Éditeur(s) : Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : The high heterogeneity of silica cycling in coastal margins and the lack of silica data (compared to nitrogen and phosphorus) prevent the estimation of global silica retention in estuaries. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of porewater silicic acid (Si(OH)4) profiles e that integrate benthic transport and reaction processes e was investigated at different spatial (metre, longitudinal and crosssection, intra-estuary) and temporal (tidal, seasonal) scales in two macrotidal estuaries, very close geographically but essentially differing in their shape. Studying the spatial and temporal variability of Si(OH)4 concentrations in porewaters provided evidence for the importance of transport processes, e.g. bio-irrigation, tidal pumping, resuspension and any combination of these processes, in affecting Si(OH)4 concentrations and fluxes and therefore temporary or permanent retention along the landeocean continuum. We confirm that aSiO2 (amorphous silicate) transported by rivers and estuaries clearly needs to be better characterized as it provides an important source of reactive aSiO2 to sediments. This study allows us to: (1) interrogate spatial and temporal scales, although both are most often in complete interaction; (2) design the most appropriate sampling schemes to be representative of any given system and to extrapolate at the scale of the whole estuary; (3) quantify uncertainty associated to the estimations of Si(OH)4 stocks and fluxes in this type of ecosystem, essential for budget calculations. We showed that two adjacent small macrotidal estuaries, may exhibit different behaviours regarding Si retention. Temporary retention has been observed in the meanders of the Aulne Estuary and not along the more linear Elorn Estuary, demonstrating the importance of the morphology and hydrodynamic components of the estuarine filter. Research is needed in other systems and climatic zones, but our study suggests that the typology should not only account for the different types of landeocean continuum (fjord, delta, mangrove.), but also incorporate the physical or biological attributes of the estuarine filter.
Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science (0272-7714) (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd), 2013-03 , Vol. 119 , P. 31-43

Droits : 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23529/22370.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23529/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD World Scientific
Résumé : The present paper presents a laboratory experiment of rip current circulations over a moveable bed. The rip current characteristics over four distinct beach morphologies, exhibiting more or less developed nature-like bar-rip morphology,were investigated. For each video run, the same off shore shore-normal waves were generated by the wave maker with the same mean water level in order to study the sensitivity of the rip current characteristics as a function of the beach morphology only. In each case, a 1-hour video run was used to track a large number (~30) of drifters released within the surf zone. Image coordinates were then rectifie d to still water level Cartesian coordinates to compute drifter velocities, mean characteristics and surf zone rete ntion rates. Results show the presence of classic rip current patterns with counter-rotating cells and a relatively narrowoffshore-directed jet with, for three of the situations, a reasonably symmetric shape. Non-surprisingly, it was found that rip current intensity increases with increasing relative depth of the rip channel. The wave-driven circulations were strongly unstable. Computed standard deviation in fl ow intensity and direction provides high resolution information on the spatial variability of the rip current insta bilities with, for instance, highly-pulsating and weakly directionally variable offshore-directed flow in the rip channel. Conversely to what was previously hypothesized in the literature, there was hardly trace of vortices being shed offs hore and drifters exiting the surf zone compartment were not systematically caught by a pulsating jet. The cause for drifter exiting the semi-enclosed surf zone compartment remains, however, elusive and deserves further investigations. The computed surf zone retention rates (~90%) were of the order of those previously observed in the field, with no clear relationship with the mean rip current velocity or relative depth of the rip channel. Further video-runs will have to be analyzed to explore potential explanations
Proceedings of Coastal Dynamics 2009 Impacts of Human Activities on Dynamic Coastal Processes

ISBN : 978-981-4282-46
hal-00854534
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854534

