphologies can result, for example from parasitic centers of volcanism on the flanks, from alternation of short effusive and explosive construction phases, from flank or caldera collapses, or from glacial and other types of erosion. In this study we propose that, on the first order approximation, complex morphologies can be modeled by piling regular cones. In this model, cones centers and slopes are derived by fitting primary volcanic landform with a linear function :elevation=f(distance from center). Such an approach allows to estimate both errors on location of the eruptive center and on the volume of the resulting cones. This model can then be used for quantifying volume of erupted and eroded material, and for quantifying catastrophic events as giant landslides or flank collapse. This approach is tested on four different active volcanoes : Mount Mayon (Philippines), Mount Fuji (Japan), Mount Etna (Sicily) and Mount Teide (Canary Island) to estimate errors in volume between modeled and actual edifices. It is then used on volcanoes of La Réunion hotspot to reconstruct the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes at its different stages of growing.
EGU 2014
Vienna, Austria

hal-01386609
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01386609

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
The diagnosis of some infectious diseases is sometimes difficult to make and new diagnostic tools have been regularly assessed to that end. 18fluoro-deoxyglucose ((18)FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) coupled with computed tomography (CT) is one of these new procedures. It has been evaluated for numerous infectious diseases with uneven results. A literature review allowed drawing some conclusions. First, (18)FDG-PET/CT is not currently a first-line procedure for infectious diseases. Second, it has proved useful for the evaluation of patients presenting with fever of unknown origin (FUO). Its negative predictive value is 100%: the symptoms of patients experiencing FUO with negative first-line investigations and a negative (18)FDG-PET/CT will almost always spontaneously disappear. Third, (18)FDG-PET/CT also seems to be contributive for the diagnosis of vascular prosthesis infections or osteomyelitis. Fourth, it has promising results for patients presenting with infective endocarditis, especially for secondary infectious foci, or for patients presenting with suspected infection of pacemakers or implanted defibrillator; but results are still preliminary and must be confirmed. Finally(18)FDG-PET/CT cannot be recommended yet for other infectious diseases due to lack of published data.
ISSN: 0399-077X

hal-01064982
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01064982
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01064982/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01064982/file/Contributionsur 18Fluoro_deoxyglucose_PETCT_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.04.007

Résumé : En 2013, Le Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC) publie son cinquième rapport concernant les changements climatiques. Il y est souligné que le réchauffement climatique est sans équivoque, et que de nouvelles émissions de gaz à effet de serre impliqueront une poursuite du réchauffement et des changements affectant toutes les composantes du système climatique. En région tropicale, une hausse de la température, ainsi qu'une intensification des événements de sécheresse et de pluviométrie extrêmes sont à prévoir. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit ce travail, dont le but est d'étudier la réponse de la forêt tropicale à ces changements climatiques prédits en Guyane Française. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé les données du dispositif de suivi forestier de Paracou pour construire un modèle de dynamique individuel basé sur les traits fonctionnels des arbres. Un modèle de mortalité a d'abord été réalisé puis couplé à un modèle de croissance.Le modèle couplé ainsi construit permet de modéliser la croissance et la mortalité des arbres sur un pas de temps de 2 ans tout en tenant compte de leur ontogénie et de leurs traits fonctionnels. Ce modèle a d'abord été appliqué aux essences commerciales de Guyane Française en forêt naturelle et exploitée en y ajoutant un indice de stress hydrique. Ceci permet de montrer que le stress hydrique fait baisser la croissance et augmenter la mortalité, tandis que l'exploitation a l'effet inverse. Malgré le signal commun, différentes réponses sont observées selon les espèces. Le modèle a ensuite été appliqué à la communauté en forêt naturelle pour identifier les drivers climatiques et les processus impactés. Il ressort que la croissance est impactée par le stress hydrique et la température, et que la mortalité est impactée par le stress hydrique et la pluviométrie totale.Ces résultats ont enfin permis de construire un modèle complet de dynamique forestière climat dépendant, et de simuler l'évolution d'une communauté pendant un siècle selon différents scénarios correspondant aux prédictions du GIEC. Les simulations mettent en évidence une très forte diminution de la croissance, ainsi qu'une plus faible diminution de la mortalité. Ceci entraine une diminution notable de la surface terrière, du diamètre quadratique et de la biomasse fraiche. Une analyse de sensibilité montre que ces changements sont principalement dus à l'augmentation sévère des températures prédites pour le siècle à venir. Des pistes de réflexion sur les enjeux de modélisation et les échelles considérées sont proposées en discussion de ce travail.
In 2013 the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) publishes its fifth report. This report underlines that an increase of temperature and a strengthening of drought and extreme rainfall are expected in tropical regions. This work was made in this context of climate changes, and aimed to study the response of the rainforest to predicted climate changes. To do this, i used the data from the study site of Paracou French Guiana to build an individual based dynamics model based on the functional traits of trees. This model was first applied to species with a commercial interest in French Guiana, in natural and logged forest and adding a water stress index as predictor. Water stress decreases growth and increases mortality, while logging had the opposite effect. The model was then applied to the community in natural forest for identifying potential climate drivers and impacted processes. Growth is impacted by the water stress and temperature and mortality is imp acted by the water stress and the total rainfall. These results allowed us to build a climate dependent model of forest dynamics and to run simulations of the evolution of a community under different scenarios for the next century. Simulations showed a decrease of growth and a small decrease of mortality. This resulted in a substantial decrease of basal area, squared diameter and fresh biomass.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0802/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
Traditional network generation models aim to replicate global structural properties observed on various real-world networks through synthetic link formation mechanisms such as triadic closure or preferential attachment. Nowadays, the large amount of data available allow to study more precisely the link formation processes and to compare models with real situations. In this work, we analyze the network formed by the communication activities of the users of a telephony operator for studying the link formation process. Our goal is to identify the underlying formation mechanisms and checking if they match those proposed in traditional models. Indeed, the communications emitted and received by users are strong indicators for understanding the underlying patterns of the link formation process and highlighting how some individual properties induce the formation process in such a network. In a first study conducted at a global level, we show that the traditional mechanisms commonly used in network generation models cannot reproduce alone the link formation in this network. In a second study, we adopt a new point of view and analyze locally the link formation process by searching for correlations between some user attributes and the formation of the new links. The results obtained show that a very strong percentage of new links are formed between individuals with strong similarity.
ISSN: 1869-5450

