Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
ISSN: 0013-936X

hal-01118577
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118577
PUBMED : 24588211
DOI : 10.1021/es405269q

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Sixty-six semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)—phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one pyrethroid, organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, alkylphenols, synthetic musks, tri-n-butylphosphate and triclosan—were measured on PM10 filters collected over 7 days during a nationwide survey of 285 French dwellings, representative of nearly 25 million housing units. Thirty-five compounds were detected in more than half of the dwellings. PAHs, phthalates and triclosan were the major particle-bound SVOCs, with a median concentration greater than 1 ng m−3 for butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) (median: 1.6 ng m−3), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (46 ng m−3) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) (7.9 ng m−3), and greater than 0.1 ng m−3 for triclosan (114 pg m−3), benzo(a)anthracene (44.4 pg m−3), benzo(a)pyrene (138 pg m−3), benzo(b)fluoranthene (306 pg m−3), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (229 pg m−3), and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (178 pg m−3). For most of the SVOCs, higher concentrations were found in the dwellings of smokers and during the heating season. The concentrations of banned SVOCs—namely, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides—were correlated. Permethrin, 4-tert-butylphenol and bisphenol-A showed no correlation with the other SVOCs and seemed to have their own specific sources. Most SVOCs were positively associated with PM10 concentration, suggesting that any factor that raises the mass of indoor airborne particles also increases the exposure to SVOCs through inhalation
ISSN: 1352-2310

hal-01304354
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354/file/Semi-volatile%20organic%20compounds.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.016

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
We propose a method to solve the problem of clustering individuals described by mixed variables structured in blocks. It is a hierarchical method with two levels similar to Hierarchical Principal Component Analysis presented by Wold, based on the mixed topology maps (MTM). The first step consists in establishing, for each block of mixed variables, a clustering representing a synthesis of local individuals at the block level. The second step is to re-apply MTM on the weighted results of the first level. We obtain a global clustering of individuals, consensus among the partitions from level 1. The proposed method is illustrated on data from the national survey in the French housing stock carried out in 2003-2005 by the Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI).
Fouille de Données Complexes, complexité liée aux données multiples et massives (FDC)
bordeaux, France

hal-00748841
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00748841
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00748841/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate
Ghent, Belgium

hal-01324232
https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324232

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Children are exposed to toxic metals and metalloids via their diet and environment. Our objective was to assess the aggregate chronic exposure of children aged 3–6 years, living in France, to As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V present in diet, tap water, air, soil and floor dust in the years 2007–2009. Dietary data came from the French Total Diet Study, while concentrations in residential tap water, soil and indoor floor dust came from the ‘Plomb-Habitat’ nationwide representative survey on children's lead exposure at home. Indoor air concentrations were assumed to be equal to outdoor air concentrations, which were retrieved from regulatory measurements networks. Human exposure factors were retrieved from literature. Data were combined with Monte Carlo simulations. Median exposures were 1.7, 0.3, 10.2, 34.1, 60.3, 0.7, 0.1, 44.3, 1.5 and 95th percentiles were 4.4, 0.5, 15.8, 61.3, 98.3, 2.5, 0.1, 111.1, 2.9 μg/kg bw/d for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V respectively. Dietary exposures dominate aggregate exposures, with the notable exception of Pb - for which soils and indoor floor dust ingestion contribute most at the 95th percentile. The strengths of this study are that it aggregates exposures that are often estimated separately, and uses a large amount of representative data. This assessment is limited to main diet and residential exposure, and does not take into account the relative bioavailability of compounds. These results could be used to help target prevention strategies.
ISSN: 0160-4120