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : 1. Approximately 300 pelagic fish species naturally aggregate around floating objects (FOBs) at the surface of the oceans. Currently, more than 50% of the world catch of tropical tuna comes from the industrial tuna fisheries around drifting FOBs. Greater understanding of the complex decision-making processes leading to this aggregation pattern and the impact of the massive release of artificial FOBs by fishermen on the spatial distribution and management of tuna is needed. 2. We analyse how the interplay between social (relationships between individuals) and non-social (responses to the environment) behaviours may affect the spatial distribution of a population in a multi-FOB environment. Taking the example of tropical tunas associating with FOBs and using differential equations and stochastic simulations, we examine how, when increasing the number of FOBs, fish aggregation dynamics and the distribution of the population among patches are affected by the population size, level of sociality and the natural retentive and/or attractive forces of FOBs on individual tuna. 3. Our model predicts that, depending on the species' level of sociality, fish will be scattered among FOBs or aggregated around a single FOB based on the number of FOBs deployed in a homogeneous oceanic region. 4. For social species, we demonstrated that the total fish catch is reduced with increasing FOBs number. Indeed, for each size of population, there are a number of FOBs minimizing the total population of fish associated with FOBs and another number of FOBs maximizing the total population of associated fish. 5. Synthesis and applications. In terms of fisheries management, the total catch volume is directly linked to the total number of floating objects (FOBs) for non-social species, and any limit on the number of sets would then result in a limit on the total catch. For social species (e.g. tuna), however, increasing the number of FOBs does not necessarily lead to an increase in the total catch, which is a non-intuitive result. Indeed, our model shows that, for specific values of the parameters, deploying a greater number of FOBs in the water (all other parameters being constant) does not necessarily help fishermen to catch more tuna, but does increase the level of fishing effort and bycatch.
Journal Of Applied Ecology (0021-8901) (Wiley-blackwell), 2013-10 , Vol. 50 , N. 5 , P. 1081-1092

Droits : 2013 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013 British Ecological Society
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26275/24439.pdf
DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12140
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00151/26275/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : The main goal of this work was to determine the effect of dietary live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the enzymatic antioxidative status of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae. Growth, activity and expression of the main antioxidative enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heat shock protein (HSP70) were measured in sea bass larvae at 23 and 48 days after hatching. Larvae were fed on two microdiets: group one, fed microdiet containing live yeast and the control group fed microdiet without yeast. Heat shock protein 70 showed the same expression levels in both fish larvae fed yeast and the control diet. The group fed D. hansenii showed highest growth and lower activity and expression levels of GPX and SOD compared to fish fed control diet. In our work the differences in activity and gene expression patterns could only be attributed to the presence of yeast, assuming a possible involvement of superoxide anion retention in fish larvae, which could represent importance to the host to increase cell or tissue responsiveness to growth- and/or differentiation-enhancing factors.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2010-02 , Vol. 300 , N. 1-4 , P. 142-147

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11299/7881.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.12.015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00002/11299/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Since the Shea, J.B. and Morgan (1979) study, investigators have repeatedly shown that the learning of a set of movement patterns (as evaluated in a retention test) is enhanced when acquisition occurred under a random rather than a blocked schedule of practice. Supposedly, this is the case because a random schedule of practice necessitates more elaborate cognitive activities than a blocked schedule before each acquisition trial can be initiated. Our main objective was to determine whether the advantage for learning found for random practice increases as a function of the number of acquisition trials. During acquisition, the results indicated a general tendency for smaller movement reproduction errors under a blocked rather than a random schedule of practice. However, this effect disappeared with larger amount of acquisition trials. In retention, larger errors were observed when acquisition occurred under a blocked rather than a random schedule of practice. Finally, the disadvantage for learning observed for the blocked schedule of practice disappeared under a block-repeated condition in which each movement pattern was first practiced under a blocked schedule which was then repeated a second time. The results are discussed in terms of the so-called contextual interference effect and indicates some of its limitations.
ISSN: 0001-6918

hal-01662846
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01662846
DOI : 10.1080/00222895.1994.9941657
PUBMED : 8165923

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Antiviral proteins that recognize pathogen-specific or aberrantly located molecular motifs are perfectly positioned to act as pattern-recognition receptors and signal to the immune system. Here we investigated whether the interferon-induced viral restriction factor tetherin (CD317/BST2), which is known to inhibit HIV-1 particle release by physically tethering virions to the cell surface, has such a signaling role. We find that upon restriction of Vpu-defective HIV-1, tetherin acts as a virus sensor to induce NFκB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression. Signaling requires both tetherin's extracellular domain involved in virion retention and determinants in the cytoplasmic tail, including an endocytic motif, although signaling is independent of virion endocytosis. Furthermore, recruitment of the TNF-receptor-associated factor TRAF6 and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase TAK1 are critical for signaling. Human tetherin's ability to mediate efficient signaling may have arisen as a result of a five amino acid deletion that occurred in hominids after their divergence from chimpanzees.
ISSN: 1934-6069

hal-01121777
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121777
PUBMED : 23159053
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.007
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC3556742

