Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : This paper develops a comparative overview of the development of Fish Aggregating Devices (or fads) by the tropical purse seine fisheries in various ocean areas (Atlantic, Indian, Western and Eastern Pacific Oceans). First, a comparative review of fishery statistics is developed. Recent catches on fads by purse seiners can be estimated at a level of one million tons yearly. This comparison allows to describe the fishing zones and catch trends over time, the species composition and size taken in the various fad fisheries. Skipjack tuna is the dominant species in most fad fisheries, but significant amounts of yellowfin and bigeye are also frequently taken under fads. The paper also presents an overview of various observer data concerning the by-catches of the various fisheries using fads. This comparison allows to estimate the total worldwide yearly by-catches at about 100,000 t, and their species composition in each ocean. The fad technology used in the various oceans by purse seiners is described. The recent use of fads by purse seiners has introduced major uncertainties in most stock assessments, because analyses are hampered by changes in the fishing effort in a fad fishery, by changes in fishing zones and in sizes caught. As a last point, the management of fads presently done or in view by the various tuna bodies are introduced. It appears that the present massive use of fads worldwide is perhaps an unsafe fishing mode, which could produce serious overfishing of many stocks. There is then a consensus that the use of fads needs to be controlled and limited to sustainable biological levels.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15278/12664.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15278/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : More than ten years after its launching, an evaluation of the results of the FADs programme carried on in Reunion Island has been made. Its implementation and its impact on artisanal fishery in Reunion Island have been analysed. This analysis demonstrates that, following a continuously ascending phase, the production of fish caught on fads has reached a plateau. Parallel to the FAD-associated fishery, the longline fishery has developed since 1991. This type of fishery includes production units whose operating zone is bordering the FAD installation area. Analysing the evolution of the small longliner sector is based on general activity indicators (number of ships, production, fish selling prices). Besides, a synthesis of the interactions between those two types of fisheries, whether in terms of exploited resources, space conflicts, fishing population or market, has been effected. Judging from the complementary and antagonistic natures of the two fisheries identified above and given their evolution, the future of the FADs programme is pending. Have the fads just been a step in the evolution of the Reunion fishing system or have they modified it on a long-term basis?

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/12640.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : The length frequency distribution of blackfin tunas (Thunnus atlanticus) shows a significant difference between fishes caught with a longline, during Ifremer experimental surveys and fishes landed by fishermen who exploit martinican FADs. The fishing technique used could probably explain this. In fact, diving surveys have confirmed the presence of great concentrations of adult blackfin tunas under FADs. Big individuals stay during long periods between 20 and 50 meters under the FAD while small ones go up to the surface to feed on little flying fishes, at dawn principally. The bait and the line used at the moment around martinican FADs do not fit to adult blackfin tunas fishing. From these observations and following the tests realized by Ifremer in La Reunion in 1990, we proposed to martinican fishermen to test a new technique based on the utilization of live bait locally called "coulirous" (Selar crumenophthalmus). In La Reunion, this technique has been successful. Live baits are hooked on a vertical longline. In Martinique, the tests to catch live bait during the night near the shore have been already successful and the first fishing experiences with vertical line are also encouraging. This paper aims at proposing and transfering this technique to martinican fishermen but technical exchanges and discussions are needed to improve this new fishing technique.Original Abstract: Une analyse des compositions en