Éditeur(s) : Neidine Editeurs
Résumé : This article of the number 10 of Tai Kona is the natural complement to the article appeared under the number 8, dedicated to the submarine geodiversity of the New Caledonian EEZ. The first article notably put the bases of knowledge on the history, the origins and the specificities of the geodiversity of the maritime spaces of the New Caledonian EEZ. The present article focuses on four of the major stakes which are put: 1/ the scientific ones relative to an exceptional submarine geologic context, 2 /the economic ones connected to such a favorable geologic context and to mineral resources exploitation perspectives which are no more domain of the utopia, 3/ the major environmental ones with the existence of a semi deep and deep major biodiversity and 4/ the stakes on the natural risks of a zone in the active local or regional seismicity. The conclusions of this article underline all the major challenges, in the interface of four main quoted questions, which New Caledonia must know how to raise.
Cet article du numéro 10 de Tai Kona est le complément naturel de l’article paru sous le numéro 8, dédié à la géo diversité sous-marine de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le premier article posait notamment les bases de connaissance sur l’histoire, les origines et les spécificités de la géo diversité des espaces maritimes de la ZEE calédonienne. Le présent article se focalise sur quatre des enjeux majeurs qui sont posés aux plans : 1/ scientifique, relatifs à un contexte géologique sous-marin exceptionnel, 2/ économique, liés à un contexte géologique favorable et à des perspectives d’exploitation de ressources qui ne sont plus du domaine de l’utopie, 3/ environnemental avec là encore un contexte totalement original et l’existence d’une biodiversité semi profonde et profonde majeure et 4/ des risques naturels d’une zone à la sismicité locale ou régionale active. Les conclusions de cet article soulignent tous les enjeux majeurs, à l’interface des quatre grands défis cités, que la Nouvelle-Calédonie doit savoir relever.
Tai Kona (2269-7535) (Neidine Editeurs), 2014-09 , N. 10 , P. 24-37

Droits : 2014 Tai Kona
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00209/32013/30443.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00209/32013/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Well-designed and effectively managed networks of marine reserves can be effective tools for both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. Connectivity, the demographic linking of local populations through the dispersal of individuals as larvae, juveniles or adults, is a key ecological factor to consider in marine reserve design, since it has important implications for the persistence of metapopulations and their recovery from disturbance. For marine reserves to protect biodiversity and enhance populations of species in fished areas, they must be able to sustain focal species (particularly fishery species) within their boundaries, and be spaced such that they can function as mutually replenishing networks whilst providing recruitment subsidies to fished areas. Thus the configuration (size, spacing and location) of individual reserves within a network should be informed by larval dispersal and movement patterns of the species for which protection is required. In the past, empirical data regarding larval dispersal and movement patterns of adults and juveniles of many tropical marine species have been unavailable or inaccessible to practitioners responsible for marine reserve design. Recent empirical studies using new technologies have also provided fresh insights into movement patterns of many species and redefined our understanding of connectivity among populations through larval dispersal. Our review of movement patterns of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by a range of factors (e.g. size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day). Some species move <0.1–0.5 km (e.g. damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes), <0.5–3 km (e.g. most parrotfishes, goatfishes and surgeonfishes) or 3–10 km (e.g. large parrotfishes and wrasses), while others move tens to hundreds (e.g. some groupers, emperors, snappers and jacks) or thousands of kilometres (e.g. some sharks and tuna). Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self-recruitment is common. Synthesising this information allows us, for the first time, to provide species, specific advice on the size, spacing and location of marine reserves in tropical marine ecosystems to maximise benefits for conservation and fisheries management for a range of taxa. We recommend that: (i) marine reserves should be more than twice the size of the home range of focal species (in all directions), thus marine reserves of various sizes will be required depending on which species require protection, how far they move, and if other effective protection is in place outside reserves; (ii) reserve spacing should be <15 km, with smaller reserves spaced more closely; and (iii) marine reserves should include habitats that are critical to the life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and be located to accommodate movement patterns among these. We also provide practical advice for practitioners on how to use this information to design, evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of marine reserve networks within broader ecological, socioeconomic and management contexts.
ISSN: 1464-7931