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Tectonic mixing of slab- and mantle-derived materials at the interface between converging plates highly enhances fluid-mediated mass transfer from the slab to the overlying mantle. Subduction mélanges can provide information about the interaction among different slices accreted at plate interface domains, with implications on the tectonic and geochemical evolution of the plate-interface itself. At Cima di Gagnone, pelitic schists and gneiss enclose chlorite harzburgite and garnet peridotite lenses, like in subduction mélanges located in-between downgoing slabs and overlying mantle. These peridotites host MORB-type eclogite and metarodingite, and derive from dehydration of serpentinized mantle protoliths. Their enrichment in fluid-mobile B, As, Sb, U, Th is the result of an early-stage oceanic serpentinization, followed by interaction with host metasediments during subduction burial. Here we define the element exchange process in the Gagnone mélange by means of the B, Sr and Pb isotope analysis of its main lithologies (ultramafic, mafic rocks and paragneiss). The 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios of ultramafic rocks (0.7090–0.7124 and 18.292–18.837, respectively) show enrichments in radiogenic Sr and Pb after exchange with the host paraschist (up to 0.7287 87Sr/86Sr; 18.751 206Pb/204Pb). The δ11B values of peridotites (down to −10‰) point to a combined effect of (1) 11B release to deserpentinization fluids (serpentinized protoliths likely had positive δ11B and lower radiogenic Sr, Pb), and of (2) exchange with fluids from the surrounding metasediments. The whole Gagnone rock-suite is finally overprinted by retrograde fluids that essentially bring to an increase in radiogenic Pb (about 19.0 206Pb/204Pb) and to values of 0.710 87Sr/86Sr and of −10‰ δ11B. The recognition of different stages of interaction between mantle rocks and sedimentary/crustal reservoirs allows us to define the geochemical effects related to the early coupling of such rocks along the plate-interface. Our study shows that ultramafic rocks involved in subduction-zone metamorphism and serpentinization uptake radiogenic Pb and Sr released by associated sedimentary reservoirs. The exchange process envisioned here is not only representative of subduction mélanges: it can also be a proxy of mass transfer between slab and serpentinized supra-subduction mantle, as occurs in forearcs. Dehydration of the Gagnone-type serpentinized mantle releases crust-derived components to arcs, without direct involvement of metasediment dehydration and/or melting in subarc environments. The retention of appreciable amounts of fluid-mobile elements, radiogenic Pb and Sr in dehydrated Gagnone peridotites has implications on element recycling in the deep Earth’s mantle.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-01174137
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174137
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
Environment International

hal-00875835
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875835
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875835/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013
PUBMED : 23892224

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The uptake and loss kinetics of Cd were determined in two species of scallops from the European coasts, the variegated scallop Chlamys varia and the king scallop Pecten maximus, following exposures via seawater, phytoplankton and sediment using highly sensitive radiotracer techniques (Cd-109). Results indicate that, for seawater and dietary pathways, C. varia displays higher bioaccumulation capacities in terms of uptake rate from water and fraction absorbed from ingested food (assimilation efficiency) than Pecten maximus. Regarding sediment exposure, P. maximus displayed low steady-state Cd transfer factor (TFSS < 1); however, once incorporated, a very large part of Cd transferred from sediment (92%) was strongly retained within R maximus tissues. Both species showed a high retention capacity for Cd (biological half-life, T-b1/2 > 4 months), suggesting efficient mechanisms of detoxification and storage in both species. The digestive gland was found to be the main storage organ of Cd in the two scallops regardless of the exposure pathway. However, Cd was stored differently within this organ according to the species considered: 40% of the total Cd was found in the soluble cellular fraction in C. varia whereas this soluble fraction reached 80% for P. maximus. This suggests that the two species displayed different Cd detoxification/storage mechanisms. Finally, the present study has determined the relative contribution of the different exposure pathways to global Cd bioaccumulation for the two scallop species. Results clearly show that for both species, food constitutes the major accumulation pathway, contributing for >99% and 84% of the global Cd bioaccumulation in C. varia and R maximus, respectively. This work confirms the previous assumption, derived from a bibliographic overview, that dietary pathway plays a prevalent role in metal bioaccumulation in Pectinidae. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (0022-0981) (Elsevier), 2007-12 , Vol. 353 , N. 1 , P. 58-67

