Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Diffusion parameters for HTO, 36Cl−, and 125I− were determined on Upper Toarcian argillite samples from the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory (Aveyron, France) using the through diffusion technique. The direction of diffusion was parallel to the bedding plane. The purpose of the present study was 3-fold; it was intended (i) to confirm the I− interaction with Upper Toarcian argillite and to verify the effects of initial I− concentration on this affinity, as previously observed by means of radial diffusion experiments, (ii) to highlight any discrepancy between Cl− and I− diffusivity, and (iii) to investigate the effect of an increase of the ionic strength of the solution on the anionic tracers' diffusive behaviour. The results show that the effective diffusion coefficient (De) and diffusion accessible porosity (εa) values obtained with an ionic strength (I.S.) synthetic pore water of 0.01 eq L−1 are: De = 2.35-2.50 × 10−11 m2 s−1 and εa = 12.0-15.0% for HTO, and De = 14.5-15.5 × 10−13 m2 s−1 and εa = 2.5-2.9% for 36Cl−. Because of anionic exclusion effects, anions diffuse slower and exhibit smaller diffusion accessible porosities than HTO, taken as a water tracer. The associated effective diffusion coefficient (De) and rock capacity factor (α) obtained for 125I are: De = 7.00-8.60 × 10−13 m2 s−1 and α = 4.3-7.2%. Such values make it possible to calculate low 125I distribution ratios (0.0057 < RD < 0.0192 mL g−1) which confirm the trend indicating that the 125I rock capacity factor increases with the decrease of the initial I− concentration. Additional through-diffusion experiments were carried out with a higher ionic strength synthetic pore water (I.S. = 0.11 eq L−1). No evolution of HTO diffusion parameters was observed. The anionic tracers' effective diffusion coefficient increased by a factor of two but no clear evolution of their accessible porosity was observed. Such a paradox could be related to the particularly small mean pore size of the Upper Toarcian argillite of Tournemire. The most significant finding of this study is the large discrepancy (factor of two) between the values of the effective diffusion coefficient for 125I and 36Cl. Whatever the ionic strength of the synthetic solution used, 125I exhibited De values two times lower than those of 36Cl. A detailed explanation for this difference cannot be given at present even if a hypothesis based on ion-pairing or on steric-exclusion cannot be excluded. This makes questionable the assumption usually made for quantifying 125I sorption and postulating that 36Cl and 125I would diffuse in the same porosity. In other terms, at Tournemire, 125I sorption could be more pronounced than previously indicated.
ISSN: 0883-2927

hal-00757749
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00757749
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.12.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
The Cretaceous paleogeography and the kinematic evolution of the Iberian plate are poorly constrained. Especially problematic is to reconcile Iberian paleomagnetic data with paleomagnetic data of the neighboring plates and with Euler poles derived from seafloor magnetic anomalies. The first limitation arises from the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron where paleogeographic reconstruction using marine magnetic anomalies is handicapped. The second arises from the paucity of reliable paleomagnetic poles with satisfactory statistical criteria and age. In order to address these shortcomings and provide new high quality paleomagnetic poles for Iberia, we conducted a detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic study of two Cretaceous magmatic sills, the Paço de Ilhas (PI) and Foz da Fonte (FF) sills, from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, recently dated at about 88 and 94 Ma, respectively. Our results show that the magnetic mineralogy of the sills is primary, i.e., acquired during magma cooling, and essentially represented by titanomagnetite. The corresponding paleomagnetic poles match the synthetic APWP from the African plate at 80 and 100 Ma. On the basis of a rigorous selection of Iberian Cretaceous poles, we then calculated mean paleomagnetic poles for different time intervals and found that Iberian paleomagnetic data fit well the global APWP between 70 and 120 Ma, but move far away from the APWP at pre-rift times. Our approach shows that new and better constrained paleomagnetic poles can aide in solving part of the contradiction between Iberian and African APWPs.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00758103
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00758103
DOI : 10.1029/2011JB009067