taille des thons noirs (Thunnus atlanticus) captures, d'une part, lors des peches experimentales realisees par l'Ifremer a la palangre derivante et, d'autre part, debarques par les pecheurs exploitant les DCP martiniquais montre une difference significative de la taille moyenne des individus. Les techniques de peche utilisees peuvent probablement expliquer cette difference. En effet, des observations sous-marines ont confirme a plusieurs reprises la presence de larges concentrations de thons noirs adultes sous les dispositifs. Les gros individus se tiennent preferentiellement entre 20 et 50 m de profondeur a proximite du DCP alors que les petits individus montent plus frequemment en surface pour chasser, notamment au lever du jour. L'appat et les caracteristiques des engins actuellement utilises autour des DCP martiniquais ne sont pas bien adaptes a la capture des thons noirs adultes. A partir de ce constat et sur la base des essais de palangres verticales realises au laboratoire de l'Ifremer de La Reunion en 1990, qui ont abouti a une generalisation de cette technique de peche autour des DCP reunionnais, nous avons propose aux pecheurs martiniquais de tester cette nouvelle technique basee sur l'utilisation de " coulirous " vivants (Selar crumenophthalmus). Les essais de peche de l'appat vivant, la nuit a la palangrotte, se sont reveles positifs dans plusieurs baies de la Martinique et les premiers tests sur la palangre verticale a thons noirs sont encourageants. Cette communication fait le point sur le transfert vers les pecheurs martiniquais en identifiant les mises au point necessaires pour ameliorer l'efficacite de la technique proposee.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15293/12651.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15293/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : The volcanic island of Mayotte (374 km super(2)) is part of the Comoros Archipelago, which is situated on the North of Mozambic's Canal (Indian Ocean). Mayotte is composed of two islands and some thirty small islands distributed in a lagoon of more than 1,000 km super(2). Being one of the French Republic's Territorial Collectivity, this island is characterized by a very fast demographic evolution (growth rate : 5.8 %), which constitutes the foundation of the development problematic. Most of local halieutic production comes from the reef (nearly 2,000 t in 1999), the technic of "palangrotte" (deep line) is still dominating. The fishing fleet is composed of monoxyl pirogues and polyester fishing boats for the 1,200 fishermen. The first FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) were installed in 1989. Now, 5 FADs are situated in the lagoon whereas 10 others have been installed out of it. If it is very hard to evaluate economic impact of FAD in Mayotte, their success seems to be limited because of several local constraints : fear to fish out of the lagoon, little interest in tuna, lack of formation. Nevertheless, faced to the demographic evolution and the decrease of the reef ressources, a program of fishing development on FAD has been initiated in 1998, with those following themes : realization of a new prototype of FAD, experimental fishing program with vertical drift "long line", teaching programs for the local fishermen. Today, it is too early to analyze the informations already collected, but the results are very promising, and validate the technical improvement of the new prototype.Original Abstract: L'ile volcanique de Mayotte (374 km super(2)) fait partie de l'archipel des Comores situe au Nord du canal du Mozambique (ocean Indien). Mayotte comprend deux iles et une trentaine d'ilots repartis dans un lagon de plus de 1 000 km super(2). Collectivite territoriale de la Republique francaise, l'ile se caracterise par une evolution demographique tres rapide (taux de croissance: 5,8 %), qui constitue le socle de toutes les problematiques de developpement. L'essentiel de la production halieutique provient du milieu recifal (environ 2 000 t en 1999), la peche a la ligne de fond reste la technique dominante. La flottille de peche est constituee de pirogues monoxyles et de barques polyester pour une population de 1 200 pecheurs. Les premiers DCP mahorais furent installes en 1989. A ce jour, on denombre cinq DCP dans le lagon et dix hors lagon. Il semble que leur succes soit reste limite en raison de plusieurs contraintes locales : peur de la peche hors lagon, peu d'interet pour les poissons pelagiques, manque de formation. Neanmoins, face a l'explosion demographique et a l'appauvrissement des ressources lagonaires, un nouveau programme de developpement de la peche sur DCP a ete initie en 1998. Ce programme comporte trois axes : realisation d'un nouveau prototype de DCP, lancement d'un programme de peches experimentales a la palangre verticale derivante et formation des pecheurs. A ce jour, les informations obtenues sont trop parcellaires pour etre analysees mais les donnees et observations realisees sur les nouveaux dispositifs permettent de valider leur conception technique.