Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: People in developed countries are widely exposed to low levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Seafood is a major contributor to PCB exposure. Toxicity of those various pollutants to reproductive and endocrine functions raises questions about possible effects on fertility. We explored whether serum levels of these pollutants and seafood consumption were associated with the fertility of couples enrolled in a French birth cohort (PELAGIE). METHODS: Time-to-pregnancy was investigated in 3,421 pregnant women by asking how many months they had taken to conceive. Levels of 14 organochlorine pesticides, 12 PCBs, and 10 PBDE compounds were measured in cord blood serum from a random subcohort (n = 394). Mercury concentrations measured in maternal hair were considered as a potential coexposure. Fecundability odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from multivariate discrete-time Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Shellfish consumption was associated with longer time-to-pregnancy (fecundability OR ≥twice/week vs. 0.410 µg/L vs. <0.266 µg/L, fecundability OR = 0.46 [0.32-0.66]). In multiple sensitivity analyses, reduced fecundability was most consistently associated with shellfish consumption, p,p'-DDE, total PCBs, PCB153, and PCB187. Models that simultaneously included multiple coexposure factors led to similar conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings were robust in sensitivity analyses, including analysis restricted to primiparous women. These results suggest that PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and other shellfish contaminants may impair human fertility.
ISSN: 1044-3983

inserm-00826533
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00826533
DOI : 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31827f53ec
PUBMED : 23348067

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : Batch fecundity and relative fecundity of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southwestern Indian Ocean were estimated from seven gravid swordfish females (size range 127-225 cm lower jaw-to-fork length, LJFL) with unovulated, hydrated oocytes collected onboard Reunion-based (France) longline swordfish fishing vessels between December 1999 to January 2001. To investigate the spawning pattern of swordfish, we used data collected through a combination of two at sea sampling regimes. A total of 17 007 geo-located size data of swordfish were recorded during 8 years (1993-2001) and a total of 1727 (size range 75-289 cm, LJFL) swordfish gonads (1107 females and 620 males) were sampled from May 1998 to January 2001. The estimated batch fecundity ranged from 995 000 hydrated oocytes for the smallest ripe female to 4.3 millions for the largest female sampled measuring respectively 127 to 225 cm in curved length (LJFL). The relative fecundity ranged from 25 to 72 hydrated oocytes per gram of body weight. We found that batch fecundity was positively correlated with fish length and that the older/larger females have earlier and longer spawning seasons than younger/smaller females. These findings suggested that older/larger females which are seasonally migrating in this spawning ground seem to play a major role in reproductive success of the species in producing significantly more offspring than younger females during an extended spawning season. Examination of the length-frequency date from the fishery indicated that the young fish are resident around Reunion and around the seamounts off Reunion Island. Our results highlight the important role of the older/larger females in the reproductive capacity of southwestern Indian Ocean stock. We discuss the potential implications of fishing the older/larger females for this stock in terms of reproduction and recruitment.
La fécondité par acte de ponte et la fécondité relative chez l'espadon (Xiphias gladius) dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien sont estimées d'après sept femelles de taille comprise entre 127 et 225 cm (de l'extrémité de la mâchoire inférieure à la fourche caudale) ; celles-ci ayant atteint la maturité sexuelle, les ovaires contenant des ovocytes hydratés. Ces femelles ont été pêchées entre décembre 1999 et janvier 2001, par des palangriers ciblant l'espadon et basés à La Réunion. La stratégie de la reproduction chez l'espadon a été étudiée en utilisant des données collectées au cours de deux campagnes d'échantillonnages en mer : soit 17 007 mensurations géo-référencées d'espadons, de 75 à 289 cm, qui ont été enregistrées durant les 8 années d'étude (1993-2001) et 1727 gonades d'espadon (1107 femelles et 620 mâles) prélevées entre mai 1998 et juin 2001.La fécondité par acte de ponte estimée varie de 995 000 ovocytes hydratés, pour la plus petite femelle (127 cm), à 4,3 millions pour la plus grande femelle (225 cm). La fécondité par acte de ponte est corrélée positivement à la taille du poisson. La fécondité relative s'étend de 25 à 72 ovocytes hydratés par gramme de poids de corps. Les femelles les plus âgées/grandes pondent plus tôt et sur une période plus grande que les plus jeunes/petites femelles. Ainsi, les femelles plus âgées/grandes qui migrent de façon saisonnière vers cette aire de ponte, contribueraient plus largement au renouvellement de l'espèce en produisant de façon significative davantage de recrues que les femelles plus jeunes et ceci pendant une saison de ponte plus étendue. Par ailleurs, les jeunes individus semblent séjourner aux abords de l'île de La Réunion et des monts sous-marins situés au large. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance du rôle des femelles âgées/grandes dans la capacité reproductrice du stock d'espadon du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Les implications potentielles de la pêche : des femelles âgées et de grandes tailles sont discutées pour ce stock, du point de vue de la reproduction et du recrutement.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2009 , Vol. 22 , N. 1 , P. 59-68