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Résumé : During the 1982-1984 bradyseismic crises in the Campi Flegrei area (Italy), the University of Wisconsin deployed a network of seismological stations to record local earthquakes. In order to analyse the potential of the recorded data in terms of tomographic imaging, a blind test was recently set up and carried out in the framework of a research project. A model representing a hypothetical 3D structure of the area containing the Campi Flegrei caldera was also set up, and a synthetic dataset of time arrivals was in turn computed. The synthetic dataset consists of several thousand P- and S-time arrivals, computed at about fourteen stations. The tomographic inversion was performed by four independent teams using different methods. The teams had no knowledge of either the input velocity model or the earthquake hypocenters used to create the synthetic dataset. The results obtained by the different groups were compared and analysed in light of the true model. This work provides a thorough analysis of the earthquake tomography potential of the dataset recording the seismic activity at Campi Flegrei in the 1982-1984 period. It shows that all the tested earthquake tomography methods provide reliable low-resolution images of the background velocity field of the Campi Flegrei area, but with some differences. However, none of them succeeds in detecting the hypothetical structure details (i.e. with a size smaller than about 1.5-2 km), such as a magmatic chamber 4 km deep and especially the smaller, isolated bodies, which represent possible magmatic chimneys and intrusions.
ISSN: 1687-885X

hal-00795584
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795584
DOI : 10.1155/2012/505286

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Strain and strain rate partitioning in partially molten rocks are two of the important mechanisms that govern the process of coupling and/or decoupling of the partially molten lithosphere. Consequently, the proportion of partial melt and crystals and their network in partially molten rocks influence the degree of the partitioning along with the bulk rheology of the system. This study explores the possible role of finite strain and strain rate on the rate and volume of partial melting and crystallization in a metapelitic system undergoing deformation. Cylinders of synthetic quartz-muscovite aggregate (7: 3 volume ratio) were deformed in torsion at 750 C, 300 MPa and constant shear strain rate ((gamma) over dot = 3 x 10(-4) s(-1)) for finite shear strains (gamma) 1-15. The deformed samples were studied along the longitudinal tangential ( LT) and axial ( LA) sections to obtain the data along a range of strain rates for a given finite strain and vice versa. The results showed that deformation plays an important role on the kinetics of partial melting and crystallization. With increasing strain rate, amount and rate of crystallization comprise the volumetrically dominant process compared to partial melting at a given finite strain. In contrast, when the strain rate is constant, partial melting is the dominant process over crystallization up to moderate strain (gamma < 5). The dominant process reverses at higher strain, and the system shows more crystallization than partial melting. Application of the experimental data to geological systems implies that for metapelites a significant amount (similar to 20%) of partial melt can generate at high strain rate and moderate strain (gamma similar to 7), but at high strain (gamma = 15) the system is melt depleted. Under such conditions, decoupling should take place in brittle-ductile mode. On the other hand, rocks undergoing deformation with low strain rates and strain (gamma < 3) contain more than 25% partial melt, which can act as a major decoupling agent by localizing ductile shear zones.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00617714
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617714
DOI : 10.1029/2010JB007865