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15290/12647.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15290/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Rumpons, (fads) were widely deployed in Indonesia in the eighties. In the Halmahera area, rumpon increased cpue by 41% , landings of fish per ton of live bait increased by 24%, the consumption of diesel oil for tuna catches reduced by 46%, and profits increased from Rp 10 to 60 million by boat per year1. Tuna aggregation around rumpon increased catchability by more than 40% compared to free swimming tuna. The Halmahera skipjack fishery was assessed by combining catch and effort data from rumpon and pre-rumpon areas of the fishery, and showed that controlled effort could increase landings of approximately 15,000 t per year. Tagging data show that the Halmahera skipjack fishery is probably supported by a local unit stock. Philippine rumpons (payaos) were fished with small mesh purse seine and ring nets fishing small sized tunas 12-35 cm fl (40-50% of landings) and caused recruitment overfishing. Indonesian rumpons were fished with pole-and-line causing neither recruitment nor growth overfishing.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15320/12658.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15320/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Over the last 16 years, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC - formerly the South Pacific Commission) has been developing and providing information on mid-water fishing techniques targeting the larger, deeper-swimming tunas that aggregate around FADs. SPC masterfishermen have conducted in-country fishing trials to test methods, such as vertical longlines, and train local fishermen in their construction and use. Vertical longline catch rates have varied considerably due to a range of reasons with no catches reported in some locations, or just sharks, to highs of over 6.5 kg /10 hooks/hour being recorded in other locations. Other methods like drop-stone, palu-ahi, and single-hook drifting lines have been developed within the region, with SPC adopting and transferring this technology to other locations. To further disseminate this information, SPC has recently published a technical manual outlining a range of mid-water fishing gears and techniques that can be used in association with FADs. An outline of the main gears and techniques with catch data where available is presented, with factors influencing catches discussed based on the findings of SPC masterfishermen over the years.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15295/12653.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15295/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : El “sol y playa” ha sido durante décadas el producto principal del turismo en Uruguay. No obstante, dicho país posee ciertas características que lo hacen proclive para el desarrollo del turismo alternativo, modalidad al momento desconocida y que no ha captado interés estatal. El presente artículo plantea un acercamiento a la realidad de este turismo en Uruguay, basándose en la experiencia del proyecto Uruguay Alternativo surgido en 2012.
The “sun and beach” has been during decades the main product of uruguayan tourism. Nervertheless, the above mentioned country possesses certain characteristics that make it inclined for the development of alternative tourism, which is unknown today and which has not attracted State's interest so far.This present article raises an approximation to the reality of this tourism in Uruguay, Uruguay Alternativo" based on the experience arisen on 2012.
« Le soleil et la plage » ont été pendant des décénnies le produit principal du tourisme en Uruguay. Néanmoins, le pays mentionné possède certaines caractéristiques propices au développement d’un tourisme alternatif, modalité pour l’heure méconnue et qui n’a pas suscité l’intérêt national. L’article présente un état des lieux de cette réalité dans le tourisme uruguayen en se basant sur le projet “Alternative Uruguay” lancé en 2012.
