Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Lead in homes is a well-known source of childhood lead exposure,which is still of concern due to the health effects of low lead doses. This study aims to describe lead contamination in the homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in France (without overseas). Between October 2008 and August 2009 ,484 housing units were investigated. Lead in tap water and total and leachable lead levels from floor dust, outdoor soils and paint chips were measured. X-ray fluorescence measurements were carried out on non-metallic and metallic substrates. Nationwide results are provided. The indoor floor dust lead (PbD) geometric mean (GM) was 8.8 microg/m2 (0.8 microg/ft2) and 6.8 mmicrog/m2 (0.6 mg/ft2) for total and leachable lead respectively; 0.21% of homes had an indoor PbD loading above 430.5 microg/m2 (40 microg/ft2). The outdoor play area concentration GM was 33.5microg/kg and 21.7microgkg in total and leachable lead respectively; 1.4% of concentrations were higher than or equal to 400microg/kg. Outdoor floor PbD GM was 44.4 mg/m2 (4.1 mg/ft2) that was approximately 3.2 times higher than the GM of indoor PbD. Lead-based paint (LBP) was present in 25% of dwellings, LBP on only non-metallic substrates was present in 19% of homes and on metallic substrates in 10% of dwellings. The GM of lead concentrations in tap water was below 1 microg/L; 58% of concentrations were lower than 1 microg/L and 2.9% were higher than or equal to 10 mg/L. The age cut-off for homes with lead would be 1974 for paint and 1993 for indoor floor dust. This study provides, for the first time, a look at the state of lead contamination to which children are exposed in French housing. Moreover, it provides policy makers an estimate of the number of French dwellings sheltering children where abatement should be conducted.
Environmental Research

hal-00714516
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00714516

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Evidence of the impact of exposure to low levels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01017419
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419/file/Source_Contribution_final.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Children are exposed to toxic metals and metalloids via their diet and environment. Our objective was to assess the aggregate chronic exposure of children aged 3–6 years, living in France, to As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V present in diet, tap water, air, soil and floor dust in the years 2007–2009. Dietary data came from the French Total Diet Study, while concentrations in residential tap water, soil and indoor floor dust came from the ‘Plomb-Habitat’ nationwide representative survey on children's lead exposure at home. Indoor air concentrations were assumed to be equal to outdoor air concentrations, which were retrieved from regulatory measurements networks. Human exposure factors were retrieved from literature. Data were combined with Monte Carlo simulations. Median exposures were 1.7, 0.3, 10.2, 34.1, 60.3, 0.7, 0.1, 44.3, 1.5 and 95th percentiles were 4.4, 0.5, 15.8, 61.3, 98.3, 2.5, 0.1, 111.1, 2.9 μg/kg bw/d for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V respectively. Dietary exposures dominate aggregate exposures, with the notable exception of Pb - for which soils and indoor floor dust ingestion contribute most at the 95th percentile. The strengths of this study are that it aggregates exposures that are often estimated separately, and uses a large amount of representative data. This assessment is limited to main diet and residential exposure, and does not take into account the relative bioavailability of compounds. These results could be used to help target prevention strategies.
ISSN: 0160-4120

inserm-01404061
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061/file/rev1%20-%20MS%20Expo%20metals.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Lead in homes is a well-known source of childhood lead exposure, which is still of concern due to the health effects of low lead doses. This study aims to describe lead contamination in the homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in France (without overseas). Between October 2008 and August 2009, 484 housing units were investigated. Lead in tap water and total and leachable lead levels from floor dust, outdoor soils and paint chips were measured. X-ray fluorescence measurements were carried out on non-metallic and metallic substrates. Nationwide results are provided. The indoor floor dust lead (PbD) geometric mean (GM) was 8.8 μg/m² (0.8 μg/ft²) and 6.8 μg/m² (0.6 μg/ft²) for total and leachable lead respectively; 0.21% of homes had an indoor PbD loading above 430.5 μg/m² (40 μg/ft²). The outdoor play area concentration GM was 33.5 mg/kg and 21.7 mg/kg in total and leachable lead respectively; 1.4% of concentrations were higher than or equal to 400 mg/kg. Outdoor floor PbD GM was 44.4 μg/m² (4.1 μg/ft²) that was approximately 3.2 times higher than the GM of indoor PbD. Lead-based paint (LBP) was present in 25% of dwellings, LBP on only non-metallic substrates was present in 19% of homes and on metallic substrates in 10% of dwellings. The GM of lead concentrations in tap water was below 1 μg/L; 58% of concentrations were lower than 1 μg/L and 2.9% were higher than or equal to 10 μg/L. The age cut-off for homes with lead would be 1974 for paint and 1993 for indoor floor dust. This study provides, for the first time, a look at the state of lead contamination to which children are exposed in French housing. Moreover, it provides policy makers an estimate of the number of French dwellings sheltering children where abatement should be conducted.
ISSN: 0013-9351

hal-00732138
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00732138
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.005
PUBMED : 22551852

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background: Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France.Methods: We enrolled 484 children aged from 6 months to 6 years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. Results: The GM of BLLs was 13.8 μg/L (=1.38 µg/dL) (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7 μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5 µg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water.Conclusions: Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.
ISSN: 0160-4120