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01334353/file/Green_et_al-2015-Biological_Reviews.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/brv.12155

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Une approche par datations multiples a été menée sur les dépôts de sédiments de crue retrouvés dans les gorges du Gardon (Languedoc). Le plomb-210, le césium-137 et l’analyse géochimique des sédiments contaminés par les mines ont été utilisés pour reconstruire l’histoire des dépôts de crue. Cette approche a été combinée avec l’historique des crues du Gardon depuis 1890 pour affiner l’approche géochronologique. Au niveau de la cavité GG et de la terrasse GE les analyses ont permis d’illustrer les mécanismes d’érosion-redéposition pouvant perturber les séquences de sédiments. Les enregistrements des dépôts de sédiments de crue sont complets sur la terrasse GE située à 10 m au-dessus du lit mineur à partir de 1958, et incomplets auparavant. Sur la période 1880-1958, 25 crues ont eu un débit suffisant (>1450 m3/s) pour recouvrir la terrasse, alors que l’on recense seulement 5 à 6 crues depuis 1958 (pour un débit de submersion supérieur à 1700 m3/s). L’augmentation progressive du débit de submersion et la fréquence moindre d’inondation de la terrasse ont pu permettre sur la période récente la stabilisation de la couche de surface par la végétation et limiter l’érosion lors de crues importantes. Les enregistrements semblent complets dans la cavité GG située à 15 m au-dessus du lit mineur. La fréquence moindre de submersion à ce niveau plus élevé peut expliquer une meilleure stabilisation des dépôts de crue, rendus moins vulnérables à l’érosion. La datation au radiocarbone a été testée même si elle ne permet pas de dater avec précision les dépôts de crue des derniers siècles. Sur la terrasse GE, 80% des dates au carbone 14 sur charbon de bois sont beaucoup trop vieilles par rapport aux autres techniques de datation, ce qui peut s’expliquer par une remobilisation/déstockage de charbons de bois anciens. Les datations radiocarbone sur graines donnent de meilleurs résultats, car issues d’une production annuelle, plus facilement décomposable et moins sujette à des dépôts intermédiaires. Au final, il apparaît que la technique de datation par radiocarbone sur des charbons de bois retrouvés dans les séquences sédimentaires n’est pas fiable, alors qu’elle est la plus pratiquée en paléo-hydrologie. L’utilisation combinée du plomb-210, du césium-137, de l’analyse géochimique des sédiments et des informations sur les crues historiques a permis de discriminer et de dater les différents dépôts de crue de ce dernier siècle dans la cavité GG et la terrasse GE. / A multidating approach was carried out on slackwater flood deposits, preserved in valley side rock cave and terrace, of the Gardon River in Languedoc, southeast France. Lead-210, caesium-137, and geochemical analysis of mining-contaminated slackwater flood sediments have been used to reconstruct the history of these flood deposits. These age controls were combined with the continuous record of Gardon flow since 1890, and the combined records were then used to assign ages to slackwater deposits. The stratigraphic records of terrace GE and cave GG were excellent examples to illustrate the effects of erosion/preservation in a context of a progressively self-censoring, vertically accreting sequence. The sedimentary flood record of the terrace GE located at 10 m above the channel bed is complete for years post-1958 but incomplete before. During the 78-year period 1880-1958, 25 floods of a sufficient magnitude (> 1450 m3/s) have covered the terrace. Since 1958, however, the frequency of inundation of the deposits has been lower:only 5 or 6 floods in 52 years have been large enough to exceed the necessary threshold discharge (> 1700 m3/s). The progressive increase of threshold discharge and the reduced frequency of inundation at the terrace could allow stabilisation of the vegetation cover and improved protection against erosion from subsequent large magnitude flood events. The sedimentary flood record seems complete for cave GG located at 15 m above the channel bed. Here, the low frequency of events would have enabled a high degree of stabilisation of the sedimentary flood record, rendering the deposits less susceptible to erosion. Radiocarbon dating are used in this study and compared to the other dating techniques.Eighty percent of radiocarbon dates on charcoals were considerably older than those obtained by the other techniques in the terrace. On the other hand, radiocarbon dating on seeds provided better results. This discrepancy between radiocarbon dates on charcoal and seeds is explained by the nature of the dated material (permanent wood vs. annual production and resistance to degradation process). Finally, we showed in this study that although the most common dating technique used in paleoflood hydrology is radiocarbon dating, usually on charcoal preserved within slackwater flood sediments, this method did not permitus to define a coherent age model. Only the combined use of lead-210, caesium-137, and geochemical analysis of mining-contaminated sediments with the instrumental flood record can be applied to discriminate and date the recent slackwater deposits of the terrace GE and cave GG.
ISSN: 0169-555X