Droits : 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3581.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.09.001
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3581/

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : The present work aimed at better understanding metal and metalloid bioaccumulation in the edible Pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, using both laboratory and field approaches. In the laboratory, the bioaccumulation kinetics of Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, and Zn have been investigated in shrimp exposed via seawater and food, using the corresponding gamma-emitting radiotracers (Ag-110m, Cd-109, Co-57, Cr-51, and Zn-65) and highly sensitive nuclear detection techniques. Results showed that hepatopancreas and intestine concentrated the metals to the highest extent among the blue shrimp organs and tissues. Moulting was found to play a non negligible detoxification role for Co, Cr and, to a lesser extent, Zn. Metal retention by L stylirostris widely varied (from a few days to several months), according to the element and exposure pathway considered (a given metal was usually less strongly retained when ingested with food than when it was taken up from the dissolved phase). In the field study, Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn were analysed in shrimp collected from a New Caledonian aquaculture pond. Metal concentrations in the shrimp muscles were generally relatively low and results confirmed the role played by the digestive organs and tissues in the bioaccumulation/storage/detoxification of metals in the Pacific blue shrimp. Preliminary risk considerations indicate that consumption of the shrimp farmed in New Caledonia is not of particular concern for human health. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Marine Pollution Bulletin (0025-326X) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2010 , Vol. 61 , N. 7-12 , P. 576-584

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00014/12528/9869.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.035
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00014/12528/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : There has been growing interest in the development of mud crab aquaculture in New Caledonia. However, for this to become established at a commercial level, a cost-effective formulated feed based on internationally-available ingredients needs to be developed. We have evaluated the optimal dietary protein content for juvenile crabs, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), using a series of diets with a protein content ranging from 27 to 49% and soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the main protein source. For this purpose, 54 individually housed crabs were allocated to five dietary treatments (n = 10 or 11). The crabs were fed ad libitum, for 81 days with the allocated diets. The apparent digestibilities of dry mater, crude protein and energy were high (96.2-97.3%), irrespective of the diet. The voluntary feed intake (VFI) of crabs widely varied from 46 to 220 g kg- 1of fresh initial body weight per week (iBW week- 1) whatever the diet. However, SPC intake and protein intake increased significantly with dietary protein content up to the diet with 40% crude protein, but did not increase further with diets containing 44% and 49% crude protein. The cumulative molts were strongly affected by the VFI levels or energy intake and also, to a lesser extent, by the levels of SPC or protein in diets. Two phases in tissue gain were observed after ecdysis: an initial deposition phase lasting around 30 days followed by a plateau which lasted until the next molt. The daily tissue growth was 16.5% of dry body weight (dry BW) one day after ecdysis and dramatically decreased to 3.6% of dry BW over the first 10 days, then decreased more slowly to the minimum value of 1.3% of dry BW over the next 70 days. During the course of experiment, the best growth (tissue growth and molt frequency) and the best feed efficiency (FCR, PER, retention of proteins and lipids) were obtained with crabs fed on the diet with 40% crude protein. This result was confirmed by a bioenergetic study which showed significantly higher allocation of the energy intake for growth (RE) of crabs fed on diet 40% crude protein. Finally, under our experimental conditions, 1 kg of juvenile crabs required 6.5 ± 1.1 g of protein per day. This level was obtained with the diet SPC-42 that contained 40% of protein of which almost three quarters were derived from SPC. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the negative effect of high level of SPC or protein on growth and feed efficiency for crabs fed on in diets containing 52% and 60% SPC.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-10 , Vol. 434 , P. 499-509