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
We performed forward modelling of seismic anisotropy beneath a migrating strike-slip plate boundary to: (1) test if such a geodynamic context might explain teleseismic shear wave splitting data in the vicinity of the central part of the San Andreas Fault and (2) constrain the power of such data to unravel vertical and lateral variations in deformation patterns in the upper mantle. The modelling involves five steps: (1) thermomechanical modelling, using a finite-element code, of the deformation field, (2) viscoplastic self-consistent modelling of the resulting olivine and pyroxene crystal preferred orientations, (3) calculation of the elasticity tensors for different domains of the finite elements (FEs) model, (4) forward modelling of seismic wave propagation through the model using ray theory, finite-frequency theory and a full-wave approach and (5) performing splitting measurements on the synthetic seismograms. SKS splitting data in central California are best fitted by a model with a hotter geotherm within 60 km of the plate boundary accounting for the opening of an asthenospheric window due to the northward migration of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The westward motion of the plate boundary cannot however explain the rotation of fast polarization directions east of the San Andreas Fault in central California. Comparison between modelled and measured individual shear wave splitting also implies that the homogeneity of the two-layer models accounting for the observations in the vicinity of the San Andreas Fault indicates a sharp transition between lithospheric and asthenospheric deformations beneath this plate boundary. The ability of different synthetic approaches to localize horizontally and vertically the plate boundary-related deformation differs significantly. Splitting in ray theory synthetics closely follow variations in olivine crystallographic preferred orientations in the model. In contrast, splitting analysis on full-wave synthetics, which should be more representative of actual long-period SKS waves, results in smooth apparent lateral variations of anisotropy; the exact location and width of the plate boundary may only be retrieved by comparing fast-polarization profiles obtained using a multichannel analysis on waves with different periods.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01236150
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01236150
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01236150/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01236150/file/Bonnin_San_Andreas_modelling_GJI2012.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05650.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Guadeloupe Island (West French Indies) is one of the twenty islands that compose the Lesser Antilles Arc, which results from the subduction of the Atlantic Ocean plate beneath the Caribbean one. The island lies in a complex volcano-tectonic system and the need to understand its geological context has led to numerous on- and offshore geophysical investigations. This work presents the compilation and processing of available, on-land, airborne and marine, gravity and magnetic data acquired during the last 40 years on Guadeloupe Islands and at the scale of the Lesser Antilles Arc. The overall dataset provides new Bouguer and reduced to the pole magnetic anomaly maps at the highest achievable resolution. Regionally, the main central negative gravity trend of the arc allows defining two subsident areas. The first one is parallel to the arc direction (~N160°E) to the north, whereas the second unexpected southern one is oriented parallel to oceanic ridges (N130°E). Along the Outer Arc, the long wavelength positive anomaly is interpreted, at least along the Karukera Spur, as an up-rise of the volcanic basement in agreement with the seismic studies. To the NE of Guadeloupe, the detailed analysis of the geophysical anomalies outlines a series of structural discontinuities consistent with the main bathymetric morphologies, and in continuity of the main fault systems already reported in this area. Based on geophysical evidences, this large scale deformation and faulting of the Outer Arc presumably primarily affects the Atlantic subducting plate and secondarily deforms the upper Caribbean plate and the accretion prism. At the scale of Guadeloupe Island, joined gravity and magnetic modeling has been initiated based on existing interpretation of old seismic refraction profiles, with a general structure in three main layers. According to our geophysical anomalies, additional local structures are also modeled in agreement with geological observations: i) the gravity and magnetic signals confirm an up-rise of the volcanic basement below the limestone platforms outcropping on Grande-Terre Island ; ii) the ancient volcanic complexes of Basse-Terre Island are modeled with high density and reverse magnetized formations; iii) the recent volcanic centre is associated with formations consistent with the low measured density and the underlying hydrothermal system. The EW models coherently image a NNW-SSE depression structure in half-graben beneath Basse-Terre Island, its western scarp following the arc direction in agreement with bathymetric and seismic studies to the north of the island. The so-defined depressed area, and particularly its opening in half-graben toward the SW, is interpreted as the present-day front of deformation of the upper plate associated with the recent volcanic activity on and around Guadeloupe. Based on this regional deformation model, perspectives are given for further integrated investigation of key targets to address the internal structure and evolution of the Lesser Antilles Arc and Guadeloupe volcanic system.
Colloque 2012 du Comité National Français de Géodésie et Géophysique (CNFGG)
Clermont-Ferrand, France