hal-01059669
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059669/file/ly2014-pub00040953.pdf
IRSTEA : PUB00040953

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : Growth defense tradeoff theory predicts that plants in low-resource habitats invest more energy in defense mechanisms against natural enemies than growth, whereas plants in high-resource habitats can afford higher leaf loss rates. A less-studied defense against herbivores involves the synchrony of leaf production, which can be an effective defense strategy if leaf biomass production exceeds the capacity of consumption by insects. The aim of this study was to determine whether leaf synchrony varied across habitats with different available resources and whether insects were able to track young leaf production among tree habitat specialists in a tropical forest of French Guiana. We predicted that high-resource habitats would exhibit more synchrony in leaf production due to the low cost and investment to replace leaf tissue. We also expected closer patterns of leaf synchrony and herbivory within related species, assuming that they shared herbivores. We simultaneously monitored leaf production and herbivory rates of five pairs of tree species, each composed of a specialist of terra firme or white-sand forests within the same lineage. Our prediction was not supported by the strong interaction of habitat and lineage for leaf synchrony within individuals of the same species; although habitat specialists differed in leaf synchrony within four of five lineages, the direction of the effect was variable. All species showed short time lags for the correlation between leaf production and herbivory, suggesting that insects are tightly tracking leaf production, especially for the most synchronous species. Leaf synchrony may provide an important escape defense against herbivores, and its expression appears to be constrained by both evolutionary history and environmental factors.
ISSN: 1385-0237

hal-01204221
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204221
DOI : 10.1007/s11258-013-0290-y
PRODINRA : 288500

Éditeur(s) : James K. Simon James K. Simon ( Philadelphia )
Résumé : (Internal Comments) Images completed; returned to Baldwin 6/24/04
(Statement of Responsibility) by Thomas Day ; illustrated with fine plates.
"The only complete edition published in the United States"--T.p.
Illustrations chromolithographed by P.S. Duval.
United States -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia

Droits : This item is presumed to be in the public domain. The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions may require permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact The Department of Special and Area Studies Collections (special@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide.
AAA8109
ALK0516
05076672
002248791

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : We present a preliminary probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment of Canadian coastlines from local and far-field, earthquake, and large submarine landslide sources. Analyses involve published historical, palaeotsunami and palaeoseismic data, modelling, and empirical relations between fault area, earthquake magnitude, and tsunami run-up. The cumulative estimated tsunami hazard for potentially damaging run-up (≥1.5 m) of the outer Pacific coastline is ~40-80 % in 50 years, respectively one and two orders of magnitude greater than the outer Atlantic (~1-15 %) and the Arctic (<1 %). For larger run-up with significant damage potential (≥3 m), Pacific hazard is ~10-30 % in 50 years, again much larger than both the Atlantic (~1-5 %) and Arctic (<1 %). For outer Pacific coastlines, the ≥1.5 m run-up hazard is dominated by far-field subduction zones, but the probability of run-up ≥3 m is highest for local megathrust sources, particularly the Cascadia subduction zone; thrust sources further north are also significant, as illustrated by the 2012 Haida Gwaii event. For Juan de Fuca and Georgia Straits, the Cascadia megathrust dominates the hazard at both levels. Tsunami hazard on the Atlantic coastline is dominated by poorly constrained far-field subduction sources; a lesser hazard is posed by near-field continental slope failures similar to the 1929 Grand Banks event. Tsunami hazard on the Arctic coastline is poorly constrained, but is likely dominated by continental slope failures; a hypothetical earthquake source beneath the Mackenzie delta requires further study. We highlight areas susceptible to locally damaging landslide-generated tsunamis, but do not quantify the hazard.
ISSN: 0921-030X