Uruguay

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7564
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7564

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : The first fad's in the islands of the South West Indian Ocean were moored in the fifties. The area under study forms part of the Indian Ocean Commission which include Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion and the island of Mayotte. After a few isolated trials that turned to be inconclusive, especially for lack of reliability of the devices moored, trials were pursued under the auspices of International Organizations. A new type of fad was successfully designed and implemented in Mauritius. This model was then applied in the Comoros in 1987, in la Reunion and Madagascar in 1988 and in Mayotte in 1989. The various programmes have had various results. In some cases such as la Reunion and Mauritius, they have played a key role in the development of the inshore fishery. In other cases they have been less significant. Finally in other cases although a significant impact on artisanal fishery, the experience was halted due to financial constraints. Beyond the history of the various programmes and the results obtained, the authors have attempted to underline the social and economic factors that have characterized the various trials in the different regional countries.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15285/12671.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15285/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : The original baitboat fishing technique using a permanent association between the fishing boat and the tuna school has been developed by the baitboat fleet of Dakar, Senegal and is also in use in the Canary Islands. This new fishing technique, the result of 20 years of improvements still on, has induced a dramatic increase of the catch yields which, in turn, has sustained the survival and even a recent development of the fleet. This technique is based on the aggregating behaviour of tropical tunas. However, it contains a dynamic component which is not found in tuna fishing on drifting or anchored fads. The specifications of the method, its refinement over the years and its main consequences for the fishery are described together with the school exchanges between baitboats over months even from one year to the next. Based on the analysis of 1228 recoveries from 5500 tagged fish, tuna movements among associated schools, between associated schools and free schools fished by purse seiners and movements in and out of the baitboat fishing grounds help to better understand the dynamics of tunas and schools of this peculiar tuna association. These data show a very high recovery rate, a remarkable tuna fidelity to the original school for all species, a small number of recoveries within the purse seine catch as well as the rare tuna movements outside the baitboat area. The study highlights the complexity and the numerous consequences of tuna and school behaviour.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15304/12637.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15304/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : In the area served by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which includes 22 Pacific Island countries and territories, anchored FADs have been used since the late 1970s. First introduced from the Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted by both industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors : in 1984 more than 600 anchored FADs had been deployed in the region. Since these early days, the development of the technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have followed parallel paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, companies are funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some fishing companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the Solomon Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a necessity. FAD programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost exclusively run by the public sector, with technical support from regional and international development agencies and financial assistance from overseas funding agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes : becoming an on-going and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing communities. This document is an attempt to synthesise the current information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical and social considerations.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/12669.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/

Éditeur(s) : Actes du colloque, April 28-30 1997
Résumé : Due to favourable environmental conditions and political will, marine fish farming has developed recently around the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean area is characterised by a large number of islands which are extremely diversified from geographical, political or socioeconomic point of views. As a matter of fact, it turns out that almost a third of the Mediterranean fish farming production comes from these islands which have proven to offer good conditions for the development of that new activity. The reasons why somany enterprises have been established on islands are very diverse. Taking advantage of good environmental conditions is the most common motivation, since islands are usually less submitted to constraints due to town extension, industry development or intensive agriculture. Moreover, as far as European Union countries are concerned, incentive policy towards ultraperipheral or late development regions has made it possible to attribute specific subsidies to islands for aquaculture in the aim of more employment and wealth. Like any other economic activity, aquaculture has to face some specific constraints due to the insular context. Transport to and from the islands is more expensive and less regular, which has a negative impact on the price competitiveness of the insular products. Local markets are often too small to make it possible for the enterprises to develop first at a domestic level and to take advantage of economies of scale. Thanks to their positive and attractive world-wide image, Mediterranean islands could promote the quality of their products on the basis of geographical origin, of quality of the environment or of specific production processes. Information networks implementation and marketing approach in terms of image are challenges Mediterranean islands have to take up in order to supply the large European seafood market with quality products. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Grâce à de bonnes conditions de milieu et à une volonté politique affirmée, l'élevage des poissons marins s'est développé récemment dans la Méditerranée. Le bassin méditerranéen possède un très grand nombre d'îles qui sont très diverses de par leur caractéristiques géographiques, politiques ou socio-économiques. Près du tiers de la production de poissons marins d'élevage des pays méditerranéens est réalisée dans des îles. Les raisons qui ont incité tant d'entreprises à s'établir sur des îles sont diverses. La motivation principale avancée par les promoteurs de l'aquaculture insulaire méditerranéenne est la qualité de l'environnement des îles et la disponibilité en sites, justifiée par le fait que les îles sont moins soumises à certaines contraintes comme l'extension des villes, le développement de zones industrielles ou l'intensification de l'agriculture. La politique d'aide envers les régions ultra-périphériques ou en retard de développement a permis d'attribuer des subventions spécifiques aux îles pour développer l'aquaculture dans un objectif de création de richesse et d'emploi. Comme toute autre activité économique dans les îles, l'aquaculture doit faire face à des contraintes directement liées à l'insularité. Le transport est plus coûteux et moins régulier, ce qui a un effet négatif sur la compétitivité prix des produits. Les marchés locaux sont souvent trop petits pour permettre aux entreprises de se développer d'abord en interne et de profiter d'économies d'échelle. Une réponse possible à cette contrainte de concurrence internationale pourrait être la promotion des produits sur la base de l'origine géographique,de la qualité de l'environnement ou de procédés de production spécifiques afin de valoriser l'image très positive et la notoriété de ces îles dans le monde entier. Les réseaux dédiés à l'information, à la recherche et au transfert technologique sont des outils nécessaires pour compenser les contraintes dues à la petite taille et à l'isolement dans le but de fournir le vaste marché européen en produits de la mer de qualité. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1997/acte-4010.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4010/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : The Mediterranean small-scale fleet is highly adaptive, showing a dynamic fishing intensity and strategy, and exploiting seasonal abundant resources. In this area, the aggregatory behaviour under floats of juvenile fish has been used since ancient times to exploit oceanic migratory species such as dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), using Fish Aggregating anchored Devices (fads). A total of 2 300 boats are engaged in this fishery from August to December, the main fishing areas being those around Malta, Tunisia, Sicily and Majorca. The fads ( arrow right m2) are made of different cheap floating materials, and are moored in fixed places, ranging from shore waters to areas 60 miles off the coast (1 500 m depth). Each boat deploys an average of 20 to 100 fads. The gears used are special surrounding nets without purse line, and traditional purse seine nets. The fishery exploits young-of-the-year dolphinfish (<6 months old), originated by a pre-spawning migration of adults from Atlantic waters. Their catches show high annual and monthly variability, depending on the recruitment and the accessibility of recruits to the fishery. Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) and greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) are also exploited in this fishery as by-catch. A total of about 1 000 metric tons of dolphinfish are yearly caught mainly in September-October. The fads are historically laid in August. Recently, the fads fishing period has increased in Sicily, and the fads are laid in July, so as to catch pilotfish and greater amberjak juveniles. In recent years, the interest for this fishing method and the study of these fisheries has increased in the Mediterranean. Though the market and its seasonality limit this exploitation, this fishery is economically profitable with good revenue.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/12672.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera has the specific ability to produce pearls with the widest range of coloursamong all pearl oyster species. This pearl colour diversity originates from the mantle biomineralising tissue(graft) of the donor oyster, which is originally responsible for the variety of colours of the inner shell surface.This study aimed to: 1) assess the geographic distribution and establish a first stocklist of the colourful oysterphenotypes used as donors in French Polynesia, and 2) investigate the phenotypic relation between inner shellcolouration and the corresponding colour of harvested pearls. With the support of a pearl farmers' network,we investigated the different donor phenotype frequencies among five collection sites (Ahe, Apataki, Takaroa,TakumeandMangareva).Thisdonorevaluationwasmadeduringgraftingofpearloysters(N=49,938)obtainedfrom collector stations. Results showed that pearl production is mainly based on six common colourful donorphenotypes classified as monochromatic and polychromatic profiles, which shown different frequenciesamongthecollectionsites.Experimentalgrafts(N=4640)werethenrealisedandsubsequentcultureconductedat a single site in order to avoidpearl colour variation due to environmental influences. Traceability between do-nors (N = 232) and pearls (N = 2776), revealed that: 1) yellow (gold) and aubergine (reddish) pearls could bemostlyobtainedbyusingthemonochromaticyellowandreddonor phenotypes,respectively,and2)onethirdtoonequarterofgreypearlswasinevitablyharvested,whateverthepolychromaticphenotypechosenasthedonor,which leaves at least half the harvest composed of the attractive green and peacock colours. This preliminarystocklist of colour range together with analysis of the colour phenotype transmission between inner shell andpearl provide the basis for producing multiple pearl oyster “colour lines” through hatchery propagation andwould be helpful for future selective breeding programs.Statement of relevance: Donor shell colour selection predict colours of pearls