hal-00742653
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00742653
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00742653/document
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00742653/file/CNFGG_Caraibes.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Rifting in a cratonic lithosphere is strongly controlled by several interacting processes including crust/mantle rheology, magmatism, inherited structure and stress regime. In order to better understand how these physical parameters interact, a 2 yr long seismological experiment has been carried out in the North Tanzanian Divergence (NTD), at the southern tip of the eastern magmatic branch of the East African rift, where the southward-propagating continental rift is at its earliest stage. We analyse teleseismic data from 38 broad-band stations ca. 25 km spaced and present here results from their receiver function (RF) analysis. The crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio are retrieved over a ca. 200 × 200 km2 area encompassing the South Kenya magmatic rift, the NTD and the Ngorongoro-Kilimanjaro transverse volcanic chain. Cratonic nature of the lithosphere is clearly evinced through thick (up to ca. 40 km) homogeneous crust beneath the rift shoulders. Where rifting is present, Moho rises up to 27 km depth and the crust is strongly layered with clear velocity contrasts in the RF signal. The Vp/Vs ratio reaches its highest values (ca. 1.9) beneath volcanic edifices location and thinner crust, advocating for melting within the crust. We also clearly identify two major low-velocity zones (LVZs) within the NTD, one in the lower crust and the second in the upper part of the mantle. The first one starts at 15–18 km depth and correlates well with recent tomographic models. This LVZ does not always coexist with high Vp/Vs ratio, pleading for a supplementary source of velocity decrease, such as temperature or composition. At a greater depth of ca. 60 km, a mid-lithospheric discontinuity roughly mimics the step-like and symmetrically outward-dipping geometry of the Moho but with a more slanting direction (NE–SW) compared to the NS rift. By comparison with synthetic RF, we estimate the associated velocity reduction to be 8–9 per cent. We relate this interface to melt ponding, possibly favouring here deformation process such as grain-boundary sliding (EAGBS) due to lithospheric strain. Its geometry might have been controlled by inherited lithospheric fabrics and heterogeneous upper mantle structure. We evidence that crustal and mantle magmatic processes represent first order mechanisms to ease and locate the deformation during the first stage of a cratonic lithospheric breakup.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01622078
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622078
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622078/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622078/file/plasmanGJI2017.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggx177

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Polarized emittance measurements were acquired for synthetic forsterite, the pure magnesium end member of the olivines group, on the whole infrared spectral range and up to the melting point by using CO2 laser heating. The experimental data, fitted with a semi-quantum dielectric function model, allowed the retrieval of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of forsterite both in the opaque and semi-transparent regions. The analysis of the phonon parameters indicates that the lattice dynamics evolve drastically with increasing temperature. The normal modes involving motions of the magnesium cations located in site 1 are the more impacted, and some of them vanish around 1,200 K. The results confirm that the enhancement of the lattice anharmonicity and the increasing mobility of the magnesium cations are closely linked and are at the origin of the anomalies observed in the evolution of the thermophysical properties. This complete set of spectroscopic data may be a step toward a more precise evaluation of the impact of thermal radiation heat transfer inside systems involving forsterite and quantification of their heat budget.
ISSN: 0342-1791

hal-00817079
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817079
DOI : 10.1007/s00269-013-0570-z