Droits : 2009 EDP Sciences
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6354.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2009012
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6354/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Total lipid content and lipid class composition were analyzed in gonads, liver and white muscle of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) throughout ovary development to understand its reproductive allocation strategy and to assess the relation between female condition and reproduction. A total of 112 females were collected onboard purse-seiner in the Western Indian Ocean from January to March 2009, from June to July 2009, and from April to May 2010. Gonads were characterized by highly variable total lipid contents ranging from 5 to 27 μg mg−1 of wet weight (ww) with a predominance of neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols (TAG) and sterol- and wax-esters. The different lipid classes in gonads described an accumulative pattern through the maturity process from immature to hydration phase. Total lipid content in liver varied from 10 to 21 μg mg−1 ww, and serves as fuel for yellowfin tuna reproduction. TAG and phospholipid deposits became depleted as the ovary developed, suggesting a transfer of lipids directly from liver to the oocytes during vitellogenesis. In contrast, muscle total lipid content was low and constant throughout ovarian development (2.5–6 μg mg−1 ww). Hence, yellowfin tuna can be defined as an income-capital breeder species for which the cost of reproduction depends mainly on concurrent energy income from feeding and only little on stored lipids. Besides, no significant relationship between gonad lipid composition and fecundity was found in females able to spawn. Finally, the influence of yellowfin tuna aggregation behaviour on reproductive female condition has been investigated: gonad total lipid contents were higher in females caught in free-swimming schools than in females caught under fish aggregating devices (FADs). However, these results did not clarify whether the influence of FADs on associated yellowfin tuna affects their reproductive capacity.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-12 , Vol. 160 , P. 50-59

Droits : 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28266/28075.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2013.12.010
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28266/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Glycol ethers are present in a wide range of occupational and domestic products. Animal studies have suggested that some of them may affect ovarian function. OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between women's exposure to glycol ethers and time to pregnancy. METHODS: Urine from randomly selected women in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort who had samples collected before 19 weeks of gestation was tested to measure eight glycol ether metabolites by chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Time to pregnancy was collected at the beginning of the pregnancy by asking women how many months they took to conceive. Associations between metabolite levels and time to pregnancy were estimated in 519 women with complete data using discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: Glycol ether metabolites were detected in 6% (for ethoxyacetic acid) to 93% (for phenoxyacetic and butoxyacetic acids) of urine samples. Phenoxyacetic acid was the only metabolite with a statistically significant association with longer time to pregnancy (fecundability OR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.06 for the second and third quartile combined; fecundability OR 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.95 for a fourth-quartile (≥1.38 mg/L) vs. first-quartile concentration (<0.14 mg/L)). This association remained stable after multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Phenoxyacetic acid, which was present in most of the urine samples tested in our study, was associated with increased time to pregnancy. This metabolite and its main parent compound, 2-phenoxyethanol, are plausible causes of decreased fecundability, but may also be surrogates for potential co-exposures frequently present in cosmetics.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-00866023
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00866023
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00866023/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00866023/file/Urinary_Glycol_Ether-accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1206103

Éditeur(s) : Inter-Research
Résumé : On the western coast of the Atlantic, according to the literature, 2 distinct groups of Semibalanus balanoides occur with a distinct interface near the Miramichi Estuary, New Brunswick, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On each side of this interface, the groups are characterized by clinal variations for MPI (mannose-6-phosphate isomerase) and GPI (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase). The present study was carried out to determine whether selection occurs at this interface, to establish how early in the sessile life period it occurs and to examine the selecting forces involved. Reciprocal transplant experiments of newly settled individuals to both sides of the interface were carried out. No significant differences specifically linked to source or destination were observed in growth or fecundity for the 2 groups at the sites studied for either control or transplanted individuals. However, differences in survival were observed; individuals transplanted south of the estuary showed lower survival than individuals transplanted north. An allozyme analysis of barnacle survivors for MPI and GPI, 2 alleles whose frequencies are known to vary abruptly in this region, indicated a change of allele frequency in transplanted individuals. The transplants’ allele frequencies came to resemble those of adults from target sites, while no change occurred in transplanted individuals at control sites. Taken together with previous results, our study suggests that selection occurs very early in the newly settled individuals (spat).
Marine Ecology Progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-Research), 2002-03 , Vol. 229 , P. 173-184