hal-01312310
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01312310
DOI : 10.1007/s13278-015-0304-y

Résumé : Le pâturage, principal mode d’alimentation en zone tropicale, est souvent dévalorisé car il est associé à des performances animales jugées insuffisantes, et peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement. Même si l’alimentation à l’auge permet de meilleures productions, ce mode de conduite présente également des inconvénients, en termes d’investissements, de rentabilité économique, d’impact des rejets sur l’environnement et de qualité des produits. Une intensification de la conduite au pâturage semble donc une voie d’avenir, mais nécessite une meilleure connaissance de ce mode de conduite et de ses conséquences sur l’alimentation et les performances des animaux. Il apparait également nécessaire de comparer l’élevage au pâturage et à l’auge sur des critères homogènes, en dissociant les composantes de ces modes de conduite.L’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer et de comparer la conduite au pâturage et la conduite hors sol, en tenant compte également de la distribution ou non de concentré, sur l’alimentation, la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et la consommation d’eau. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié au cours d’une expérimentation, les effets de ces deux modes de conduite sur la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et de carcasse de taurillons Créoles abattus à deux âges (précoce vs tardif). Les taurillons à l’auge avaient une croissance plus rapide, des poids de carcasse plus élevés, ainsi que des carcasses plus grasses. Nous avons observé qu’abattre plus tardivement au pâturage (17 et 21 mois vs 14 et 17 mois à l’auge), permettait d’atteindre des poids finaux similaires à ceux obtenus à l’auge et des carcasses de meilleure qualité, plus riche en muscle. Nous avons expliqué la majorité de nos résultats par les effets combinés des modes de conduite et de l’alimentation et avons voulu étudier leurs effets respectifs. Dans un second temps, l’étude des effets du mode de conduite a été faite dans un premier temps, par le biais d’une méta-analyse. Les performances des animaux à l’auge étaient meilleures qu’au pâturage, mais ces effets dépendaient de la stratégie de complémentation. De cette méta-analyse est également apparu le manque d’études auge vs pâturage sur l’alimentation et à ration égale. Afin d’étudier les effets respectifs du mode de conduite et de la stratégie de complémentation, un dispositif analytique avec des taurillons élevés à l’auge et au pâturage complémentés ou non avec du concentré a été mis en place. Dans un premier temps, une étude méthodologique menée grâce à ce dispositif nous a permis d’identifier que la SPIR permettait la meilleure estimation de la dMO, l’OMI et la MODI au pâturage. Les résultats de l’étude analytique ont montré que les animaux au pâturage utilisaient mieux leur alimentation pour leur croît que ceux à l’auge et la stratégie de complémentation influençait davantage ces variables que le mode de conduite. Avec une stratégie de complémentation appropriée, les animaux au pâturage peuvent atteindre des performances similaires à celles obtenues à l’auge.
Grazing, main way of feeding ruminants in the tropics, is often undervalued because it is associated with animal performance deemed insufficient, and may have adverse effects on the environment. Even if stall feeding allows better production, this way of feeding has drawbacks in terms of investment, profitability, impact of emissions on the environment and product quality. Intensification of grazing seems a way forward, but requires a better understanding of this way of feeding and its impact on feeding and animal performance. It also appears necessary to compare grazing and stalls feeding on homogeneous criteria, separating the components of these modes of management.The aim of the thesis is to evaluate and compare stalls and pasture feeding environment, taking into account also the distribution or not of concentrate on feeding, growth, slaughter characteristics and water consumption. At first , we studied in an experiment , the effects of these two feeding systems on growth, slaughter and carcass characteristics of Creoles bulls slaughtered at two ages (early vs. late ). Bulls fed in trough grew faster, had greater carcass weight and fatter carcasses. We observed that a later slaughter of grazing animals (17 and 21 months vs. 14 and 17 months in stalls), allowed to reach final weights similar to those obtained in stalls and carcasses richer in muscle. We explained most of our results by the combined effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy and wanted to study their effects. In a second step, the study of the effects of feeding environment was made in first instance, through a meta-analysis. Stalls fed animals had greater performances than pasture fed ones, but these effects depended on complementation strategy. This meta-analysis also highlighted the lack of knowledge on intake and digestibility at pasture, which is a limitation on attempts to compare with measurements carried out in trough-fed animals. To investigate the relative effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy, we conceived an analytical trial with Creole bulls reared in stalls and at pasture, supplemented or not with concentrate. First of all, this analytical trial was the support of a methodological study, which identified that the NIRS method allows the best estimate of the OMD, OMI and DOMI at pasture. The analytical trial showed that grazing animals had better feed efficiency feed for their growth than stall fed ones and complementation strategy influenced more these variables than feeding environment. With an appropriate strategy for complementation, grazing animals can achieve similar performance to those obtained at the trough.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0675/document