Résumé : This study aims to integrate the problems associated with port development and related activities in an economic monitoring programme that surveys all the activities associated with the marine environment. The economic monitoring programme in this sector also includes studying coastal spatial planning. This type of study concerns the creation and remodelling of sites that involve investments. We can consider two types of coastal spatial planning: one which integrates port development, tourism, aquaculture and fisheries and one that deals with the marine environment (Abric, 1989). Economic surveys of port development on French coasts supposes that the problem of identifying information sources have been resolved and the sectors and the activities that should be accounted for have been characterised. In what follows, the limits of available information and the problems pertaining to the proposed classification of activities according to statistical nomenclature will be discussed. The absence of structured and localised data is aggravated in certain cases by the rules of confidentiality. In light of these difficulties, the first part of this report is devoted to the inventory of general information sources and to the characterisation of existing data. As information forms the basis of any economic monitoring programme, it is necessary to know where, how and by whom information is processed and the limits that one comes up against. This report does not pretend to be exhaustive given the deadlines and the duration of this study. The second part of this report constitutes a summary of the recent trends discerned in terms of port development, from a legal, as well as economic and financial, point of view. This study should be considered as the first step to establishing a basis for a more in-depth study.
Cette étude a pour but d'intégrer les problèmes d'aménagement portuaire et les activités qui y sont liées dans un suivi conjoncturel de l'ensemble des activités économiques en relation avec le milieu maritime. Le suivi conjoncturel de ce secteur économique passe aussi par l'étude de l'aménagement physique du littoral. Celui-ci concerne la création et le remodelage de sites impliquant des investissements. On peut considérer deux types d'aménagements physiques -l'aménagement du littoral : portuaire, touristique, aquacole, halieutique; -l'aménagement du mineur marin (Abric, 1989). Un suivi conjoncturel de l'aménagement portuaire du littoral français, suppose en préalable la résolution du problème de l'identification des sources d'information et la caractérisation des secteurs et activités en prendre en compte. On verra par la suite les limites de l'information disponible et les problèmes afférents a la classification des activités selon les nomenclatures statistiques proposées. L'absence de données structurées et localisées est aggravée dans certains cas par des règles de confidentialité. Du fait de ces difficultés, la première partie de ce rapport est consacrée au recensement des sources d'information générale et à la caractérisation des données existantes. L'information étant à la base de tout suivi conjoncturel, il convient en effet d'être en mesure de savoir où, par qui et comment elle est traitée et les limites auxquelles on se heurte. Ce rapport ne peut prétendre à l'exhaustivité compte tenu des délais et de la période d'exécution de cette étude. La seconde partie constitue une première synthèse sur les évolutions récentes saisies en termes d'aménagements portuaires, tant d'un point de vue juridique qu'économique et financier. Cette étude est à considérer comme une première étape destinée à poser les bases pour une étude plus approfondie. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/rapport-4169.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4169/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Both flow field heterogeneity and mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains have been studied separately for explaining observed anomalous transport. Here we investigate non-Fickian transport using high-resolution 3-D X-ray microtomographic images of Berea sandstone containing microporous cement with pore size below the setup resolution. Transport is computed for a set of representative elementary volumes and results from advection and diffusion in the resolved macroporosity (mobile domain) and diffusion in the microporous phase (immobile domain) where the effective diffusion coefficient is calculated from the measured local porosity using a phenomenological model that includes a porosity threshold ( inline image) below which diffusion is null and the exponent n that characterizes tortuosity-porosity power-law relationship. We show that both flow field heterogeneity and microporosity trigger anomalous transport. Breakthrough curve (BTC) tailing is positively correlated to microporosity volume and mobile-immobile interface area. The sensitivity analysis showed that the BTC tailing increases with the value of inline image, due to the increase of the diffusion path tortuosity until the volume of the microporosity becomes negligible. Furthermore, increasing the value of n leads to an increase in the standard deviation of the distribution of effective diffusion coefficients, which in turn results in an increase of the BTC tailing. Finally, we propose a continuous time random walk upscaled model where the transition time is the sum of independently distributed random variables characterized by specific distributions. It allows modeling a 1-D equivalent macroscopic transport honoring both the control of the flow field heterogeneity and the multirate mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains.
ISSN: 0043-1397

hal-01278285
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01278285
DOI : 10.1002/2015WR017645