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01099719
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719/file/Manuscript_Etchevers_EI_V3_no%20%20changes%20marked.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Despite the dramatic reductions in children's blood lead levels (BLLs), there is considerable evidence that low-level lead exposure is associated with intellectual deficits and behavioral problems, without apparent threshold. There are limited data, however, about the contribution of residential sources of lead to contemporary children's blood lead levels. The aim of this study is to calculate the contributions of residential sources of lead to assess the potential impact of setting new standards for lead levels in residential dust, soil and water. We enrolled 484 French children aged from 6 months to 6 years, and collected data on social, housing and individual characteristics. Lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, and dusts) were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a multivariate generalized additive model accounting for the sampling design and the sampling weights. We found that exceedingly low concentrations of lead in dust, soil and water were significant predictors of children's BLLs, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Lead-contaminated floor dust was the main source of lead in blood. BLLs (GM: 14μg/L) increased by 65%, 13%, 25%, and 5% when lead content in floor dust, loose soil, hard soil and water increased from their 25th percentile to their 95th percentile, respectively. We also observed that the steepest increase in BLLs occurred at the lowest levels of lead-contaminated floor dust, which indicates that lead contamination should be kept as low as possible. Impact of different possible standards on children's BLLs was also tabulated and indicated that unless standards are set low, they will only benefit a small proportion of children who have the highest exposures.
ISSN: 1438-4639

inserm-00821999
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00821999
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.007
PUBMED : 23528234

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
29 inorganic compounds (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Gd, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, U, V and Zn) were measured in the tap water of 484 representative homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in metropolitan France in 2008-2009. Parents were asked whether their children consumed tap water. Sampling design and sampling weights were taken into account to estimate element concentrations in tap water supplied to the 3,581,991 homes of 4,923,058 children aged 6 months to 6 years. Median and 95th percentiles of concentrations in tap water were in mu g/L: Al: <10, 483, As: 02, 2.1; B: <100, 100; Ba: 30.7, 149.4; Ca: 85,000, 121,700; Cd: <0.5, <0.5; Ce: <0.5, <0.5; Co: <0.5, 0.8; Cr: <5, <5; Cu: 70, 720; K: 2210, 6740; Fe: <20, 46; Mn: <5, <5; Mo: <0.5,1.5; Na: 14,500, 66,800; Ni: <2,10.2; Mg: 6500,21,200; Pb: <1, 5.4; Sb: <0.5, <0.5; Se: <1, 6.7; Sr: 256.9, 1004; TI: <0.5, <0.5; U: <0.5, 2.4; V: <1, 1; Zn; 53, 208. Of the 2,977,123 young children drinking tap water in France, some were drinking water having concentrations above the 2011 World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines: respectively 498 (CI 95%: 0-1484) over 700 mu g/L of Ba; 121,581 (CI 95%: 7091-236,070) over 50 mg/L of Na; 2044 (CI 95%: 0-6132) over 70 mu g/L of Ni, and 78,466 (17,171-139,761) over 10 mu g/L of Pb. Since it is representative, this tap water contamination data can be used for integrated exposure assessment, in conjunction with diet and environmental (dust and soil) exposure data. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01390976
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976/file/Le%20Bot%202016%20EI%20revision1%20.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Evidence of the impact of exposure to lowlevels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
Science of the Total Environment

hal-00997780
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00997780
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Molds are common contaminants in indoor environments. Health effects associated with these microscopic fungi are multiple, including irritations, allergic reactions, infections and toxicity. Depending on the exposure level and the vulnerability of the populations, fungi may represent different public health risks. For example, damp and moldy dwellings are associated with chronic, respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, the lack of valid tools for accurately measuring the environmental fungal exposure is one of the main challenges to better understanding the role of fungal products and particles in human health. In this thesis, diverse sampling techniques and analytical methods were evaluated for measuring the fungal contamination in the air, on surfaces and in settled dust. A quantitative PCR-based index was notably tested and compared with other approaches to assess fungal exposure in dwellings. By collecting and analyzing settled floor dust, this index successfully distinguished between contaminated and non-contaminated homes in Brittany, France. Quantitative PCR and this index are promising techniques for fungal exposure assessment in indoor environments. Further validation of these methods may lead to disease prevention approaches, particularly for vulnerable populations.
Les moisissures sont des micro-organismes présents dans tous les environnements intérieurs. Les effets sur la santé associés à ces champignons microscopiques sont multiples : irritations, réactions immunoallergiques, infections et effets toxiques. Selon le niveau d'exposition et la vulnérabilité des populations, les moisissures peuvent représenter des risques plus ou moins importants pour la santé publique. Les logements humides et moisis ont par exemple été associés à des maladies chroniques respiratoires telles que l'asthme et les rhinites allergiques. Cependant, le manque d'outils valides permettant d'évaluer quantitativement l'exposition fongique environnementale constitue une des principales difficultés pour mieux appréhender le rôle des particules et des composés fongiques sur la santé humaine. Lors de ce travail de thèse, diverses techniques d'échantillonnage et méthodes d'analyses ont été évaluées afin de mesurer la contamination fongique de l'air, des surfaces et des poussières. Un indice moléculaire basé sur la technique de PCR quantitative a notamment été testé et comparé à d'autres approches pour mesurer l'exposition fongique dans des logements. Après analyse des poussières domestiques collectées au sol, cet indice a permis de discriminer les habitats avec ou sans moisissures visibles. La quantification de groupes fongiques par PCR quantitative s'avère une technique prometteuse pour la mesure de l'exposition aux moisissures dans les environnements intérieurs. Outre le développement et la validation d'outils de mesure, une démarche globale de prévention du risque fongique semble nécessaire, particulièrement chez les populations vulnérables.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-00768444
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768444/file/MA_heust_Delphine.pdf