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : Gravity data and P-wave teleseismic traveltime residuals from 29 temporary broad-band stations spread over the northern margin of the Gulf of Aden (Dhofar region, Oman) were used to image lithospheric structure. We apply a linear relationship between density and velocity to provide consistent density and velocity models from mid-crust down to about 250 km depth. The accuracy of the resulting models is investigated through a series of synthetic tests. The analysis of our resulting models shows: (1) crustal heterogeneities that match the main geological features at the surface; (2) the gravity edge effect and disparity in anomaly depth locations for layers at 20 and 50 km; (3) two low-velocity anomalies along the continuation of Socotra-Hadbeen and Alula-Fartak fracture zones between 60 and 200 km depth; and (4) evidence for partial melting (3-6 per cent) within these two negative anomalies. We discuss the presence of partial melting in terms of interaction between the Sheba ridge melts and its along-axis segmentation.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00456048
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00456048
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04438.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
To improve earthquake location, we create a 3-D a priori P-wave velocity model (3-DVM) that approximates the large velocity variations of the Ecuadorian subduction system. The 3-DVM is constructed from the integration of geophysical and geological data that depend on the structural geometry and velocity properties of the crust and the upper mantle. In addition, specific station selection is carried out to compensate for the high station density on the Andean Chain. 3-D synthetic experiments are then designed to evaluate the network capacity to recover the event position using only P arrivals and the MAXI technique. Three synthetic earthquake location experiments are proposed: (1) noise-free and (2) noisy arrivals used in the 3-DVM, and (3) noise-free arrivals used in a 1-DVM. Synthetic results indicate that, under the best conditions (exact arrival data set and 3-DVM), the spatiotemporal configuration of the Ecuadorian network can accurately locate 70 per cent of events in the frontal part of the subduction zone (average azimuthal gap is 289° ± 44°). Noisy P arrivals (up to ± 0.3 s) can accurately located 50 per cent of earthquakes. Processing earthquake location within a 1-DVM almost never allows accurate hypocentre position for offshore earthquakes (15 per cent), which highlights the role of using a 3-DVM in subduction zone. For the application to real data, the seismicity distribution from the 3-D-MAXI catalogue is also compared to the determinations obtained in a 1-D-layered VM. In addition to good-quality location uncertainties, the clustering and the depth distribution confirm the 3-D-MAXI catalogue reliability. The pattern of the seismicity distribution (a 13 yr record during the inter-seismic period of the seismic cycle) is compared to the pattern of rupture zone and asperity of the Mw = 7.9 1942 and the Mw = 7.7 1958 events (the Mw = 8.8 1906 asperity patch is not defined). We observe that the nucleation of 1942, 1958 and 1906 events coincides with areas of positive Simple Bouguer anomalies and areas where marine terraces are still preserved on the coastal morphology. From north to south: (1) the 1958 rupture zone is almost aseismic and is attributed to a zone of high coupling; (2) south of the Galera alignment (perpendicular to the trench), the 1942 rupture zone presents moderate seismicity, deeper on the seismogenic interplate zone, and abutting on the Jama cluster (to the south). This cluster is facing the Cabo Pasado cap and positive Bouguer anomalies on the overriding margin. We suspect that this cluster reflects a zone of local asperity (partial coupling). South of the Jama cluster, the spherical aseismic zone in the Bahia area is interpreted as having a low seismic coupling (steady creep motion or slow slip events). We suspect that the site that generated the three M > 7 events (1896, 1956 and 1998) correspond to a small patch of strong coupling. To the south, in the Manta-Puerto Lopez zone, the seismicity is mainly organized in earthquake swarms (1998, 2002, 2005). Although slow slip events have been observed in the area (Vallée et al. submitted), we infer from the coastline shape, the marine terraces and the high positive Bouguer anomalies that the seismicity here might reveal a significant amount of seismic coupling.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00873478
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00873478
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggs083

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
Guadeloupe island (West French Indies) is one of the twenty islands that compose the Lesser Antilles arc, which results from the subduction of the Atlantic ocean plate beneath the Caribbean one. The island lies in a complex volcano-tectonic system and the need to understand its geological context has led to numerous on- and offshore geophysical investigations. This work presents a compilation and the processing of available, on-land, airborne and marine, gravity and magnetic data acquired during the last 40 years on Guadeloupe islands and at the scale of the Lesser Antilles arc. The overall dataset provides new Bouguer and reduced to the pole magnetic anomaly maps at the highest achievable resolution. Regionally, the main central negative gravity trend of the arc allows defining two subsident areas. The first one is parallel to the arc direction (~N160°E) to the north, whereas the second unexpected southern one is oriented parallel to oceanic ridges (N130°E). Along the Outer arc, the long wavelength positive anomaly is interpreted, at least along the Karukera spur, as an up-rise of the volcanic basement in agreement with the seismic studies. To the NE of Guadeloupe, the detailed analysis of the geophysical anomalies outlines a series of structural discontinuities consistent with the main bathymetric morphologies, and in continuity of the main fault systems already reported in this area. Based on geophysical evidences, this large scale deformation and faulting of the Outer arc presumably primarily affects the Atlantic subducting plate and secondarily deforms the upper Caribbean plate and the accretion prism, as evidenced in bathymetry as well as on the islands. At the scale of Guadeloupe island, combined gravity and magnetic modeling has been initiated based on existing interpretation of old seismic refraction profiles, with a general structure in three main layers. According to our geophysical anomalies, additional local structures are also modeled in agreement with geological observations: i) the gravity and magnetic signals confirm an up-rise of the volcanic basement below the limestone platforms outcropping on Grande-Terre island ; ii) the ancient volcanic complexes of Basse-Terre island are modeled with high density and reverse magnetized formations; iii) the recent volcanic centre is associated with formations consistent with the low measured density and the underlying hydrothermal system. The E-W models coherently image a NNW-SSE depression structure in half-graben beneath Basse-Terre island, its western scarp following the arc direction in agreement with bathymetric and seismic studies to the north of the island. The so-defined depressed area, and particularly its opening in half-graben toward the SW, is interpreted as the present-day front of deformation of the upper plate, associated with the recent volcanic activity on and around Guadeloupe. Based on this regional deformation model, perspectives are given for further integrated investigation of key targets to address the internal structure and evolution of the Lesser Antilles arc and Guadeloupe volcanic system.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00853352
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00853352
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.77