Droits : Inter-Research 2002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00048/15970/13410.pdf
DOI:10.3354/meps229173
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00048/15970/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In two swordtail species of the genus Xiphophorus, the onset of puberty has been shown to be modulated at the P locus by sequence polymorphism and gene copy-number variation affecting the type 4 melanocortin hormone receptor Mc4r. The system works through the interaction of two allelic types, one encoding wild type and the other dominant-negative receptors. We have analyzed the structure and evolution of the P locus in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, where as many as nine alleles of P determining the onset of sexual maturity in males and females, fecundity in females, and adult size in males are located on both the X and Y chromosomes in a region linked to the master sex-determining locus. In this species, mc4r has been amplified to up to 10 copies on both the X and Y chromosomes through recent large serial duplications. Subsequently, mc4r paralogues have diverged considerably into many different subtypes. Certain copies have acquired new untranslated regions through genomic rearrangements, and transposable element insertions and other mutations have accumulated in promoter regions, possibly explaining observed deviations from the classical mc4r transcriptional pattern. In the mc4r-coding sequence, in-frame insertions and deletions as well as nonsense and missense mutations have generated a high diversity of Mc4r-predicted proteins. Most of these variants are expressed in embryos, adults, and/or tumors. Functional receptor characterization demonstrated major divergence in pharmacological behavior for Mc4r receptors encoded by different copies of platyfish mc4r, with differences in constitutive activity as well as binding and stimulation by hormones. The high degree of allelic and copy-number variation observed between individuals can explain the high level of polymorphism for sexual maturation, fecundity, and body size in the platyfish: multiple combinations of Mc4r variants with different biochemical properties might interact to modulate the melanocortin signaling that regulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis.
GENETICS

hal-01544912
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544912
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.113.155952

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Adverse pregnancy outcomes entail a large health burden for the mother and offspring; a part of it might be avoided by better understanding the role of environmental factors in their etiology. Our aims were to review the assessment tools to characterize fecundity troubles and pregnancy-related outcomes in human populations and their sensitivity to environmental factors. For each outcome, we reviewed the possible study designs, main sources of bias, and their suggested cures. In terms of study design, for most pregnancy outcomes, cohorts with recruitment early during or even before pregnancy allow efficient characterization of pregnancy-related events, time-varying confounders, and in utero exposures that may impact birth outcomes and child health. Studies on congenital anomalies require specific designs, assessment of anomalies in medical pregnancy terminations, and, for congenital anomalies diagnosed postnatally, follow-up during several months after birth. Statistical analyses should take into account environmental exposures during the relevant time windows; survival models are an appropriate approach for fecundity, fetal loss, and gestational duration/preterm delivery. Analysis of gestational duration could distinguish pregnancies according to delivery induction (and possibly pregnancy-related conditions). In conclusion, careful design and analysis are required to better characterize environmental effects on human reproduction.
ISSN: 0193-936X

hal-01002724
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01002724
DOI : 10.1093/epirev/mxt011
PUBMED : 24363355

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : The great fecundity and very high larval mortality of most marine invertebrates and fish make possible substantial variance in the number of offspring contributed by adults to subsequent generations. The reproductive success of such organisms may thus resemble a sweepstakes lottery, in which a minority of progenitors succeeds in replacing an entire population, while the majority fails to procreate. One specific prediction of this hypothesis, that genetic diversity of newly settled cohorts should be less than that of the adult population, is tested in the present study. Microsatellite DNA markers were examined in naturally spawned juvenile European flat oysters Ostrea edulis (L.), collected over a 12-day period in 1993 from the western Mediterranean Sea, near Sete, France (43 degrees 32'N, 3 degrees 56'E) and grown out for a period of up to 10 months. Variation in these juveniles was compared to that in a pooled sample of adults collected in 1994 from two locations (Thau Lagoon and Port St. Louis) that had statistically homogeneous allelic frequencies. Though nearly twice as large as the pooled adult sample, the juvenile sample had only 60% of the adult allelic diversity. Analyses of linkage disequilibrium and kinship, as well as estimation of the effective number of parents, suggested that 10-20 adults produced this juvenile cohort. This observation supports the hypothesis of sweepstakes reproductive success and suggests that partial inbreeding may occur even in species with large populations and dispersing planktonic larvae.
Marine Biology (0025-3162) (Springer), 2007-03 , Vol. 150 , N. 6 , P. 1173-1182