hal-00963614
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00963614
DOI : 10.1007/s11069-013-0809-5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
During the last decade, the interaction of deep processes in the lithosphere and mantle with surface processes (erosion, climate, sea-level, subsidence, glacio-isostatic readjustment) has been the subject of heated discussion. The use of a multidisciplinary approach linking geology, geophysics, geodesy, modelling, and geotechnology has led to the awareness of coupled deep and surface processes. Deep earth dynamics (topography, erosion, tectonics) are strongly connected to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis; sedimentary mass transfers have important consequences on isostatic movements and on georesources, geothermal energy repartitions. The ability to read and understand the link between deep Earth dynamics and surface processes has therefore important societal impacts. Ground-truthing at carefully-selected sites of investigation is imperative to better understand these connections.Due to its youth (<30 Ma) and its subsidence history, the almost land-locked Gulf of Lion–Sardinia continental margins system provides a unique record of sedimentary deposition from the Miocene to present. Due to its high subsidence rate, palaeoclimatic variations, tectonic events and vertical evolution are all recorded here at very high resolution. The late Miocene isolation and desiccation of the Mediterranean, the youngest and most catastrophic event, the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), induced drastic changes in marine environments: widespread deposition of evaporite (gypsum, anhydrite and halite) in the central basin, and intense subaerial erosion along its periphery. These extraordinary mass transfers from land to sea induced strong isostatic re-adjustments that are archived in the sedimentary record and represent a window to the lithospheric rheology and the deep processes.The GOLD (Gulf of Lion Drilling) project, proposes to explore this unique sedimentary record as well as the nature of the deep crustal structure, providing valuable information about the mechanisms underlying vertical motions in basins and their margins.
ISSN: 0264-8172

insu-01197393
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01197393
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01197393/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01197393/file/Rabineau%20et%20al.-final-MPG2014_REVISED-FINAL-No-Marked_FINAL%2BFigures.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.03.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Despite the unique nature of endemic species, their origin and population history remain poorly studied. We investigated the population history of 28 coral reef fish species, close related, from the Gambier and Marquesas Islands, from five families, with range size varying from widespread to small-range endemic. We analyzed both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data using neutrality test and Bayesian analysis (EBSP and ABC). We found evidence for demographic expansions for most species (24 of 28), irrespective of range size, reproduction strategy or archipelago. The timing of the expansions varied greatly among species, from 8,000 to 2,000,000 years ago. The typical hypothesis for reef fish that links population expansions to the Last Glacial Maximum fit for 14 of the 24 demographic expansions. We propose two evolutionary processes that could lead to expansions older than the LGM: (a) we are retrieving the signature of an old colonization process for widespread, large-range endemic and paleoendemic species or (b) speciation; the expansion reflects the birth of the species for neoendemic species. We show for the first time that the demographic histories of endemic and widespread reef fish are not distinctly different and suggest that a number of processes drive endemism.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/file/population%20expansions.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/srep40519

Éditeur(s) : North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
Résumé : The Barents Sea is underlain by a thick (up to 5 km) sedimentary basin. Seismic refraction has outlined four main velocity discontinuities which have been correlated with geological units on the basis of the geological history of the region. The basin is underlain by a crystalline basement, the nature of which cannot be determined on the basis of seismic velocity alone. Metamorphosed Paleozoic units (velocities around 5-4 km/sec) lie over this basement. Their thickness is not well established but appears to reach 1 or 2 km in some cases. A very distinct and thick (up to 2.5 km) layer (4.1 km/sec) is found almost everywhere and is thought to correspond to a major discontinuity at the end ot the Paleozoic. This discontinuity is followed by a variable velocity layer (2.4-4 km/sec, up to 1.2 km thick) which includes Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and is limited to the south of the Barents Sea. The absence of thick Tertiary deposits support the idea that the Barents shelf was emergent at that time. Recent low-velocity sediments are found close to the shelf edge. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Earth and Planetary Science Letters (North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam), 1974 , Vol. 24 , P. 33-47

Droits : North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1974/publication-5447.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5447/