inserm-01404061
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01404061/file/rev1%20-%20MS%20Expo%20metals.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
29 inorganic compounds (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Gd, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, U, V and Zn) were measured in the tap water of 484 representative homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in metropolitan France in 2008-2009. Parents were asked whether their children consumed tap water. Sampling design and sampling weights were taken into account to estimate element concentrations in tap water supplied to the 3,581,991 homes of 4,923,058 children aged 6 months to 6 years. Median and 95th percentiles of concentrations in tap water were in mu g/L: Al: <10, 483, As: 02, 2.1; B: <100, 100; Ba: 30.7, 149.4; Ca: 85,000, 121,700; Cd: <0.5, <0.5; Ce: <0.5, <0.5; Co: <0.5, 0.8; Cr: <5, <5; Cu: 70, 720; K: 2210, 6740; Fe: <20, 46; Mn: <5, <5; Mo: <0.5,1.5; Na: 14,500, 66,800; Ni: <2,10.2; Mg: 6500,21,200; Pb: <1, 5.4; Sb: <0.5, <0.5; Se: <1, 6.7; Sr: 256.9, 1004; TI: <0.5, <0.5; U: <0.5, 2.4; V: <1, 1; Zn; 53, 208. Of the 2,977,123 young children drinking tap water in France, some were drinking water having concentrations above the 2011 World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines: respectively 498 (CI 95%: 0-1484) over 700 mu g/L of Ba; 121,581 (CI 95%: 7091-236,070) over 50 mg/L of Na; 2044 (CI 95%: 0-6132) over 70 mu g/L of Ni, and 78,466 (17,171-139,761) over 10 mu g/L of Pb. Since it is representative, this tap water contamination data can be used for integrated exposure assessment, in conjunction with diet and environmental (dust and soil) exposure data. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01390976
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390976/file/Le%20Bot%202016%20EI%20revision1%20.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Multiple chemicals are emitted in residential accommodation. Aggregate Daily Doses (ADD) (ng/kg-bw/d) were estimated for 32 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of different chemical families that are frequently detected in French dwellings in both air and settled dust. Daily doses were determined using steady-state models for the population, categorized into 11 age groups covering birth to age 30. Three routes of exposure were taken into account: dust ingestion, inhalation (gaseous and particulate phases) and dermal contact with the gaseous phase of air. Contamination levels were preferentially retrieved from large, nationwide representative datasets. A two-dimensional probabilistic approach was used to assess parametric uncertainty and identify the most influential factors. For children aged 2 to 3 years, ADD estimates spanned orders of magnitude, with median values ranging from 8.7 pg/kg-bw/d for 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE 85) to 1.3 μg/kg-bw/d for di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Inhalation, ingestion and dermal pathway contributed at varying levels, and depending on compound, air was the dominant medium for 28 of the 32 compounds (either by inhalation or dermal contact). Indoor exposure estimate variance was mainly driven by indoor contamination variability, and secondarily by uncertainty in physical and chemical parameters. These findings lend support to the call for cumulative risk assessment of indoor SVOCs.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01635777
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777/file/Article_Expo_Pelletier_Manuscript%20Env%20Int%20rev2.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Recent research has demonstrated the importance of dermal exposure for some semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in the gas phase of indoor air. Though models for estimating dermal intake from gaseous SVOCs exist, their predictions can be subject to variations in input parameters, which can lead to large variation in exposure estimations. In this sensitivity analysis for a steady state model, we aimed to assess these variations and their determinants using probabilistic Monte Carlo sampling for 8 SVOCs from different chemical families: phthalates, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus (OPs), organochlorines (OCs), synthetic musks, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Indoor SVOC concentrations were found to be the most influential parameters. Both Henry's law constant (H) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) uncertainty also had significant influence. While exposure media properties such as volume fraction of organic matter in the particle phase (fom-part), particle density (ρpart), concentration ([TSP]) and transport coefficient (ɣd) had a slight influence for some compounds, human parameters such as body weight (W), body surface area (A) and daily exposure (t) make a marginal or null contribution to the variance of dermal intake for a given age group. Inclusion of a parameter sensitivity analysis appears essential to reporting uncertainties in dermal exposure assessment.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01635769
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635769
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635769/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635769/file/Pelletier%202017%20Dermal%20expo%20rev2.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The indoor gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can be predicted from their respective concentrations in airborne particles by applying the particle/gas partitioning equilibrium. The temperature used for partitioning is often set to 25 °C. However, indoor temperatures frequently differ from this reference value. This assumption may result in errors in the predicted equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentrations. To improve the prediction model, the temperature dependence of the particle/gas partition coefficient must be addressed. In this paper, a theoretical relationship between the particle/gas partition coefficient and temperature was developed based on the SVOC absorptive mechanism. The SVOC particle/gas partition coefficients predicted by employing the derived theoretical relationship agree well with the experimental data retrieved from the literature (R > 0.93). The influence of temperature on the equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentration was quantified by a dimensionless analysis of the derived relationship between the SVOC particle/gas partition coefficient and temperature. The predicted equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentration decreased by between 31% and 53% when the temperature was lowered by 6 °C, while it increased by up to 750% when the indoor temperature increased from 15 °C to 30 °C.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01313749
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01313749
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01313749/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01313749/file/Temperature%20dependence%20of%20the%20particle%20gas%20partition%20coefficient_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.106