ISSN: 0044-8486

hal-01489247
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01489247
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.017

Résumé : Certains Etats pratiquent la libre immatriculation, également connue sous le terme péjoratif de « pavillons de complaisance » : ils enregistrent des navires chez eux sans considération de la nationalité ou de la résidence effective des propriétaires, et leur permettent ainsi d’échapper au cadre légal de leur pays d’origine. Aspect de la mondialisation, le phénomène qui a pris de l’ampleur dans les 30 dernières années est aujourd’hui largement répandu, voire universel.Au-delà des aspects juridiques (chaque Etat organise son droit à immatriculer les navires), la libre immatriculation a des conséquences économiques fortes car la législation de l’Etat d’immatriculation – dit « Etat du pavillon » – détermine certains coûts ou certaines facilités pour l’entreprise qui l’adopte.Le présent travail propose une lecture de la libre immatriculation des navires en tant qu’objet récent de la science économique et tente, à ce titre, de lever le voile sur la portée de cette activité sur les pays d’accueil, en prenant le cadre restreint de petites économies insulaires de la Caraïbe, berceau historique de cette activité et des centres financiers offshore.Sur la base de données économiques sur 30 ans concernant 7 pays de libre immatriculation de la Caraïbe (produits intérieurs bruts et éléments des balances des paiements), la recherche menée montre qu’hormis peut-être le cas à approfondir d’Antigua, aucune corrélation significative n’existe entre le nombre de navires immatriculés et les gains économiques dans les pays d’accueil. Ces résultats vont dans le sens des critiques de la libre immatriculation : cette activité ne présente pas, en soi, un gain pour les petites économies insulaires étudiées.
Some States host Open Registers (also known under the pejorative term of “flags of convenience”): ships are registered regardless of their actual owners’ nationality or residence, and thus States enable them to escape from their country of origin’s legal framework. By being an aspect of globalization, this phenomenon has been growing up for 30 years, and is nowadays widespread, or even universal. Because each State fixes the conditions for implementation of its right to register ships, the phenomenon is a legal one. But it has strong economic implications too. Indeed, the laws of the State of registration – namely “flag state” – determine certain costs or some advantages for the company that adopts it, and can be attractive or repellent as for them.This work proposes an economic reading of the open registers of ships as a recent object of economics and tries to highlight the contribution of this activity to small islands’ economies, especially through some Caribbean examples (the Caribbean is by the way the historical cradle of this activity and offshore financial centres).Based on data concerning the last 30 years and 7 open-registry countries of the Caribbean (Gross Domestic Products and some items of the balances of payments), the research conducted here shows that, except perhaps Antigua, no significant correlation exists in host countries between the fleets registered and the economic gains : the “open registration” is not, by itself, a gain for small island economies surveyed.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0508/document

Résumé : Le cadre juridique des investissements étrangers en Algérie a été marqué par de profonds changements depuis la promulgation du premier code des investissements, en 1963. Cette mutation n’a pas toujours été en phase avec les processus de développement économique national et le changement du contexte international. Le modèle socialiste de la gestion des affaires économiques qui a prédominé à partir du milieu des années 60 jusqu'au milieu des années 80 a progressivement cédé la place à un retrait graduel de l'Etat du champ économique. On assiste, depuis, à une émergence d’un secteur privé qui tente toujours de trouver sa place, à une vague de privatisations, à une libéralisation du commerce extérieur et à un appel aux capitaux étrangers pour financer le développement économique.Cette volonté manifeste d’accéder à une économie de marché est encore plus perceptible dans le dernier code des investissements de 2001. Ces efforts de mise en conformité du droit interne des investissements avec le droit international des investissements sont relayés par un discours politique offensif.Néanmoins, cet environnement juridique incitatif perd de son attrait lorsqu’on le confronte, soit aux textes promulgués en matière de réglementation du commerce extérieur et la réglementation des changes, soit à l’environnement administratif dans lequel est mis en œuvre l’ensemble de ces textes de lois. Cette confrontation est particulièrement instructive quant à l’insuffisance de cohérence de la politique étatique suivie en matière d’investissement étranger. Ceci révèle la balance d’intérêt des autorités algériennes entre l’augmentation de la contribution des investissements étrangers au potentiel économique et technologique national et la sauvegarde de la souveraineté nationale.Ainsi, le questionnement de la politique législative algérienne d’investissement permet de comprendre les fondements de la doctrine algérienne des investissements étrangers. Cette compréhension favorise l’émergence d’une stratégie qui concilie attractivité et préservation des intérêts publics.