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Background & Aims: The severity of liver diseases is exacerbated by the death of hepatocytes, which can be induced by the sensing of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from the gut microbiota. The molecular mechanisms regulating these cell death pathways are poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the role of the receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), a protein known to regulate cell fate decisions, in the death of hepatocytes using two in vivo models of PAMP-induced hepatitis. Methods: Hepatitis was induced in mice by independent injections of two different bacterial PAMPs: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-DNA) motifs. The role of RIPK1 was evaluated by using mice specifically lacking RIPK1 in liver parenchymal cells (Ripk1(LPC-KO)). Administration of liposome-encapsulated clodronate served to investigate the role of Kupffer cells in the establishment of the disease. Etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-decoy receptor, was used to study the contribution of TNF-alpha during LPS-mediated liver injury. Results: Whereas RIPK1 deficiency in liver parenchymal cells did not trigger basal hepatolysis, it greatly sensitized hepatocytes to apoptosis and liver damage following a single injection of LPS or CpG-DNA. Importantly, hepatocyte death was prevented by previous macrophage depletion or by TNF inhibition. Conclusions: Our data highlight the pivotal function of RIPK1 in maintaining liver homeostasis in conditions of macrophage-induced TNF burst in response to PAMPs sensing. Lay summary: Excessive death of hepatocytes is a characteristic of liver injury. A new programmed cell death pathway has been described involving upstream death ligands such as TNF and downstream kinases such as RIPK1. Here, we show that in the presence of LPS liver induced hepatic injury was due to secretion of TNF by liver macrophages, and that RIPK1 acts as a powerful protector of hepatocyte death. This newly identified pathway in the liver may be helpful in the management of patients to predict their risk of developing acute liver failure. (C) 2017 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0168-8278

hal-01532060
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532060
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.005
PUBMED : 28088582

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
The number and amount of man-made chemicals present in the aquatic environment has increased considerably over the past 50 years. Among these contaminants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) represent a significant proportion. This family of compounds interferes with normal hormonal processes through multiple molecular pathways. They represent a potential risk for human and wildlife as they are suspected to be involved in the development of diseases including, but not limited to, reprotoxicity, metabolic disorders, and cancers. More precisely, several studies have suggested that the increase of breast cancers in industrialized countries is linked to exposure to EDCs, particularly estrogen-like compounds. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are the two main transducers of estrogen action and therefore important targets for these estrogen-like endocrine disrupters. More than 70% of human breast cancers are ERα-positive and estrogen-dependent, and their development and growth are not only influenced by endogenous estrogens but also likely by environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupters. It is, therefore, of major importance to characterize the potential estrogenic activity from contaminated surface water and identify the molecules responsible for the hormonal effects. This information will help us understand how environmental contaminants can potentially impact the development of breast cancer and allow us to fix a maximal limit to the concentration of estrogen-like compounds that should be found in the environment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of emerging estrogen-like compounds in the environment, sum up studies demonstrating their direct or indirect interactions with ERs, and link their presence to the development of breast cancer. Finally, we emphasize the use of in vitro and in vivo methods based on the zebrafish model to identify and characterize environmental estrogens.
ISSN: 2073-4425

hal-01616486
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01616486
DOI : 10.3390/genes8090229
PUBMED : 28914763
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC5615362

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) help addressing geographical and environmental issues by providing information about a region or a city as a set of maps (layers), each one displaying information about a given theme like roads, vegetation, tourist spots or museums for instance. By combining different layers on a region, one can associate a given area to characteristics from their related themes. Indeed, the information from two or more layers might be merged and then transformed into a new layer as defined in map "algebra". When a theme vocabulary is organized as a taxonomy with concepts linked by is-a relationships, there are different ways to annotate an area with a concept depending on the level selected into the layer taxonomy. In this paper, we present an heuristic- based approach for an optimal merging of such layers in a GIS. Our goal is to generate new layers which sum up information from several themes in a most useful way. Two optimization criteria are considered, the average size of resulting areas and the average informative value of their resulting annotation. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed solution, firstly, on a formal example, and then, on a real world application.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications, and Services
Valencia, Spain

hal-00679555
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00679555

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
To study social health inequalities, contextual data may constitute an appropriate alternative to individual socioeconomic characteristics, often hard to retrieve. Indices can be used to summarize the multiple dimensions of the neighborhood socioeconomic status. The main objectives of this work are to develop a statistical procedure to create a neighborhood socioeconomic index and to investigate the influence of the clustering method of the deprivation index on the measure of health inequalities. Our study setting is composed of three major French metropolitan areas: Lille, Lyon and Marseille. The statistical unit is the French census block. The methodology uses several successive principal components analyses to select variables and create the index. Deprivation categories are drawn with hierarchical clustering on principal components. Twenty socioeconomic variables are selected in the neighborhood deprivation index. An optimal clustering obtained by HC is in three classes and the clusters are ordered along the first axis of the PCA.
SFDS - 44èmes journées de Statistique - 2012
Bruxelles, Belgium