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD John Libbey Eurotext
Résumé : National audience
ISSN: 1635-0421

hal-01118600
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118600
DOI : 10.1684/ers.2014.0751

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
The contamination of indoor environments with chemical compounds released by materials and furniture, such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is less documented in schools than in dwellings - yet children spend 16% of their time in schools, where they can also be exposed. This study is one of the first to describe the contamination of the air and dust of 90 classrooms from 30 nursery and primary schools by 55 SVOCs, including pesticides, phosphoric esters, musks, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), phthalates and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Air samples were collected using an active sampling method, and dust samples were collected via two sampling methods (wiping and vacuum cleaning). In air, the highest concentrations (median extbackslashtextgreater 100 ng/m(3) ) were measured for diisobutyl-phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), diethyl-phthalate (DEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and galaxolide. In dust, the highest concentrations (median extbackslashtextgreater 30 μg/g) were found for DEHP, diisononyl-phthalate (DiNP), DiBP and DBP. An attempt to compare two floor dust sampling methods using a single unit (ng/m²) was carried out. SVOC concentrations were higher in wiped dust, but frequencies of quantification were greater in vacuumed dust.
ISSN: 0905-6947

hal-01286254
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01286254
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01286254/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01286254/file/Semi-volatile%20organic%20compounds%20in%20the%20air%20and%20dust_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/ina.12288

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD John Libbey Eurotext
Résumé : International audience
Environmental health risk assessment is commonly used in France for risk management purposes. The Methodology section of the "Société française de santé environnement" (French Society for Environmental Health) seeks to improve the utility and implementation of risk assessment in France. An initial operational objective is to make a list of short-, intermediate- and long-term improvements. This inventory is based in part on the experience and expertise of society members in this area and in part on their analysis of "Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment" (National Research Council 2009). In this paper, the Society recommends modifications in the indications for and use of risk assessments, during each of the four stages of the process: hazard identification and dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, risk characterization, and results interpretation. Some may be implemented now, while others need consensus building or research because of gaps in knowledge. Environmental health risk assessment must be understood as a decision tool for risk management in situations of uncertainly. Thus, appropriate linkage is required between decision making and assessment, and between the methods and the expected results.
L'évaluation des risques sanitaires est fréquemment utilisée en France dans les processus de décision en santé environnementale. La section " Méthodologie d'évaluation des risques sanitaires " de la Société française de santé environnement (SFSE) s'est donnée pour objectif de proposer des éléments de réflexion et des outils méthodologiques en vue d'améliorer l'utilité et les pratiques de l'évaluation des risques sanitaires. Un premier objectif opérationnel est l'inventaire des améliorations possibles à court, moyen et long termes à apporter à la démarche et à son utilisation. Ce travail s'est fondé, d'une part, sur la pratique et l'expertise des membres de la section, et, d'autre part, sur une lecture critique du rapport " Science and Decisions : Advancing Risk Assessment " publié en 2009 par le National Research Council et portant également sur les évolutions de la démarche. Dans cet article, la section restitue les conclusions de cet inventaire critique et propose un certain nombre d'améliorations en termes d'indications et d'utilisations de l'évaluation des risques sanitaires pour chacune des quatre étapes : identification des dangers et relation dose-réponse ; évaluation de l'exposition ; caractérisation des risques ; et interprétation des résultats. Certaines recommandations peuvent être mises en oeuvre immédiatement ; d'autres, en préalable à leur mise en oeuvre, nécessitent un consensus ou encore de la recherche car les connaissances manquent. En conclusion, la section insiste sur le fait que l'évaluation des risques sanitaires doit être comprise comme une aide à la décision en situation d'incertitude ; l'articulation entre le contexte décisionnel et l'évaluation, sa méthodologie et les résultats attendus est donc primordiale.
ISSN: 1635-0421

ineris-00963325
https://hal-ineris.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963325
DOI : 10.1684/ers.2011.0435
INERIS : EN-2012-016