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Corinth Rift is the most seismically active zone in Europe. Since the year 2000, the Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL, http://crlab.eu) consisting in a multidisciplinary natural observatory, aims at understanding the mechanics of faulting and earthquake nucleation in the Rift. Recent studies have improved our view about fault geometry and mechanics within CRL but there is still a critical need for a better knowledge of the structure at depth.In this project, we aim to analyze the complete seismological database (13 years of recordings) of CRL by using recently developed methodologies of structural imaging in order to determine, with high resolution, the local 3D structure and the earthquake locations. We perform an iterative joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquake coordinates. P and S velocity models are estimated through a first arrival traveltime tomography by using the adjoint state method proposed by Taillandier et al. (2009). It consists in the minimization of the cost function between observed and theoretical arrival times,which is achieved by estimating the gradient of the cost function. Earthquake locations are also estimated with a linearized inversion approach by computing the gradient of the misfit function. Iterations are repeated until the cost function no longer decreases. We present preliminary results consisting in: (1) the adjustment of a 1D velocity model that is used as initial model of the 3D tomography and (2) a first attempt of the joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquake locations.We also perform a preliminary receiver function analysis of teleseismic data recorded by the broadband stations of the CRL network. The multiscale approach (Gesret et. al., 2010) analysis of teleseismic P to S converted waves allows to analyze the signal toward the higher frequencies and thus to characterize the structure at depth with a high resolution. Our multiscale approach should give us reliable depth of interfaces beneath seismometers in the CRL area. In this first attempt, we adjust the 1D velocity model that produces a synthetic RF as similar as possible to the stack of observed RF for a subset of data. The identified interfaces could then be compared with heterogeneities imaged by the tomography.
AGU Fall Meeting
San Fransico, United States

hal-01417184
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01417184

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : Borehole logs provide in situ information about the fluctuations of petrophysical properties with depth and thus allow the characterization of the crustal heterogeneities. A detailed investigation of these measurements may lead to extract features of the geological media. In this study, we suggest a regularity analysis based on the continuous wavelet transform to examine sonic logs data. The description of the local behavior of the logs at each depth is carried out using the local Hurst exponent estimated by two (02) approaches: the local wavelet approach and the average-local wavelet approach. Firstly, a synthetic log, generated using the random midpoints displacement algorithm, is processed by the regularity analysis. The obtained Hurst curves allowed the discernment of the different layers composing the simulated geological model. Next, this analysis is extended to real sonic logs data recorded at the Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm (KTB) pilot borehole (Continental Deep Drilling Program, Germany). The results show a significant correlation between the estimated Hurst exponents and the lithological discontinuities crossed by the well. Hence, the Hurst exponent can be used as a tool to characterize underground heterogeneities.
ISSN: 1866-7411

hal-00617470
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617470
DOI : 10.1007/s12517-010-0129-y

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provençal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00498286
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00498286