hal-00734769
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00734769
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00734769/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00734769/file/submission_44.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Malaria represents one of the most important selective factors affecting human populations. Several inherited diseases of red blood cells lead to resistance at the erythrocytic stage. Among patients who experience hereditary elliptocytosis related to mutations of erythrocyte membrane proteins, molecular studies have shown the prevalence of particular spectrin mutations in patients from black ethnic extraction, leading one to question the selection of new malaria-resistant genes. RECENT FINDINGS: Prospective epidemiological and molecular studies in West Africa have confirmed the prevalence (between 0.6 and 1.6%) of particular spectrin mutations related to hereditary elliptocytosis. These studies have also revealed the frequency of alpha-spectrin chain polymorphisms, associated in cis with elliptocytogenic spectrin mutations and defining particular spectrin allele haplotypes. Culture studies of Plasmodium falciparum in elliptocytes bearing such elliptocytogenic alleles of spectrin showed that these alleles are supplementary genetic factors of malaria resistance in vitro. SUMMARY: Certain instances of spectrin mutations or polymorphisms have not yet been shown to constitute new factors of innate resistance to malaria in vivo. Epidemiological surveys of hereditary elliptocytosis and parasite culture studies, however, have argued that the relationships between parasite and spectrin-based skeleton should be examined more closely and the molecular interactions between parasite ligands and particular spectrin chain domains should be characterized.
ISSN: 1065-6251

inserm-00128119
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00128119
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00128119/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00128119/file/Dhermy_et_al_figures.pdf
DOI : 10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280d21afd

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. Identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. Here, we have developed such an approach for Ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. A preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed previously, but information is limited about OMPs in this organism and about their role in the protective immune response. Identification of OMPs is also essential for understanding Ehrlichia’s OM architecture, and how the bacterium interacts with the host cell environment. First, we developed an OMP extraction method using the ionic detergent sarkosyl, which enriched the OM fraction. Second, proteins were separated via one-dimensional electrophoresis, and digested peptides were analyzed via nano-liquid chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMALDI-TOF/TOF). Of 46 unique proteins identified in the OM fraction, 18 (39%) were OMPs, including 8 proteins involved in cell structure and biogenesis, 4 in transport/virulence, 1 porin, and 5 proteins of unknown function. These experimental data were compared to the predicted subcellular localization of the entire E. ruminantium proteome, using three different algorithms. This work represents the most complete proteome characterization of the OM fraction in Ehrlichia spp. The study indicates that suitable subcellular fractionation experiments combined with straightforward computational analysis approaches are powerful for determining the predominant subcellular localization of the experimentally observed proteins.We identified proteins potentially involved in E. ruminantium athogenesis, which are good novel targets for candidate vaccines. Thus, combining bioinformatics and proteomics, we discovered new OMPs for E. ruminantium that are valuable data for those investigating new vaccines against this organism. In summary, we provide both pioneering data and novel insights into the pathogenesis of this obligate intracellular bacterium.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01203402
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01203402
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01203402/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01203402/file/2015_Moumene_PLOSONE-1.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0116758

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : International audience
Background. Adverse psychosocial working environments characterized by job strain (the combination of high demands and low control at work) are associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms among employees, but evidence on clinically diagnosed depression is scarce. We examined job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression. Method. We identified published cohort studies from a systematic literature search in PubMed and PsycNET and obtained 14 cohort studies with unpublished individual-level data from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium. Summary estimates of the association were obtained using random-effects models. Individual-level data analyses were based on a pre-published study protocol. Results. We included six published studies with a total of 27 461 individuals and 914 incident cases of clinical depression. From unpublished datasets we included 120 221 individuals and 982 first episodes of hospital-treated clinical depression. Job strain was associated with an increased risk of clinical depression in both published [relative risk (RR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-2.13] and unpublished datasets (RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.55). Further individual participant analyses showed a similar association across sociodemographic subgroups and after excluding individuals with baseline somatic disease. The association was unchanged when excluding individuals with baseline depressive symptoms (RR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.94-1.65), but attenuated on adjustment for a continuous depressive symptoms score (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.32). Conclusions. Job strain may precipitate clinical depression among employees. Future intervention studies should test whether job strain is a modifiable risk factor for depression.
ISSN: 0033-2917

hal-01560152
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560152
DOI : 10.1017/S003329171600355X
PUBMED : 28122650

