Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecole nationale du génie rural
Résumé :  
Les forêts hétérogènes guyanaises sont des milieux complexes dont la gestion passe par la compréhension de leur organisation (structure spatiale, horizontale et verticale et diversité spécifique) et de leur dynamique. Dans ce contexte, l'étude des stratégies de développement et d'occupation de l'espace des arbres permet de mieux comprendre comment les différentes espèces exploitent et structurent l'hétérogénéité du milieu. Depuis une trentaine d'années, les travaux menés en architecture végétale ont permis d'établir un contexte méthodologique et conceptuel pour étudier la structure globale de l'arbre et pour comprendre les mécanismes morphologiques qui lui ont donné naissance. Après une présentation de concepts majeurs d'architecture végétale, cet article expose les méthodes employées pour quantifier la structure des arbres et les approches permettant d'intégrer les critères architecturaux dans un diagnostic à l'échelle du peuplement.
ISSN: 0035-2829

hal-01032084
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032084

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé :  
On 10 trees from 10 species of French Guyana tropical rainforest in a clear active process of restoring verticality growth strains were measured in situ in order to determine the occurrence of tension wood within samples. Wood specimens were cut in the vicinity of the growth strains measurements in order to measure some mechanical and physical properties. As suspected, tensile growth strains was very much higher in tension wood zone, because longitudinal modulus of elasticity was slightly higher. Longitudinal shrinkage was also much higher in tension wood than in opposite wood.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01032110
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032110
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2007027

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Tension wood of Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl. (Flacourtiaceae), a neo-tropical forest species, shows a peculiar secondary wall structure, with an alternance of thick and thin layers, while opposite wood of this species has a typical secondary wall structure (S1 + S2 + S3). Samples for the study of microstructural properties were collected upon the estimation of growth stresses in the living tree, in order to analyze the correlation of the former with the latter. Investigation using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and UV microspectrophotometry allowed the description of the anatomy, ultra-structure and chemistry of this peculiar polylaminate secondary wall. In the thick layers, cellulose microfibril angle is very low (i.e., microfibril orientation is close to fibre axis) and cellulose microfibrils are well organized and parallel to each other. In the thin layers, microfibrils (only observable in the inner layer) are less organized and are oriented with a large angle relative to the axis of the cell. Thick layers are lightly lignified although thin layers show a higher content of lignin, close to that of opposite wood secondary wall. The more the wood was under tensile stress, the less the secondary wall was lignified, and lower the syringyl on guaiacyl lignin units' ratio was. The innermost layer of the secondary wall looks like a typical S3 layer with large microfibril angle and lignin occurrence. The interest of this kind of structure for the understanding of stress generation is discussed.
ISSN: 0931-1890

hal-00194923
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194923
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194923/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194923/file/Trees_RuelleYoshidaClairThibaut_submitted2006.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s00468-007-0128-0