The legal framework for foreign investment in Algeria was marked by profound changes since the enactment of the first investment code in 1963 This change has not always been in line with the process of national economic development and change in the international environment . The socialist model of economic management that prevailed from the mid 60s to mid 80s gradually gave way to a gradual withdrawal of the state from the economic field. There has since been an emergence of a private sector that is still trying to find its place, a wave of privatization, liberalization of foreign trade and to rely on foreign capital to finance the development will économique.Cette Manifest access to a market economy is even more noticeable in the latest investment Code of 2001 These efforts compliance of domestic investment law with the international investment law are supported by a political speech offensif.Néanmoins, the legal environment incentive loses its appeal when confronted or to enactments in regulation of foreign trade and foreign exchange regulations, or administrative environment that is implemented in all these laws. This comparison is particularly instructive about the lack of consistency in state policy with respect to foreign investment. This reveals the balance of interest between the Algerian authorities increasing the contribution of foreign investment to national economic and technological potential and safeguarding sovereignty nationale.Ainsi, questioning the Algerian legislative investment policy allows us to understand the foundations of the Algerian doctrine of foreign investment. This understanding promotes the emergence of a strategy that balances attractiveness and preservation of public interest.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0785

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : This summary tackles the development of fisheries in the Caribbean using fads. It highlights the principal causes which explain why, in spite of more than thirty years of experimenting, fishing on fads has not developed as much as had been hoped. Whereas the deep-sea production of pelagic fish by the continental countries of the region has considerably increased since the early eighties, that of the Lesser Antilles has grown more slowly. Anchored fads have given the boats of the small-scale fisheries from three islands (Guadeloupe, Martinique and Curacao) access to these pelagic resources. The various modes of development and management of the fads observed in each island are described. The first available data are used to provide some indications of the effects of the various strategies implemented and the changes induced by this new fishing technique.Original Abstract: Cette synthese concerne la region Atlantique Centre-Ouest (FAO 31) mais elle aborde principalement le developpement des DCP ancres de la zone Caraibe. Trois sites principaux font l'objet d'un developpement particulier ; il s'agit des iles pour lesquelles l'activite de peche professionnelle est actuellement effective autour des DCP : la Guadeloupe, la Martinique et Curacao. L'introduction de DCP dans l'Atlantique Centre-Ouest est signalee pour la premiere fois en 1969, a Panama City (Floride). Il s'agit alors de dispositifs cotiers. Les especes ciblees sont des petits poissons pelagiques. Au debut des annees quatre-vingt, l'implantation de DCP ancres autour des petits etats insulaires de la Caraibe pour la peche des grands poissons pelagiques est consideree comme une priorite par les scientifiques reunis lors du 36e congres du Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI). Beaucoup d'experiences DCP conduites dans la region ont permis de conclure a une bonne efficacite agregative quels que soient les choix technologiques operes (DCP lourds ou legers). Malgre cela, tres peu d'iles tirent actuellement benefice de l'avantage que procurent les DCP pour l'exploitation des ressources en grands pelagiques frequentant leurs eaux. Les problemes de transfert et les difficultes a passer de la phase experimentale a la phase operationnelle sont probablement a l'origine de ce paradoxe. Le developpement d'une reelle cooperation regionale sur le theme devrait permettre, aux petits etats insulaires notamment, de mieux profiter des migrations des grands poissons pelagiques dans leurs eaux.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15279/12665.