Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Souttoufide belt is situated between the High-Atlas in the north, the Mauritanides in the south and the West African Craton as well as the Tindouf basin in the east. Thus, this belt is a part of the West African fold belt system which surrounds the West African Craton. Outcrops occur only in three areas, while the rest of the Souttoufide belt is covered by Meso- to Cenozoic sediments. These areas are, from the south to the north, the Adrar Souttouf Massif, the Smara Zemmour area, and the western part of the Anti-Atlas. Because of the continuing processing and numerous publications, the Anti-Atlas cannot be dealt with in detail. Fundamental geological work in both of the other areas was mainly done during the second third of the 20th century, followed by several decades of inactivity. Numerous studies were done in the Adrar Souttouf massif during the last decade, while the Smara-Zemmour area still remains poorly investigated. Most of them were focused on geochronological analyses and geochemistry. Accordingly, the obtained data led to a new interpretation. The Adrar Souttouf is interpreted as a Pan-African belt exhibiting a Neoproterozoic island arc reworked by the Variscan collision between the North American Craton (NAC) and the West African Craton (WAC). The Smara-Zemmour area is considered as the external part of this Variscan belt thrusted onto the Palaeozoic Tindouf basin. The western Anti-Atlas as considered as a Pan-African active margin reworked during the Variscan orogen. Together, these three areas, lead to the hypothesis of a Late Pan-African belt capped by the Early and Middle Palaeozoic covers and then affected by the Middle Carboniferous tectonic event (330 Ma) related to the Pangaean assembly. Correlations with adjacent belts (Mauritanides and Anti-Atlas) are considered.
ISSN: 0899-5362

hal-01382815
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01382815
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.04.016

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’écrivain africain-américain John Edgar Wideman publie en 2003 un récit de voyage commandité par la National Geographic Society. L’écrivain choisit pour destination la Martinique. Etranger dans cette île de la Caraïbe francophone, mais lui-même héritier d’une Histoire coloniale transatlantique douloureuse, il retranscrit son expérience sensible d’un espace insulaire revisité, guidant ses lecteurs dans un périple touristique et scriptural qui se transforme en un questionnement sur soi et son rapport à l’Autre. Notre analyse de l’écriture viatique de Wideman vise à interroger le regard que l’auteur porte sur l’île, dans sa dimension touristique, historique et culturelle.
The African American writer John Edgar Wideman published in 2003 a travel memoir commissioned by the National Geographic Society. As an heir to a painful transatlantic History of colonialism, the writer chooses Martinique as his destination. Unfamiliar with this French-speaking Caribbean Island, Wideman transcribes his intimate experience of Martinique and guides his readers through a touristic and literary journey that becomes a reflection on the self in relation to others. Our analysis of Wideman’s travel writing aims to explore the author’s perception of the island as a touristic, historical, and cultural site.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6898
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6898

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Based on US national cancer registry data, age differences at breast cancer diagnosis have been reported between African-American women and European-American women. Such differences between populations of African and European ancestry have not been studied in other countries at a nationwide level. Here, we report and compare descriptive nationwide epidemiological indicators of invasive breast cancer for the populations of European ancestry living in the US and in mainland France and for women of African ancestry living in the US and in the French West Indies (Martinique and Guadeloupe). Based on the available data, we determined age frequency distributions, world age-standardized incidence, and the distribution of expected cases of breast cancer in a standard population of women by age. The age frequency distributions revealed that women of African ancestry were younger at diagnosis than women of European ancestry. By contrast, compared with the US regardless of ancestry and mainland France, the standardized incidences appeared lower, and the largest numbers of expected cases younger, in the French West Indies. The populations with African ancestry were not homogeneous in terms of epidemiologic indicators of age-related breast cancer. These descriptive findings suggest that populations of African ancestry cannot be considered uniform when determining whether it would be appropriate to decrease the age of entry into screening programs for breast cancer.
The Breast Journal

hal-01063922
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063922
DOI : 10.1111/tbj.12228
PUBMED : 24617611