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) partition indoors between the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and other surfaces. Unknown concentrations of SVOCs in the gas phase (Cg) can be predicted from their measured concentrations in airborne particles. In previous studies, the prediction of Cg depended largely on choosing a specific equation for the calculation of the particle/gas partition coefficient. Moreover, the prediction of Cg is frequently performed at a reference temperature rather than the real indoor temperature. In this paper, a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation was developed to predict the distribution of SVOCs' Cg from their concentrations in airborne particles at the target indoor temperature. Moreover, the distribution of the particle/gas partition coefficient of each SVOC at the target temperature was used. The approach was validated using two measured datasets in the literature: the predicted Cg from concentrations measured in airborne particles and the measured Cg were generally of the same order of magnitude. The distributions of the Cg of 66 SVOCs in the French housing stock were then predicted. The SVOCs with the highest median Cg, ranging from 1 ng/m3 to > 100 ng/m3, included 8 phthalates (DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, BBP, DMP, DiNP, and DMEP), 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene), 2 alkylphenols (4-tert-butylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol), 2 synthetic musks (galaxolide and tonalide), tributyl phosphate, and heptachlor. The nationwide, representative, predicted Cg values of SVOCs are frequently of the same order of magnitude in Europe and North America, whereas these Cg values in Chinese and Indian dwellings and the Cg of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. dwellings are generally higher. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
Science of the Total Environment

hal-01467547
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467547
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.074
PUBMED : 27788447

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Particle/gas and dust/gas partition coefficients (Kp and Kd) are two key parameters that address the partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between gas-phase, airborne particles, and settled dust in indoor environment. A number of empirical equations to calculate the values of Kp and Kd have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the difficulty lies in the selection of a specific empirical equation in a given situation. In this study, we retrieved from the literature 38 empirical equations for calculating Kp and Kd values from the SVOC saturation vapor pressure and octanol/air partition coefficient. These values were calculated for 72 SVOCs: 9 phthalates, 9 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 biocides, 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 3 alkylphenols, 2 synthetic musks, tributylphosphate, and bisphenol A. The mean and median values of log10 Kp or log10 Kd for most SVOCs were of the same order of magnitude. The distribution of log10 Kp values was fitted to either a normal distribution (for 27 SVOCs) or a log-normal distribution (for 45 SVOCs). This work provides a reference distribution of the log10 Kp for 72 SVOCs, and its use may reduce the bias associated with the selection of a specific value or equation
ISSN: 0045-6535

hal-01295671
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01295671
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.007
PUBMED : 27016817

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
: Indoor dust samples cannot always be analyzed immediately after collection. However, little information is currently available on how storage conditions may affect measurements. This study was designed to determine how sample storage conditions may affect the concentration of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the dust. A composite dust was prepared using a Standard Reference Material (SRM 2585) with real indoor dust samples. The composite dust was stored in various types of packaging, at different temperatures (-18°C, 5°C, 20°C and 35°C) and in different light conditions. The concentration of SVOCs was measured after various storage durations. No effect on SVOC concentrations was observed for the composite dust stored in an amber glass vial at -18°C for 36 months. At 5°C, 20°C and 35°C, losses occurred for the more volatile compounds. The experimental storage conditions clearly showed that temperature and duration affected the concentrations of SVOCs in the composite dust. The type of packaging material (polyethylene zip bag or polyethylene garbage bag) did not seem to have a systematic effect on the preservation of SVOCs in the composite dust. Maximum storage duration times are proposed for each compound at various temperatures. For most compounds, samples can be stored for two months at 20°C. For samples that cannot be analyzed immediately, we recommend to store them in the dark at -18°C to ensure a good recovery of all tested compounds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0905-6947

inserm-00866171
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00866171
DOI : 10.1111/ina.12066
PUBMED : 24033516