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/30630.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ivyspring International Publisher
Résumé : International audience
Mullerian duct regression is a complex process which involves the AMH signalling pathway. We have previously demonstrated that besides AMH and its specific type II receptor (AMHRII), BMPR-IA and Smad5 are two essential factors implicated in this mechanism. Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4) is a transcription factor and the common Smad (co-Smad) involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signalling pathway superfamily. Since Smad4 null mutants die early during gastrulation, we have inactivated Smad4 in the Mullerian duct mesenchyme. Specific inactivation of Smad4 in the urogenital ridge leads to the partial persistence of the Mullerian duct in adult male mice. Careful examination of the urogenital tract reveals that the Mullerian duct retention is randomly distributed either on one side or both sides. Histological analysis shows a uterus-like structure, which is confirmed by the expression of estrogen receptor alpha. As previously described in a beta-catenin conditional mutant mouse model, beta-catenin contributes to Mullerian duct regression. In our mutant male embryos, it appears that beta-catenin expression is locally reduced along the urogenital ridge as compared to control mice. Moreover, the expression pattern is similar to those observed in control female mice. This study shows that reduced Smad4 expression disrupts the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling leading to the partial persistence of Mullerian duct
ISSN: 1449-2288

hal-01319890
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01319890
DOI : 10.7150/ijbs.12300
PUBMED : 27194944

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : Geophysical Journal International, v. 173, n. 2, p. 473-482, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03718.x
International audience
The western Provence in southern France is an intraplate low deforming region, cut by large sinistral strike-slip faults as the Nîmes Fault. The deformation rate of this fault was estimated at 0.1 mm yr−1 from geological and morphological observations. Nevertheless, some large earthquakes occurred in this area in historical times inducing well-documented partial destructions on the roman monument 'Pont-du-Gard'. In order to investigate if this area is seismically active, we installed a temporary seismological network of 14 stations between the cities of Nîmes and Avignon for a 1-yr period (2002 July–2003 June). We recorded and located a total amount of 80 earthquakes of magnitude Ml smaller than 2.8, and of 153 quarry blasts. The seismic event locations are interpreted in terms of regional tectonics as well as of geometry at depth of the Nîmes Fault and of possible seismic activity of the Roquemaure Fault. At the beginning of 2002 September, a catastrophic storm occurred in the same area with cumulated precipitations at 600 mm in 28 hr, causing casualties and major inundations and damages. We identified a clear and sudden increase of the seismic activity as an immediate consequence of this exceptional meteorological phenomenon. We interpret this rainfall triggering of earthquakes as the response of the crust to an abrupt vertical loading. The geological context of this zone is characterized by the presence of sedimentary basins and of an important karstic network in a calcareous environment allowing the retention of a third of the total rainwater volume during few weeks after the catastrophic storm. Month by month inversion of the seismic wave velocities for only the first 1-km thick layer of the crust allows investigating the influence of the stored water. A clear decrease of both P- and S-velocities, and an increase of the Vp/Vs ratio are evidenced. The variations obtained are at 2, 6 and 4.5 per cent for P-, S-velocities and Vp/Vs ratio, respectively. These variations are discussed in confront of previous studies and can be directly related to the known water volume.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00407884
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407884
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407884v2/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407884/file/rigoGJI2008.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03718.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Thieme Publishing
Résumé : International audience
We evaluated the eff ects of the fl uid replacement strategy on core temperature, heart rate and urine osmolality during a 27-km trail run in tropical climate. 20 well-trained runners completed a 27-km trail race in tropical conditions. They were acclimatized to these conditions. Heart rate was monitored every 5 s, while core temperature and perceived thermal and comfort sensations were recorded before, at the 11 th km, and just after the end of the race. Water intake, urine osmolality and body mass were measured before and after the race. Core temperature and the scores of perceived thermal and comfort sensations were signifi cantly higher at the 11 th km and at the end of the race compared to before the race, but not at the 11 th km compared to before the race. No participant exhibited dehydration as assessed by urine osmolality. The less the trail runners weighed, the greater the heat retention was. The less hot they felt at the end of the race, the more they lost water, and the better the performance was. The fastest runners were able to tolerate a greater variation in core temperature between the beginning and the end of the trail race with lower water intake.
ISSN: 0172-4622

hal-01152345
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01152345
DOI : 10.1055/s-0033-1349108