Droits : 2007 Springer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2616.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s00227-006-0441-y
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2616/

Éditeur(s) : CNEXO
Résumé : This book constitutes the first of a series of three volumes, the purpose of which is to cover the principal methods used in fish population dynamics. It is devoted to the definition of the main concepts, ami the presentation of the usual mathematical models. The second volume will deal with the fitting of the models, and the estimation of parameters. The third will be devoted to sampling problems. These volumes will be recollections of communications presented during ad hoc seminars, hold in Brest (GSG/COB) in 1980 and 1981. The first part deals with the basic concepts related to the two components whose relationship is being described by the population dynamics, namely the fish stock, to its relations with biological populations, and to the partition of catchabtiity into its components (vulnerability, availability...). The second chapter of this part is devoted to the quantification of exploitation. This leads to a discussion of nominal and effective fishing effort and fishing intensity. A brief review of the use of catch per unit of effort as an index of abundance is followed by a discussion of the concept of fishing power. The second part starts with some general remarks on mathematical modelling (chapter III), then comes to the two classical categories of models : global (surplus production) models (chapter IV), and structural models (chapter V). Chapter IV is mainly a review, based upon the SCHAEFER and PELLATOMLINSON models. Some less classical formulas from the recent literature are also introduced. Attention is paid to the underlying hypotheses and to the limitation of such models. The reader is finally referred to papers presenting the developments that could make it possible to overcome some of these limitations. Chapter V is based upon the classical BEVERTON and HOLT and RlCKER models, and the yield per recruit concepts. This field is however inlarged. Other commonly used variants of structural models are presented with an effort being made to clarify the real differences between all these variants. Special attention is also paid to so-called regenerative models and to the use of spawing-biomass or fecundity per recruit, which are likely to become commonly used in the coming years. In all cases, special attention is paid to the presentation of the basic formulas, that the reader might have to use if faced with a practical problem. Finally, a discussion of the underlying hypotheses takes place, before a brief review of the main developments, where the reader is referred to the appropriate literature.
Ce livre constitue le premier volet d'un tryptique destiné à effectuer une revue des méthodes essentielles en dynamique des populations marines exploitées. Il est consacré à la définition des concepts de base, à la présentation des modèles courants. Dans la discussion des concepts, ce volume s'attache à clarifier les notions relatives aux deux parties dont les relations font l'objet de la dynamique des populations exploitées : le stock et la flottille de pêche. Ceci amène notamment à préciser la définition d'un stock, sa relation avec la notion de population biologique, à analyser les problèmes de définition de la capturabilité. Les concepts d'intensité, d'effort, de puissance de pêche, une analyse des relations entre abondance et capture par unité d'effort sont ensuite présentés. Après une brève réflexion générale sur la modélisation, la deuxième partie de cet ouvrage présente les modèles eux-mêmes, en abordant successivement les modèles dits globaux et structuraux. Un effort est fait pour couvrir non seulement les versions les plus anciennes, mais aussi les variantes récentes, pour détailler les relations entre ces différentes variantes, offrir un formulaire de base, enfin, discuter les hypothèses majeures et les prolongements souhaitables ou en cours.
Publications du C.N.E.X.O. Série "Rapports scientifiques et techniques" (0339-2899) (CNEXO), 1981 , N. 45 , P. 1-120