Résumé : En Août 2005, l'ouragan Katrina s'est abattu sur la ville de la Nouvelle-Orléans, en Louisiane causant mort, désespoir, angoisse mais aussi destruction massive. Katrina a forcé une partie de la population affectée à déménager, et à chercher refuge dans les états voisins. Face aux premières images de l'une des pires catastrophes des Etats-Unis, la prépondérance des AfricainsAméricains parmi les victimes a été choquante. Katrina a révélé au monde entier et a mis sous les projecteurs la persistance de l'esclavage, du racisme et des inégalités raciales. Les AfricainsAméricains ont dû s'organiser seuls au Superdome et au Convention Center pour sur/vivre. Ce travail de recherche analyse le lien étroit qui existe entre les notions de «race» de classe et la géographie. Nous examinerons les concepts hautement controversés de « refugiés » et de « pilleurs» dans le contexte américain. Nous chercherons à comprendre comment l'histoire et le racisme peuvent influencer les comportements et les décisions politiques. Etait-ce une catastrophe naturelle, un désastre créé par l'humain ou une crise héritée de legs culturels? La culture et la race ont été les facteurs principaux de cette tragédie. Nous traiterons de cette catastrophe non pas comme un simple phénomène cyclonique mais comme un évènement culturel. La culture a successivement condamné et sauvé les Africains-Américains en 2005. Le jazz, le blues et le hip-hop ont été de véritables atouts suite à Katrina. Les Africains-Américains ont utilisé ces genres musicaux afin d'exprimer leur chagrin et colère. L'écriture est devenue une véritable thérapie assimilée à une catharsis. Grâce à cela, ils ont pu dire non à une annihilation programmée
In August 2005, hurricane Katrina made landfall on the city of New-Orleans, Louisiana causing not only death, despair, anguish but also massive destruction and subsequent relocation. As the catastrophe made headlines worldwide, people were shocked by the overwhelming preponderance of the African American poor among those stranded within the city. Many explained the disproportion as a result of continual neglect. The devastation left by Katrina brought to light the enduring legacy of slavery, racism and racial inequality. African Americans were left alone to fend for themselves at the Superdome and at the Convention Center. This doctoral research provides an insight into the correlation between race, class and geography. We will explore the highly controversial concepts of "the refuge(s)" and "looters" in the US context. We will try to figure out how history and cultural racism influence behaviors and political decisions. Was Katrina a natural catastrophe, a man-made disaster or a cultural crisis? Besides race, culture seems to be a major component in this tragedy. We delve into this analysis from the framework of cultural studies. On the one hand, culture condemned African-Americans in 2005, but on the other hand, it put them out of harm's way. Jazz, blues and hip-hop became serious assets in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. African-Americans used these musical genres to express grief and anger. They used writing as a powerful tool to recover from Katrina. Jazz, blues and hip-hop proved to be synonymous with catharsis

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0667

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les Africains-américains ont utilisé le jazz et le hip-hop afin d’exprimer leur chagrin et leur colère suite à l’ouragan Katrina. La racialisation semble être une composante majeure de cette tragédie dans la mesure où le jazz et le hip-hop ont donné naissance à une identité commune. Cette analyse sera menée à la lumière des théories des mouvements sociaux. Le jazz et le hip-hop seront analysés en liaison directe avec les théories de Benford et de Snow comme ressource significative qui explique la mobilisation contre une situation apocalyptique.
In the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, African-Americans have used jazz and hip-hop as a way to express grief and anger. Racialization seems to be a major component in this tragedy in the sense that jazz and hip-hop bolstered the emergence of a collective identity. Drawing upon Benford's and Snow's social movement framework, it is argued that both Jazz and hip hop were critical resources deployed against an apocalyptic situation.
États-Unis

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7129
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7129