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The development of transport infrastructures lead to increase the exposure of population to high noise levels. The objective of this work is to define an indicator representative of the health risk induced by noise pollution in urban environment and adapted to the geographical resolution of IRIS. The methodology for the definition of the indicator considers in a first part the health aspect with the health data for the following effects: annoyance, sleep disturbance and cardiovascular diseases. Then, in a second part, methodology considers some effects related to the urban context since the configuration of urban space can change the exposure of population to noise and the perception of noise. The work is achieved with a GIS software and the input acoustical data comes from noise maps calculated for the END. The indicator seems to be relevant and interesting as it brings health information.
InterNoise 2010 Noise and Sustainability
Lisbonne, Portugal

halshs-00664636
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00664636

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Lead in homes is a well-known source of childhood lead exposure,which is still of concern due to the health effects of low lead doses. This study aims to describe lead contamination in the homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in France (without overseas). Between October 2008 and August 2009 ,484 housing units were investigated. Lead in tap water and total and leachable lead levels from floor dust, outdoor soils and paint chips were measured. X-ray fluorescence measurements were carried out on non-metallic and metallic substrates. Nationwide results are provided. The indoor floor dust lead (PbD) geometric mean (GM) was 8.8 microg/m2 (0.8 microg/ft2) and 6.8 mmicrog/m2 (0.6 mg/ft2) for total and leachable lead respectively; 0.21% of homes had an indoor PbD loading above 430.5 microg/m2 (40 microg/ft2). The outdoor play area concentration GM was 33.5microg/kg and 21.7microgkg in total and leachable lead respectively; 1.4% of concentrations were higher than or equal to 400microg/kg. Outdoor floor PbD GM was 44.4 mg/m2 (4.1 mg/ft2) that was approximately 3.2 times higher than the GM of indoor PbD. Lead-based paint (LBP) was present in 25% of dwellings, LBP on only non-metallic substrates was present in 19% of homes and on metallic substrates in 10% of dwellings. The GM of lead concentrations in tap water was below 1 microg/L; 58% of concentrations were lower than 1 microg/L and 2.9% were higher than or equal to 10 mg/L. The age cut-off for homes with lead would be 1974 for paint and 1993 for indoor floor dust. This study provides, for the first time, a look at the state of lead contamination to which children are exposed in French housing. Moreover, it provides policy makers an estimate of the number of French dwellings sheltering children where abatement should be conducted.
Environmental Research

hal-00714516
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00714516

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Despite the dramatic reductions in children's blood lead levels (BLLs), there is considerable evidence that low-level lead exposure is associated with intellectual deficits and behavioral problems, without apparent threshold. There are limited data, however, about the contribution of residential sources of lead to contemporary children's blood lead levels. The aim of this study is to calculate the contributions of residential sources of lead to assess the potential impact of setting new standards for lead levels in residential dust, soil and water. We enrolled 484 French children aged from 6 months to 6 years, and collected data on social, housing and individual characteristics. Lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, and dusts) were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a multivariate generalized additive model accounting for the sampling design and the sampling weights. We found that exceedingly low concentrations of lead in dust, soil and water were significant predictors of children's BLLs, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Lead-contaminated floor dust was the main source of lead in blood. BLLs (GM: 14μg/L) increased by 65%, 13%, 25%, and 5% when lead content in floor dust, loose soil, hard soil and water increased from their 25th percentile to their 95th percentile, respectively. We also observed that the steepest increase in BLLs occurred at the lowest levels of lead-contaminated floor dust, which indicates that lead contamination should be kept as low as possible. Impact of different possible standards on children's BLLs was also tabulated and indicated that unless standards are set low, they will only benefit a small proportion of children who have the highest exposures.
ISSN: 1438-4639

inserm-00821999
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00821999
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.007
PUBMED : 23528234

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Evidence of the impact of exposure to low levels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01017419
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017419/file/Source_Contribution_final.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background: Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France.Methods: We enrolled 484 children aged from 6 months to 6 years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. Results: The GM of BLLs was 13.8 μg/L (=1.38 µg/dL) (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7 μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5 µg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water.Conclusions: Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.
ISSN: 0160-4120

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01099719
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099719/file/Manuscript_Etchevers_EI_V3_no%20%20changes%20marked.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.007