Droits : Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Océans, 1981
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1981/rapport-1126.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1126/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
TRAMIL is a research program applied to the use of medicinal plants in the Caribbean, established in the 1980s. Significant uses of herbal remedies to address self limiting health problems are identified through participatory ethnopharmacological surveys and are the subject of scientific validation. The results are then disseminated to several audiences.While comprising an international scientific contribution to academic research, the TRAMIL network activities value the popular and local knowledge. This fertile relationship between local knowledge and scientific research draws answers to key challenges for Caribbean societies: improving the health of Caribbean populations first and foremost, but also indirectly developing economic prospects in various sectors (agriculture, industry, tourism, and health).The success of TRAMIL is based on a rigorous methodology and on a noteworthy informal network of collaborators invested at different levels of the program, locally and / or regionally. TRAMIL is one of the few trilingual networks that have been active for nearly forty years, well before the popularization of the Internet, in more than twenty Caribbean territories. It involves people and communities, health care professionals, researchers in many disciplines, and information and documentation professionals.This paper proposes to explore these new ways of working together and the accomplishments to which they give rise by presenting some concrete examples of the TRAMIL program in Puerto Rico and examining the program's website and the complex challenges faced by the stakeholders involved in its implementation.
TRAMIL es un programa de investigación aplicada a la medicina popular del Caribe, iniciado en la década de los ‘80. Su trabajo se basa en llevar a cabo encuestas etnofarmacológicas participativas para identificar usos significativos de remedios de plantas, que son objeto de la validación científica, para tratar problemas comunes de salud. La difusión de los resultados de validación de los remedios con uso significativo completa las líneas de acción de TRAMIL. Al tiempo que representan una contribución científica internacional para la investigación académica, las actividades de TRAMIL constituyen la valoración de los saberes populares y locales. Esta relación fecunda entre el conocimiento local y la investigación científica es una respuesta a desafíos fundamentales para las sociedades del Caribe: mejorar la salud de las poblaciones del Caribe directa y en primer lugar, pero también, indirectamente, desarrollar oportunidades económicas en varios sectores (agricultura, la industria, el turismo y la salud).El éxito de TRAMIL se basa en una metodología rigurosa y una importante red informal de colaboradores que participan en diversas funciones del programa, a nivel de país y regional. TRAMIL es una de las pocas redes totalmente trilingües, activa durante casi cuarenta años, mucho antes de la popularización del Internet, en más de una veintena de territorio caribeños. Asocia especialmente a comunidades, profesionales de la salud, investigadores en muchas disciplinas, y profesionales de la información y documentación.Este trabajo tiene como objetivos explorar las modalidades de cooperación y logros sin precedentes de TRAMIL, presentando algunos ejemplos concretos del programa en Puerto Rico y examinar el sitio Web del programa y la complejidad de los desafíos que han enfrentado los actores involucrados en su implementación.
TRAMIL est un programme de recherche appliquée à l’usage des plantes médicinales dans la Caraïbe, né dans les années 1980. Les usages significatifs des plantes pour répondre à des problèmes de santé sont recensés par des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques participatives puis font l’objet de travaux scientifiques destinés à les valider. Les résultats sont ensuite diffusés auprès de larges publics.Tout en constituant un apport scientifique international à la recherche universitaire, les activités du réseau TRAMIL s’inscrivent dans la valorisation des savoirs locaux. Cette relation fertile entre savoirs locaux et recherche scientifique dessine des réponses à des défis essentiels pour les sociétés caribéennes : l’amélioration de la santé des populations caribéennes de façon directe et en premier lieu, mais également, de façon indirecte, le développement de perspectives économiques dans des secteurs divers (agriculture, industrie, tourisme, santé).Le succès de TRAMIL repose sur une méthodologie rigoureuse et sur un important réseau informel d’acteurs investis à différents niveaux du programme, sur le plan local et/ou pancaribéen. C’est l’un des rares réseaux entièrement trilingue, actifs depuis près de quarante ans (bien avant la popularisation d’internet), dans plus d’une vingtaine de territoire de la Caraïbe. Il associe notamment les populations, les professionnels de santé, les chercheurs dans de nombreuses disciplines, et les professionnels de l’information et de la documentation.La présente contribution propose d’explorer ces modalités de collaboration inédites et les réalisations auxquelles elles donnent lieu, en présentant quelques exemples concrets du programme TRAMIL à Porto Rico, puis en examinant le site internet du programme et les défis complexes auxquels il a confronté les acteurs impliqués dans sa réalisation.
ACURIL 2017
San Juan, Puerto Rico

hal-01629021
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01629021

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 48, pp.511-516
Résumé : Hoplosternum littorale is a siluriform fish of very high commercial value in some countries of South America. Some biological characteristics as easy spawning in confinement and good tolerance of low oxygen level make it easy to cultivate.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1491.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1491/

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 42, pp.445-459
Résumé : The mahimahi, Coryphaena hippurus , has excellent potential for aquaculture due to its fast growth (2 kg at 6 months, 9 kg at 1 year), good food conversion efficiency (30%, wet weight), high fecundity with natural captive spawns (200,000 eggs/female/2 days year round for a 1 year old female), and high price (US$ 9.00/kg wholesale in Hawaii).

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1473.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1473/