Éditeur(s) : T. Lowndes T. Lowndes ( London )
Résumé : Vols. 2-3 paged continuously
PDF from Internet Archive added on Jan. 8, 2014.
(Statement of Responsibility) Illustrated with copper plates...
Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica

Droits : Item information on Internet Archive states that the item is not in copyright: https://archive.org/details/historyofjamaica03long
001135725
01870657
AFN4927
02011573
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00047632/00003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : International audience
Understanding the formation processes of maritime archaeological sites and the maritime landscape in the French West Indies is a new challenge in underwater archaeology. This chapter presents an analysis of formation and conservation processes of maritime archaeological sites in Guadeloupe using evidence from both historical and archaeological research. Formation parameters include contemporary events associated with maritime loss and the in situ geophysical regime. Questions considered include: what natural and/or anthropogenic parameters best classify maritime sites in the context of the French West Indies landscape? And: how do these parameters vary by site location? Field-tested case studies are used to assess the archaeological potential for submerged shipwreck sites for three locational typologies within the landscape: submerged, coastal, and micro-island. Geomorphic parameters, including erosion, sea level evolution, and tectonic activity, are evaluated with regard to the formation of coastal Amerindian and colonial sites. The location of shipwrecks are primarily determined by historic patterns in commercial trade and by topographical constraints associated with accessibility, risk, and the presence of natural harbors, parameters important in the Caribbean. A unique feature of Guadeloupe is the high variability of the structure of the coastline through time. The recent discovery of numerous underwater prehistoric artifacts confirms that several islands, coastal areas, and their archaeological sites have been completely submerged or eroded since their formation. The characterization of these formation processes provides both academically interesting and practical information valuable in assessing the impact of development and urbanization in Guadeloupe’s maritime landscape.
Formation Processes of Maritime Archaeological Landscapes

hal-01448703
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01448703

Éditeur(s) : Ofioliti
Résumé : Serpentinisation of mantle rocks, leading to natural venting of hydrogen and methane, has been reported to occur at the global scale, wherever fluids percolate in ultramafic formations. Here we compare gas composition from two on-land, low-temperature, and hyper-alkaline springs hosted on ultramafic rocks in the ophiolite massifs of the Sultanate of Oman and the Ligurian Alps (Voltri Group, Genoa region, Northern Italy). These two settings exhibit similar chemical and mineralogical features but show diverse styles of gas venting. Commonly to all hyper-alkaline springs, gases are characterised by relatively high N-2, very low O-2 and CO2 concentrations, and a strong enrichment in H-2 and CH4. The comparison between Oman and Liguria highlights a high variability of the H-2/CH4 ratios whereby the gas phase of the Oman Ophiolite is enriched in H-2 whereas being CH4 enriched in the Voltri Ophiolite. These results combined with literature data define three groups that may reflect different stages of serpentinisation producing fluids from hydrogen-dominated to methane-dominated. The origin of these distinct groups might lie in the difference of the mineralogical composition of the rocks within which the fluids circulate, on the degree of alteration of the rocks and finally on the geological/metamorphic history of the ophiolite.
Ofioliti (0391-2612) (Ofioliti), 2013-12 , Vol. 38 , N. 2 , P. 143-156

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00175/28634/27059.pdf
DOI:10.4454/ofioliti.v38i2.423
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00175/28634/

Résumé : 2009, Scott Zona -- CC: at-ncsa (Creative Commons license requiring attribution, prohibiting commercial uses, and requiring rights-share for use of this image)
voucher specimen deposited at Rancho Sana Ana Botanic Garden (RSA), Claremont, CA & the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLAS), Gainesville, FL, USA & Jardín Botánico Rafael Moscoso (JBSD), Santo Domingo, Dom. Rep.
specimen cited in: Zona, S. 1990. A monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). Aliso 12: 583–666.
Dominican Republic -- Barahona