Résumé : Avec un taux d’incidence cumulée de 56 cas pour 100 000 habitants, la Guadeloupe est la deuxième région de France la plus touchée par le VIH. La plupart des publications sur le VIH/Sida en Guadeloupe sont essentiellement descriptives, issues de rapports d’activité. La base hospitalière, alimentant la Base de données Hospitalière française sur l’infection à VIH, n’a été que très peu exploitée pour la recherche. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les aspects fondamentaux de la prise en charge de l’infection VIH. Ainsi le dépistage tardif, le retard à la prise en charge spécialisée, l’interruption du suivi, les infections opportunistes et les décès sont étudiés ainsi que leurs facteurs prédictifs.Dans ce travail articulé autour de six publications, nous avons mis en évidence les points suivants : tout d’abord, le diagnostic très tardif (CD4<200/mm3) concernait 40,12 % des adultes infectés par le VIH suivis en Guadeloupe. Comparé à la France métropolitaine, ce taux est encore très élevé et souligne l’importance de poursuivre les efforts de dépistage. Pour pouvoir bénéficier d’une prise en charge précoce, le patient doit être dirigé dans un centre de traitement de l’infection par le VIH sans tarder. Or, le retard dans cette prise en charge spécialisée touchait 36 % des patients. L’analyse des éléments associés à ce retard a permis d’en identifier les facteurs de risque.Pour optimiser les résultats thérapeutiques, les patients nécessitent un suivi régulier. Ainsi, le système de santé devrait avoir comme objectif, entre autres, la rétention des patients dans le circuit de soins. Or, plus de 22 % des patients de cette cohorte étaient perdus de vue et jamais revus. Les patients plus jeunes, ceux au stade B de la classification CDC et ceux non traités par TTARV étaient plus à risque d’interruption de suivi, dès la première année suivant le diagnostic de l’infection VIH.Bien que la proportion des patients suivis sous ARV soit proche de 100 %, il en existe toujours développant un Sida. La comparaison avec la Guyane et la France métropolitaine montre que les trois premières affections classantes en Guadeloupe étaient la candidose oesophagienne, le syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH et la pneumocystose. Il existait des différences notables avec la métropole, mais aussi avec la Guyane. Ce taux élevé de syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH pose question. Derrière ce diagnostic, pourraient se cacher d’autres maladies opportunistes non diagnostiquées, mais également des différences de codage. Le recul de la mortalité avec le temps a entraîné une modification qualitative des causes de décès. Celles rapportées dans la littérature étaient les mêmes que celles observées dans notre étude. Contrairement à la métropole où le cancer représentait la première cause de mortalité, en Guadeloupe, les infections liées au Sida constituaient la première cause de décès.Ce travail de thèse s’est donc efforcé de dégager, pour l’une des régions de France les plus affectées par le VIH, quelques grands indicateurs à partir de la Base Hospitalière FHDH. Cette base ne comportait pas toujours toutes les informations souhaitées, mais le nombre substantiel d’observations donnait une puissance importante aux variables étudiées. Ces résultats, bien que confirmant souvent les connaissances empiriques des cliniciens, aura pu aider à mieux appréhender l’épidémie du VIH en Guadeloupe.
With an accumulated incidence rate of 56 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, Guadeloupe is the second French region most affected by HIV. Most of the publications on HIV/AIDS were essentially descriptive, stemming from annual reports. The Guadeloupean Hospital Database on HIV was scarcely exploited for research. The objective of this work was to estimate the fundamental aspects of HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe. So late presentation for care, delay between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation, follow-up interruption, incidence of depression, opportunistic infections and deaths were studied as well as their predictive factors. We were able to highlight the following points: first, the very late HIV diagnosis (CD4< 200 / mm3) concerned 40, 12 % of HIV- infected adults followed in Guadeloupe. 36 % of patients had delays between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation. However, more than 22 % of patients were permanently lost to follow-up and never seen again. The first three classifying affections were oesophageal candidiasis, HIV-wasting syndrome and pneumocystosis. The causes of deaths reported in the literature were similar to those observed in our study. AIDS-related infections were the first cause of deaths.This thesis work thus tried to generate, in one of the most HIV-affected French regions, some indicators from the French Hospital Database on HIV. This database often did not contain all the desired informations, but the important number of observations allowed to have high power for the studied variables. These results, although often confirming the clinicians' empirical knowledge, may help understand some aspects of the HIV epidemic in Guadeloupe.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0786/document