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Joint inversions are now commonly used in Earth Sciences. They have been developed to better understand Earth structure since they provide more constraints on the inverted parameters. We propose a new process to simultaneously invert several data sets in order to better image 3-D crustal and upper mantle structures. Our inversion uses 3 kind of data which present a good complementarity : (1) P receiver functions to provide Moho depth variations, (2) teleseismic delay times of P waves to retrieve velocity anomalies in the crust and upper mantle, (3) gravity anomalies to image density variations at lithospheric scale. In our scheme, receiver functions are first inverted. The resulting Moho depths are then interpolated and incorporated as a priori information into the joint inversion of teleseismic delay times and gravity anomalies process. In our new approach, we perform a model space search for Moho variations, P-velocity and density structure to find acceptable fit to the three data sets. In order to preferentially sample the good data fit region, we chose the Neighborhood algorithm of Sambridge to optimistically survey the model space. We model the delay times with a 3-D raytracing using velocity nodes evenly spaced and linked with density nodes via a linear relationship. This relationship can evolve through depth, simulating its pressure dependance. We test our scheme on synthetic examples, and apply the method in a continental rifting region where deformation processes are complex and badly known. This joint inversion thus provides more constraints on the inverted parameters, and allows us to better image crust - mantle interactions in the case of the Hangai dome (Central Mongolia). Indeed, in this area, we expect an asthenospheric upwelling to dynamically support the topography, but we image a density - velocity anomaly in the lower crust. The effects on topography and the origin (composition vs. thermal) of this anomaly are still under debate.
Les inversions conjointes sont maintenant communément utilisées en Sciences de la Terre. Elles ont été développées afin d'améliorer notre connaissance et compréhension de la structure interne de la Terre puisqu'elles apportent de plus en plus de contraintes sur les paramètres inversés. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un nouveau processus d'inversion conjointe qui prend en compte trois paramètres différents et qui mène à l'obtention d'un modèle lithosphérique tridimensionnel. Notre méthode utilise trois types de données gravimétriques et sismologiques qui présentent une bonne complémentarité : (1) Les fonctions récepteur P afin d'obtenir les variations de profondeur du Moho, (2) les délais de temps d'arrivées P des téléséismes pour retrouver les anomalies de vitesse dans la croûte et le manteau supérieur, (3) les anomalies gravimétriques qui donnent accès aux variations de densité à l'échelle lithosphérique. Dans le schéma d'inversion proposé, nous inversons d'abord les fonctions récepteur. Les variations de profondeur du Moho qui en résultent sont alors interpolées puis incorporées comme information a priori dans le processus d'inversion conjointe gravimétrie - tomographie télésismique. Que ce soit pour les fonctions récepteur ou pour la partie conjointe, notre méthode d'inversion se base sur un algorithme de recherche afin de trouver la structure qui minimise l'écart aux trois types de données. Nous avons opté pour l'algorithme de voisinage qui présente l'avantage de concentrer sa recherche dans les régions qui minimisent l'écart aux données sans toutefois abandonner les autres régions afin de limiter les risques de convergence vers un minimum local. Nous utilisons un modèle 3-D constitué de noeuds de vitesse afin de modéliser les délais de temps. Ces noeuds de vitesse sont liés aux noeuds de densité grâce à une relation linéaire entre vitesse et densité. Cette relation peut évoluer avec la profondeur de manière à simuler les effets dus aux variations de pression. Nous avons réalisé plusieurs tests synthétiques afin d'évaluer le comportement de notre nouvelle méthode. Ils ont permis de montrer que les variations du Moho ainsi que les anomalies de vitesse et densité sont bien retrouvées. Ils ont également montré l'importance de la prise en compte de ces trois types de données dans un même schéma d'inversion, notamment en ce qui concerne la faculté de discerner les variations d'interfaces des anomalies volumiques. Nous avons ensuite appliqué la méthode dans une région continentale en phase de rifting où les processus de déformation sont complexes et mal connus. Notre nouvelle méthode a apporté davantage de contraintes sur les paramètres inversés et a permis d'obtenir un modèle correctement résolu de la croûte et du manteau supérieur sous le dôme de Hangai (Mongolie Centrale). Une anomalie asthénosphérique sous le dôme est souvent invoquée pour expliquer sa topographie élevée mais c'est une anomalie (en vitesse et densité) crustale (croûte inférieure) qui s'exprime dans nos modèles. Ses effets sur la topographie et son origine (compositionnelle et/ou thermique) sont encore débattus et nécessiteraient des études plus poussées (paramétriques, VP =VS, ...).
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783524