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : International audience
This paper presents a synthetic view of the geodynamic evolution of the Zagros orogen within the frame of the Arabia-Eurasia collision. The Zagros orogen and the Iranian plateau preserve a record of the long-standing convergence history between Eurasia and Arabia across the Neo-Tethys, from subduction/obduction processes to present-day collision (from ~ 150 to 0 Ma). We herein combine the results obtained on several geodynamic issues, namely the location of the oceanic suture zone, the age of oceanic closure and collision, the magmatic and geochemical evolution of the Eurasian upper plate during convergence (as testified by the successive Sanandaj-Sirjan, Kermanshah and Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arcs), the P-T-t history of the few Zagros blueschists, the convergence characteristics across the Neo-Tethys (kinematic velocities, tomographic constraints, subduction zones and obduction processes), together with a survey of recent results gathered by others. We provide lithospheric-scale reconstructions of the Zagros orogen from ~ 150 to 0 Ma across two SW-NE transects. The evolution of the Zagros orogen is also compared to those of the nearby Turkish and Himalayan orogens. In our geotectonic scenario for the Zagros convergence, we outline three main periods/regimes: (1) the Mid to Late Cretaceous (115-85 Ma) corresponds to a distinctive period of perturbation of subduction processes and interplate mechanical coupling marked by blueschist exhumation and upper-plate fragmentation, (2) the Paleocene-Eocene (60-40 Ma) witnesses slab break-off, major shifts in arc magmatism and distributed extension within the upper plate, and (3) from the Oligocene onwards (~ 30-0 Ma), collision develops with a progressive SW migration of deformation and topographic build-up (Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone: 20-15 Ma, High Zagros: ~12-8 Ma; Simply Folded Belt: 5-0 Ma) and with partial slab tear at depths (~10 Ma to present). Our reconstructions underline the key role played by subduction throughout the whole convergence history. We finally stress that such a long-lasting subduction system with changing boundary conditions also makes the Zagros orogen an ideal natural laboratory for subduction processes.
ISSN: 0016-7568

insu-00616582
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00616582
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00616582/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00616582/file/692.full.pdf
DOI : 10.1017/S001675681100046X

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le patrimoine et le tourisme sont des facteurs avérés de développement. De leur bonne exploitation peut contribuer à l’amélioration des conditions d’existence des populations locales. L’Est-Cameroun est le fief de ressources naturelles et culturelles d’une étonnante diversité pouvant impulser une forte activité touristique. Cependant, même si cette région reçoit chaque année des touristes nationaux et étrangers, elle ne peut pas se targuer de faire profiter sa population des effets directs, indirects et induits qu’engendrerait une activité touristique convenablement menée. Le présent article expose, dans une perspective historique (1980-2010), les raisons pour lesquelles, le tourisme et le développement de l’Est-Cameroun piétinent en dépit de ses nombreuses ressources patrimoniales.La collecte des données (écrites, orales, iconographiques, électroniques) sur le terrain de recherche associée à l’observation permet de constater que le tourisme fut très vite relégué au second plan. L’exploitation minière et forestière intensive, au lieu de faciliter l’émergence de la région, a plutôt hypothéquée son avenir. Le rôle des agences chargées de la gestion du tourisme à l’Est-Cameroun s’est limité à l’inventaire des sites touristiques, l’aménagement sporadique de quelques-uns et la mise en œuvre d’actions promotionnelles approximatives. La négligence du tourisme par les autorités camerounaises n’est pas une nouveauté ; elle a pour corollaire l’apparition de difficultés diverses (braconnage, manque de personnel, insécurité…).
Heritage and tourism are recognized factors of development. Their good exploitation can contribute to the improvement of the conditions of existence of local populations. East-Cameroon is the fief of natural and cultural resources which can stimulate tourism. Although even if this region receives every year domestic and foreign tourists, its population cannot profit from direct, indirect and induced effects which would engender a suitably led tourist activity. The present article exposes, in a historical perspective (1980-2010), reasons why, tourism and development of East-Cameroon tramples in spite of its numerous heritage resources. The data collection (written, oral, iconographic, electronic…) on the research filed and personal observation allow to notice that tourism was very fast relegated in East-Cameroon. The intensive mining and forest exploitation have hypothecated the future of this area instead of developing it. Moreover, the role of tourism agencies in eastern Cameroon is limited itself to inventory of places of interest, sporadic development and approximate promotional actions. The negligence of tourism by the Cameroon authorities is not novelty; it has for corollary appearance of difficulties (as poaching, lack of personal, insecurity).
Cameroun

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.9453
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/9453