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le rap a atteint un succès sans précédent auprès des jeunes urbains aux États-Unis et dans les grandes mégalopoles du monde entier. Ce genre musical, figure de proue du hip-hop, s’est affirmé dès les années 1970 comme un moyen d’expression diasporique reflétant les expériences, les rapports complexes et les interactions culturelles entre Africains-Américains, Jamaïcains et Portoricains de la diaspora vivant à New York. Cependant, le positionnement des artistes issus de la diaspora portoricaine a été peu étudié. Nourri de séjours d’observation participante et de recherches réalisées entre 2005 et 2008, ainsi que de la fréquentation assidue des concerts du collectif artistique portoricain The Terror Squad auxquels l’auteur a pu assister, cet article se propose donc d’analyser le rôle central des artistes issus de la diaspora portoricaine de New York à travers l’étude du rap, élément le plus médiatisé du hip-hop. Il devient ainsi possible de mieux entrevoir les tensions, convergences et interactions culturelles qui régissent les rapports complexes qui s’établissent entre la latinité des Portoricains et la culture africaine-américaine urbaine depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années dans le milieu du rap.
Rap music has achieved unprecedented success among urban youth in the United States and in big cities around the world. As a key element of hip-hop this musical style has been asserting its strength since the 1970s as a reflection of the diasporic experience and the complex cultural interactions between African Americans, Jamaicans and Puerto Ricans of the diaspora living in New York. However, scant research has been conducted on the role of Puerto Rican artists of the diaspora living in New York. Therefore, based on field trips and participant observation undertaken between 2005 and 2008 and the concerts of the Puerto Rican rap group The Terror Squad that the author was able to attend frequently, the purpose of this article is to analyze the central role of Puerto Rican artists located in New York through rap music, the most publicized element of hip-hop. This analysis sheds light on the tensions, commonalities and cultural interactions that govern the complex relationships between the distinctive Latin identity of Puerto Ricans and the African American urban culture, as witnessed on New York’s rap scene for more than thirty years.
New York

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4756
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4756

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : In this work, inevitably incomplete, we aimed to summarize the previous studies carried out on the ethology and ecology of the Pomatomus saltatrix (Temnodon saltator), as well as to complete these notions with some observations conducted on the Tassergal from the Moroccan and Mauritanian coasts. This fish, though identifying perfectly with the American Bluefish and as abundant as this latter, is still little known on the African coasts as far as its biology, moves and exploitation are concerned.
Dans ce travail, forcément incomplet, nous avons cherché à condenser, à résumer les observations précédemment faites sur l'éthologie et l'écologie du Pomatomus saltatrix (Temnodon saltator), puis de compléter ces notions acquises par quelques observations faites sur le Tassergal des côtes marocaines et mauritaniennes, qui, bien que s'identifiant absolument au Bluefish des côtes d'Amérique, reste cependant, sur tout le littoral africain, bien plus mal connu dans sa biologie, dans ses déplacements, et - faut-il l'ajouter - dans l'exploitation rationnelle de la ressource économique qu'il peut offrir, bien qu'il s'y trouve tout aussi abondamment réparti que de l'autre côté de l'Atlantique. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1934-03 , Vol. 7 , N. 1 , P. 27-85

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1934/publication-5802.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5802/

Éditeur(s) : World Aquaculture Society
Résumé : Mangrove oysters encompass several species and their taxomony is unclear. Among then, Crassostrea rhizophorae has been described along the Central and South American Atlantic coasts and Crassostrea gasar along African Atlantic coasts. Most taxonomic studies have so far been based on morphological criteria which are particularly susceptible to plasticity and new insight can be provided by molecular markers. The present work aims to provide information on the phylogeography of these two taxa.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/acte-3496.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3496/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background: Mass breast cancer screening is offered to French women between the ages of 50 and 74. In the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, where the population is of mostly African ancestry, a low age at diagnosis of breast cancer has been reported, as for African-Americans. This raises the question of whether breast cancer is more aggressive in the age group preceding that eligible for mass screening (4049) in Guadeloupe. Methods: We compared the tumor-related prognostic factors, first line therapy and overall survival rates of breast cancer cases diagnosed between the 40-49 and 50-74 age groups, based on reports of the cancer registry of Guadeloupe for the period 2008-2013. Results: The characteristics studied, risk of death after breast cancer (HR 0.84 [95% CI: 0.58-1.22] and overall survival, did not differ significantly between the two groups, except for higher tumor size (28.8 vs 24.0; p = 0.004) in the younger group. Conclusion: These results do not show a pattern of more aggressive breast cancer in the age group preceding that eligible for mass screening in Guadeloupe. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1877-7821