Résumé : The use of acoustical systems in various human activities in the ocean (industry, defence, science) raises the issue of their impact upon marine mammals populations. Several serious accidents linked to the use of naval sonars led the military, industrial and scientific communities to investigate the potential dangers of their own activity. This report aims at identifying the risks for the cetaceans linked to the use of acoustic and seismic systems currently used for oceanographic science. The analysis proposed here stays within the frame of bibliography synthesis and elementary modelling, and brings no new scientific elements on the topic. An overview of the status of cetacean populations is given first, with a summary of the possible acoustical threats. Risks are classified and described, insisting on the cases of massive stranding events. The present status of knowledge about auditory characteristics of cetaceans is summarised, and the definition of an objective threshold for acoustical risk is discussed ; the usually-admitted values are finally retained, despite of their evident limitations. The report presents also the emission characteristics of the various acoustic and seismic systems used in oceanographic, emphasising the ones operated by Ifremer; for the potentially harmful ones (according to the currently-used criteria) a model is proposed for the radiated acoustical intensity field, giving the extent of risk areas. This analysis concludes to the harmlessness of most systems, excepted heavy seismics and at a lesser degree low-frequency multibeam echosounders. Finally a variety of possible mitigation measures are presented and discussed; the regulations imposed by some countries are detailed. The report finally recommends both short-term measures aimed at limiting the potential risks, and longer-term actions for participating in the general effort of scientific and technological research in this field.
L'emploi des systèmes acoustiques dans les diverses activités humaines en milieu océanique (industrielles, de défense, scientifiques) pose le problème de leur impact sur les populations de mammifères marins. L'évidence de plusieurs événements graves liés à l'utilisation de sonars navals a amené les communautés militaires, industrielles et scientifiques à s'interroger sur les dangers potentiels de leurs propres activités. Le présent rapport tente de cerner les risques, pour les Cétacés, liés à l'emploi des systèmes acoustiques et sismiques couramment mis en oeuvre pour la recherche océanographique. L'analyse proposée ici reste à un niveau de synthèse bibliographique et de modélisation élémentaire, et n'offre pas d'éléments scientifiques nouveaux sur la question. On commence par donner un panorama de la situation des populations de cétacés et des agressions sonores qui les menacent. Les risques acoustiques sont répertoriés et décrits, en insistant sur les cas avérés d'échouages massifs. L'état actuel de connaissances sur les caractéristiques auditives des cétacés est résumé, et la définition d'un seuil objectif de risque acoustique est discutée ; on retient par défaut les valeurs de seuils généralement admises actuellement, en dépit de leurs limitations évidentes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/rapport-2390.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2390/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
INTRODUCTION: In order to study social health inequalities, contextual (or ecologic) data may constitute an appropriate alternative to individual socioeconomic characteristics. Indices can be used to summarize the multiple dimensions of the neighborhood socioeconomic status. This work proposes a statistical procedure to create a neighborhood socioeconomic index. METHODS: The study setting is composed of three French urban areas. Socioeconomic data at the census block scale come from the 1999 census. Successive principal components analyses are used to select variables and create the index. Both metropolitan area-specific and global indices are tested and compared. Socioeconomic categories are drawn with hierarchical clustering as a reference to determine "optimal" thresholds able to create categories along a one-dimensional index. RESULTS: Among the twenty variables finally selected in the index, 15 are common to the three metropolitan areas. The index explains at least 57% of the variance of these variables in each metropolitan area, with a contribution of more than 80% of the 15 common variables. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed procedure is statistically justified and robust. It can be applied to multiple geographical areas or socioeconomic variables and provides meaningful information to public health bodies. We highlight the importance of the classification method. We propose an R package in order to use this procedure.
ISSN: 1475-9276

inserm-00809310
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00809310/file/1475-9276-12-21.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-9276-12-21

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Introduction In order to study social health inequalities, contextual (or ecologic) data may constitute an appropriate alternative to individual socioeconomic characteristics. Indices can be used to summarize the multiple dimensions of the neighborhood socioeconomic status. This work proposes a statistical procedure to create a neighborhood socioeconomic index. Methods The study setting is composed of three French urban areas. Socioeconomic data at the census block scale come from the 1999 census. Successive principal components analyses are used to select variables and create the index. Both metropolitan area-specific and global indices are tested and compared. Socioeconomic categories are drawn with hierarchical clustering as a reference to determine "optimal" thresholds able to create categories along a one-dimensional index. Results Among the twenty variables finally selected in the index, 15 are common to the three metropolitan areas. The index explains at least 57% of the variance of these variables in each metropolitan area, with a contribution of more than 80% of the 15 common variables. Conclusions The proposed procedure is statistically justified and robust. It can be applied to multiple geographical areas or socioeconomic variables and provides meaningful information to public health bodies. We highlight the importance of the classification method. We propose an R package in order to use this procedure.
International Journal for Equity in Health

hal-00854028
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854028
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00854028/document
DOI : 10.1186/1475-9276-12-21