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley/Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Marine fishes exhibit spectacular phenotypic changes during their ontogeny, and the identification of their early stages is challenging due to the paucity of diagnostic morphological characters at the species level. Meanwhile, the importance of early life stages in dispersal and connectivity has recently experienced an increasing interest in conservation programmes for coral reef fishes. This study aims at assessing the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for the automated identification of coral reef fish larvae through large-scale ecosystemic sampling. Fish larvae were mainly collected using bongo nets and light traps around Moorea between September 2008 and August 2010 in 10 sites distributed in open waters. Fish larvae ranged from 2 to 100 mm of total length, with the most abundant individuals being <5 mm. Among the 505 individuals DNA barcoded, 373 larvae (i.e. 75%) were identified to the species level. A total of 106 species were detected, among which 11 corresponded to pelagic and bathypelagic species, while 95 corresponded to species observed at the adult stage on neighbouring reefs. This study highlights the benefits and pitfalls of using standardized molecular systems for species identification and illustrates the new possibilities enabled by DNA barcoding for future work on coral reef fish larval ecology.
ISSN: 1755-098X

hal-01342973
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01342973
DOI : 10.1111/1755-0998.12293

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The Black Rat (Rattus rattus) spread out of Asia to become one of the world's worst agricultural and urban pests, and a reservoir or vector of numerous zoonotic diseases, including the devastating plague. Despite the global scale and inestimable cost of their impacts on both human livelihoods and natural ecosystems, little is known of the global genetic diversity of Black Rats, the timing and directions of their historical dispersals, and the risks associated with contemporary movements. We surveyed mitochondrial DNA of Black Rats collected across their global range as a first step towards obtaining an historical genetic perspective on this socioeconomically important group of rodents. We found a strong phylogeographic pattern with well-differentiated lineages of Black Rats native to South Asia, the Himalayan region, southern Indochina, and northern Indochina to East Asia, and a diversification that probably commenced in the early Middle Pleistocene. We also identified two other currently recognised species of Rattus as potential derivatives of a paraphyletic R.rattus. Three of the four phylogenetic lineage units within R. rattus show clear genetic signatures of major population expansion in prehistoric times, and the distribution of particular haplogroups mirrors archaeologically and historically documented patterns of human dispersal and trade. Commensalism clearly arose multiple times in R. Rattus and in widely separated geographic regions, and this may account for apparent regionalism in their associated pathogens. Our findings represent an important step towards deeper understanding the complex and influential relationship that has developed between Black Rats and humans, and invite a thorough re-examination of host-pathogen associations among Black Rats.
PLoS ONE

ird-00714383
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00714383
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00714383/document
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0026357
IRD : fdi:010055548

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Reliable measurements of the intensity of the palaeomagnetic field are notoriously difficult to obtain. The approach generally taken is to produce multiple estimates per rock unit and assume that those which meet certain minimum standards of technical quality will combine to produce an accurate mean. However, here, using results produced from a package of 20th century basaltic lava flows from Mount Etna in Sicily, we demonstrate that this approach can fail. In this case, the application of typical sets of selection criteria actually introduces bias into the mean determination that we measure. We demonstrate that this is caused by two types of non-ideal behaviour acting in combination. The first is a result of the multidomain grains that the samples contain and the second is caused by differences in the natural and laboratory cooling rates. We discuss means of avoiding these sources of error in future palaeointensity studies performed on ancient rocks. We also develop a new, more general reliability criterion which is effective here and which we argue should be applied wherever possible in future palaeointensity studies in conjunction with standard criteria. It requires two distinct types of materials which both produce some good-quality palaeointensity measurements and uses their range of overlap to constrain the true palaeointensity. Both the application of this criterion and general reliability considerations require that future palaeointensity studies should measure many samples per cooling unit and that these should be as diverse in terms of their rock magnetic properties and cooling histories as possible.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00407943
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407943
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Despite decades of petrological and geochemical studies, the nature and setting of obducted ophiolites remain controversial: the influence of supra-subduction zone environments on pre-existing oceanic lithosphere is yet to assess, and the processes leading to subduction/obduction initiation are still poorly constrained. Our study documents successive influx of slab-derived fluids and progressive strain localization within the upper mantle in a supra-subduction environment during the first few My of the subduction history. We focus on strongly sheared mafic amphibolites intruding peridotites near the mantle–crust transition of the New Caledonia obducted ophiolite and ~ 50 to 100 m above the basal thrust contact of the ophiolite. These m- to hm-long and several m-thick shear bands are interpreted as inherited small-scale intrusions of mafic melts, probably dikes or sills, which were derived from a moderately refractory mantle source refertilized by supra-subduction zone fluids. 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on pargasite at ca. 90 Ma suggest that they could be inherited from the former Pacific west-dipping subduction.Secondary deformation of these mafic intrusions is intimately associated to three major stages of fluid infiltration: (1) the first stage of deformation and metasomatism is marked by syn-kinematic growth of Ca-amphibole (at 700–800 °C and 3–5 kbar) with a distinctive supra-subduction zone signature, and controlled later channelization of aqueous fluids. 40Ar/39Ar dating on magnesio-hornblende indicates that this deformation episode occurred at ca. 55 Ma, coincident with east-dipping subduction initiation; (2) the main metasomatic stage, characterized by the development of a phlogopite-rich matrix wrapping peridotites and amphibolite boudins, points to the percolation of alkali-rich aqueous fluids at still high temperature (650–750 °C); (3) the last, low temperature (< 600 °C) metasomatic stage results in the formation of deformed veinlets containing talc, chlorite and serpentine.
ISSN: 0024-4937