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15279/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : No abstract.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15322/12661.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15322/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : In the Sicilian fisheries, the swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus 1758), caught from March to December with several gears which vary according to season, represents one of the most important economic resources. The size composition changes depending on the gear used, the way it is operated, the fishing area and season. The gears used for swordfish fishing (long-lines "for swordfish", drift-nets, harpoons as operated by typical boats named "feluche") mainly catch adult specimens. From August to December, a high number of very young swordfish specimens (1.5 to 4.5 kg) is also caught as by-catch during the albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre 1788) fishing which is carried out by a special long line and hooks only 3 cm long. It was observed that in the same season, fishing areas and with boats of similar type, the fishing of dolphin-fish (Coryphaena hippurus, Linnaeus 1758), using Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and purse seine, is hardly practised in spite of the resource availability swordfish. With the present work, which can be regarded as an initial approach to the problem of diversifying and managing fishing effort of swordfish, albacore and dolphin-fish, their fisheries are examined and discussed, not overlooking the economic aspect, by considering weather a reallocation of fishing effort among the previously said resources might avert the risk of swordfish stock depletion.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15299/12659.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15299/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since the early 1980's, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC, formerly the South Pacific Commission) has contributed to the development of FAD programmes for the artisanal fisheries sector in the Pacific region. In particular, it has put considerable efforts into developing technology that would assure a two-year average FAD lifespan, while maintaining costs under US$ 4,000 per FAD unit. From 1996 to 1998, this work led to the publication of three volumes of the SPC FAD Manual. Volume 2 of this manual, "Rigging Deep-Water FAD Moorings", describes in great detail two FAD models that were developed from the original 1983 SPC-recommended model, and gives precise instructions on the way to construct them. Despite SPC's work, the objectives set, in particular the two-year average lifespan for FADs, have not been consistently met, resulting in many FAD programmes in the region being suspended. An analysis of the reasons why this has occurred is presented, along with a short description of the practical research that could be pursued, using different objectives, to introduce new FAD programmes in the region.Original Abstract: Depuis le debut des annees quatre-vingt, le secretariat general de la communaute du Pacifique (SPC, anciennement commission du Pacifique Sud) a soutenu et accompagne le developpement de programmes DCP destines au secteur de la peche artisanale, dans la region Pacifique. Il s'est en particulier efforce de mettre au point des modeles de DCP repondant principalement aux deux criteres suivants: duree de vie superieure a deux ans et cout unitaire moyen inferieur a 4 000 dollars US. Entre 1996 et 1998, ces travaux ont abouti a la publication en trois volumes du manuel de la SPC sur les DCP. Le volume 2 de ce manuel, " La fabrication de DCP pour grandes profondeurs ", presente deux evolutions d'un modele concu en 1983 et en detaille tres precisement les methodes de fabrication. Le present document analyse les raisons pour lesquelles, malgre les efforts deployes, les objectifs fixes, et en particulier la duree de vie minimum de deux ans pour les DCP, n'ont pas ete pleinement atteints et la plupart des programmes DCP de la region ont ete interrompus. Il donne egalement une breve description des axes de recherche appliquee qui pourraient etre suivis, en se fixant d'autres objectifs, pour relancer des programmes DCP dans la region.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15291/12648.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15291/