tel-00783524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783524/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783524/file/Basuyau2011.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Baikal Rift System in southern Siberia is one of the main intracontinental extensional features on Earth. The rift system represents the northwestern boundary of the Amuria plate and in that respect can be considered as an evolving plate boundary. The Baikal Rift System has been widely studied both in terms of geology and geophysics and many models have been proposed for its formation and evolution. However, the age of the initiation of deformation and the mechanism driving this deformation are still largely debated. While major extension has occurred since the Late Miocene-Pliocene, the onset of extension seems older than the India-Asia collision, implying that several driving mechanisms may have acted together or in relay through time. In this work, we review the available data and models for deformation in an area encompassing the Baikal Rift System, the Sayan ranges to the west and the Transbaikal to the east. Using a synthesis of this data and our own field and mapping observations, we show that the Baikal Rift System, along with transpressional deformation in the Sayan ranges and transtension in the Transbaikal area, can be explained through major left-lateral strike-slip systems. The deformation is strongly controlled by inherited crustal and lithospheric structures, and is distributed over a wide area within the western Amuria plate that consequently cannot be considered as a rigid block. Such distributed deformation is likely to have a strong effect on the structure of the future continental margin if extension evolves towards the formation of oceanic crust.
ISSN: 1342-937X

hal-00903612
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903612
DOI : 10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Corinth Rift is the most seismically active zone in Europe. The area is characterized by very localized NSextension at a rate of1.5cm/year, the occurrence of frequent and intensive microseismic crises and occasionalmoderate to large earthquakes like in 1995 (Mw=6.1).Since the year 2000, the Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL, http://crlab.eu) consisting in a multidisciplinary naturalobservatory, aims at understanding the mechanics of faulting and earthquake nucleation in the Rift. Recent studieshave improved our view about fault geometry and mechanics within CRL, but there is still a critical need for a betterknowledge of the structure at depth both for the accuracy of earthquake locations and for mechanical interpretationof the seismicity.In this project, we aim to analyze the complete seismological database (13 years of recordings) of CRL by usingrecently developed methodologies of structural imaging, in order to determine at the same time and with highresolution, the local 3D structure and the earthquake locations.We perform an iterative joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquake coordinates. In a first step, Pand S velocity models are determined using first arrival time tomography method proposed by Taillandier et al.(2009). It consists in the minimization of the cost function between observed and theoretical arrival times which isachieved by the steepest descent method (e.g. Tarantola 1987). This latter requires computing the gradient of thecost function by using the adjoint state method (Chavent 1974). In a second step, earthquakes are located in thenew velocity model with a non-linear inversion method based on a Bayesian formulation (Gesret et al. 2015). Step1 and 2 are repeated until the cost function no longer decreases.We present preliminary results consisting in: (1) the adjustement of a 1D velocity model that is used as initialmodel of the 3D tomography and (2) a first attempt of the joint determination of 3D velocity model and earthquakelocation.In addition to the tomographic imaging, we perform a preliminary receiver function analysis of teleseismic datarecorded by the broadband stations of the CRL network. The RF analysis should provide the interface depthsbeneath seismometers and increase the imaging resolution of the upper crustal structures provided by the 3Dtomography. In this first attempt, we adjust the 1D velocity model that produces a synthetic RF as similar aspossible to the observed RF for a subset of data. We compare the identified interfaces with structures imaged bythe tomography.
EGU general assembly 2016
Vienne, Austria

hal-01306224
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306224