hal-01306664
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306664
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306664/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306664/file/Soret_2016_Strain_localization.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.11.022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
The parasports movement is marked, in France and since the 1980s, by a diversification of practices, notably with the gradual development of physical nature activities (Marcellini and Villoing, 2014). The access to natural spaces (mountainous, maritime, aerial) has become possible through technological progress and an always growing yearning for disabled people to access these spaces which are reputed as being inaccessible. Off-Road Wheelchair (ORWC), which started in France in 1991, is an example of the practices which are born from the initiative of enthusiasts who, after an accident, 'mess around in their workshop' with sporting equipment in order to rediscover their former practice. The pioneers of ORWC, to whom we gave voice (2 life history interviews) in this work, found in this practice a way to reclaim their former sensations in a mountainous milieu, but also a more touristic activity through expeditions to foreign countries. This activity was able to develop thanks to a collaboration between these 'enthusiasts', the 'handymen', local federal and political protagonists, and finally some industrialists. The aim of this work is to present conditions of institutionalization and 'sportivization' of ORWC (Guay, 1993) in France, seemingly turning it nowadays into a true tool of social participation.
Le mouvement handisport connaît, en France, depuis les années 1980, une diversification de ses pratiques, notamment avec l'arrivée progressive des activités physiques de pleine nature (Marcellini et Villoing, 2014). L'accès aux espaces naturels (montagneux, maritimes, aériens) est aujourd'hui devenu possible grâce aux progrès technologiques, et à une aspiration de plus en plus grande des personnes handicapées à accéder à des espaces réputés inaccessibles. La pratique du fauteuil tout terrain (FTT), apparue en France en 1991, est un exemple de pratiques nées de l'initiatives de passionnés qui, après un accident, bricolent 'au fond de leur garage' du matériel sportif afin de retrouver une pratique d'avant. Les pionniers du FTT, à qui nous avons donné la parole (2 entretiens d'histoire de vie) dans ce travail, ont trouvé dans cette pratique un moyen de retrouver des sensations passées en milieu montagnard mais également une activité touristique via des expéditions dans des pays étrangers. Cette activité va se développer grâce à la collaboration entre ces 'passionnés', ces 'bricoleurs', des acteurs fédéraux et politiques locaux, puis des industriels. Ce travail a pour objet de présenter les conditions d'institutionnalisation et de 'sportivisation' (Guay, 1993) du FTT en France qui semble être devenu aujourd'hui un véritable outil de participation sociale.
ISSN: 1743-0437

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01679098
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01679098
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01679098/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01679098/file/The%20institutionalization%20of%20Off-Road%20Wheelchair%20Riding%20in%20France%20%281990-2015%29.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/17430437.2016.1273617