hal-01659244
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01659244
DOI : 10.1016/j.canep.2017.08.004
PUBMED : 29120835

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé :  
South American leaf blight caused by the ascomycete Microcyclus ulei is the most harmful disease of the rubber tree in Latin America and a potential threat to Asiatic and African natural rubber production. Until now, the variability of this fungus was assessed through observation of pathogenicity of isolates on a range of rubber tree clones with known resistance reactions. The present study describes the process used to design 11 microsatellite markers and evaluates their usefulness in detecting genetic polymorphism. Nine of these markers were polymorphic among six isolates from Brazil (with two to three alleles per locus) and five markers were polymorphic among four isolates from French Guiana (with two to four alleles per locus).
ISSN: 1471-8278

hal-01032087
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032087
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00589.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
New geodynamical data from West Africa bring consistent informations on the pre-Mesozoic reconstruction within a large area running from the western Sahara to the Colombian cordillera. These new data support a Neoproterozoic Ocean (WANO) between the Amazonian (AMC) and West African (WAC) cratons previously to the Iapetus and Rheic oceans. We delineate 31 blocs detached from the surrounding three continents: NAC (North American Craton), AMC and WAC. 7 came from the WAC margin, 7 from the NAC, 6 from the AMC and 11 from an intermediate volcano sedimentary domain (COB) built on a 1200-1000 Ma oceanic crust. These imbricated blocks formed a tight mosaic by the Hercynian/Alleghanian tectonic event which gave way to the Pangea super-continent. But, during the Atlantic Ocean opening these blocks began to move. They were separated by new oceanic basins. However, previously to the Pangea, blocks from the COB domain formed two sets of garlands located on the northwestern Gondwana margin. The northern one moved to the North until the Silurian to collide the NAC (Taconic tectonic event) meanwhile the southern one remains on the Gondwana margin. All together were gathered by the Carboniferous/Permian time. Then, the framework for the opening of the Atlantic Ocean was not totally disconnected from the "Variscan" collage and many variscan weakness zones were re-used as initial breaking zones. Beyond this tectonic impact, the pre-mesozoic assemblage allows us to compare this "Caribbean" island arc with another one: the Indonesian "Banda" arc. Thus, West Africa is a geological key area for correlations between the Caribbean, the Appalachian, the Brazilian "Nordeste" and the West European domains and for the understanding of the Atlantic Ocean opening process.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00842747
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00842747
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
U-Pb zircon and Ar-Ar amphibole and biotite ages from rocks of the West Congo Belt of Angola indicate that this area underwent two main deformation events of amphibolite facies grade at c. 540 and 490 Ma, which were followed by tectonically assisted exhumation during eastward thrusting of the hinterland domain onto the foreland domain. High-grade conditions in the West Congo Belt are 20-40 Ma younger than in the Ribeira-Araçuai Belt of Brazil, its South American counterpart, or than in the westernmost Kaoko Belt of Namibia, its African correlative. In the present state of knowledge, a more appropriate counterpart to the southern part of the West Congo Belt may be restricted to the Cabo Frio Terrane in the eastern Ribeira Belt, which yields a broadly similar evolution.
ISSN: 0954-4879

hal-00716463
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716463
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2012.01060.x