Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Afin de mettre en perspective les différents articles du dossier, le texte souligne les différentes étapes qui définissent la situation de la façade caraïbe à la fois au sein des Etats-nations et de la région centraméricaine. Depuis une position de marge ou d’enclave liée à la fois à la géographie et aux logiques de l’empire espagnol, cet ensemble territorial s’est construit à partir de fragments plus ou moins connectés entre eux et aux espaces régionaux maritimes (caribéen ou atlantique). Au cours de leur construction, les différents Etats-nations n’envisagent d’abord la façade caraïbe que dans sa dimension de connexion transisthmique. Pourtant, on constate au vingtième siècle différents processus d’intégration territoriale qui visent à relier espace continental et façade caraïbe, processus qu’il faut associer à de nouvelles dynamiques démographiques. Les sociétés d’interface qui en résultent, voient leurs composantes « ladinas », indiennes, ou afro-descendantes se réorganiser. Enfin, ces fragments qui composent la façade prennent de nouvelles couleurs à la lumière des projections faites par d’autres acteurs (ONG) ou à d’autres échelles (région américaine).
In order to put into perspective the different papers of the issue, this text highlights the successive stages by which the Caribbean coastline of Central American has been constructed, under the several States-nations and as a part of the Central American region. As a margin or enclave due to geographical characters as to the logics of Spanish Empire, these territories have been made from fragments more or less connected between them or to other regional maritime spaces (Caribbean or Atlantic). When growing, the States-nations in the region first exclusively consider their Caribbean coastline as a transisthmic connection. Yet, during the twentieth century, various process of territorial integration aim to connect continental spaces and maritime coastline, associating demographical dynamics. Societies of interface result of these process, where their ladina, indian, afro components are reorganized. Finally, theses fragments as elements of the façade take a new color in the look of new actors (NGO) or from other scales and spaces (Atlantic region, Caribbean Sea).
Para poner en perspectiva los diferentes artículos del numero temático, este texto subraya las varias etapas en que definieron la situación de la costa caribeña, a la vez en cada Estado-Nacion y al nivel de la región. Con una posición de margen o enclave, que se explica tan por motivos geográficos que por las lógicas del imperio español, este conjunto territorial se ha construido a partir de fragmentos más o menos conectados entre sí e con los espacios regionales marítimos (caribeño o atlántico). Cuando se desarrollaron, los Estados-naciones consideraban las costas caribeñas solo por su potencial transístmico. Sin embargo, en el siglo veinte, llevaron a cabo varios procesos de integración territorial que les permiten vincular su espacio continental con la fachada atlántica, y eso asociándose a importantes dinámicas poblacionales. Resultan de estos procesos sociedades de interfaz, cuyos componentes ladinos, indígenas y afros se ven reorganizados. Por fin, los fragmentos que componen la costa caribeña toman otro color a la luz de proyectos llevados por actores ajenos (ONG) o desde espacios y escalas diferentes (Espacio atlántico, región americana).
Amérique centrale
Caraïbes
Livingston
Guatemala

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6032
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6032

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article étudie l’évolution de la Consommation énergétique des ménages à La Réunion entre 1980 et 2005, en mettant l’accent sur le domaine de la consommation domestique d’électricité. Il montre que cet espace, autonome sur un plan énergétique au début des années 1980, a connu une dépendance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en ressources fossiles durant les deux dernières décennies, sous la pression des mutations démographiques, économiques et sociologiques engagées. Depuis le début des années 2000, sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques, essentiellement fiscales, La Réunion s’engage dans le développement des énergies renouvelables, essentiellement le photovoltaïque, en s’affichant en tête des régions françaises et européennes dans la maîtrise de cette production énergétique.
This article aims at studying the evolution of the domestic consumption of energy in Reunion island between 1980 and 2005 (electricity consumption). It shows that this area which reached its energetic autonomy at the beginning of the 80’s has known a strong dependency from fossil resources for the last two decades, due to the increasing pressures of demographic, economic and sociological factors. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, as a result of public policies impulsion (mainly fiscal policies), Reunion island has developed the use of renewable resources (essentially photovoltaic). It tends to be now one of the first French and European regions mastering this energy production process.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3519
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3519

Éditeur(s) : Cambridge Univ Press
Résumé : This paper offers a theoritical and empirical model of ecosystem-based fishery management. A multi-species and multi-fleet integrating Lotka-Volterra trophic dynamics as well as production and profit assessments is developed and applied to the coastal fishery of French Guiana. This small-scale fishery constitutes a challenging example with high fish biodiversity, several non-selective fleets and a potentially increasing local food demand due to demographic growth. The dynamic model is calibrated with 13 species and four fleets using monthly catch and effort data from 2006 to 2009. Several contrasted fishing scenarios including status quo, total closure, economic and viable strategies are then simulated. They are compared from the viewpoints of both biodiversity preservation and socioeconomic performance, assuming fixed landing prices and fixed costs. We show that fishing outputs, including food supply and fleet profitability, can be sustained on average but a loss of species cannot be avoided.
Environment And Development Economics (1355-770X) (Cambridge Univ Press), 2013-06 , Vol. 18 , P. 245-269

Droits : Cambridge University Press 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23483/21311.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23483/21375.pdf
DOI:10.1017/S1355770X13000065
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23483/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
AbstractBackgroundSuicide rates in prison are high and their risk factors are incompletely understood. The objective of the present study is to measure the risk of suicide and its predictors in the only prison of multicultural French Guiana.MethodsAll new prisoners arriving between September 2013 and December 2014 were included. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used and socio-demographic data was collected. In order to identify the predictors of suicide risk multivariate logistic regression was used.ResultsOf the 707 prisoners included 13.2% had a suicidal risk, 14.0% of whom had a high risk, 15.1% a moderate risk and 41.9% a low risk. Predictive factors were depression (OR 7.44, 95% CI: 3.50–15.87), dysthymia (OR 4.22, 95% CI: 1.34–13.36), panic disorder (OR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.33–8.99), general anxiety disorder (GAD) (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.13–4.22), men having been abused during childhood (OR 21.01, 95%, CI: 3.26–135.48), having been sentenced for sexual assault (OR 7.12, 95% CI: 1.98–25.99) and smoking (OR 2.93, 95%, CI 1.30–6.63).ConclusionThe suicide risk was lower than in mainland France, possibly reflecting the differences in the social stigma attached to incarceration because of migrant populations and the importance and trivialization of drug trafficking among detainees. However, there were no differences between nationalities. The results reemphasize the importance of promptly identifying and treating psychiatric disorders, which were the main suicide risk factors.
ISSN: 1471-244X

inserm-01517176
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01517176
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01517176/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01517176/file/12888_2017_Article_1320.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12888-017-1320-4

Éditeur(s) : Agrocampus Ouest
Résumé : The origin of fish stocks variability is a key question in fisheries science. The exploitation indeed has an important effect in terms of biomass reduction, but environmental forcing is of central interest as it affects numerous key biological processes. Recent theoretical results have shown that the nature of the environmental fluctuations, the environmental noise, has important ecological consequences on populations and particularly on their fluctuations. In addition the effects of exploitation, that are not a simple removal of individuals but also profoundly modifies the demography, the structure and the trophic interactions of fish stocks, can interact with environmental effects. Through an extensive analysis of time series we aim at understanding the effects of environmental noise on fish stocks variability, according to their biological characteristics (life-history traits) and their exploitation. A technique of time series comparison allows to propose that the fluctuations of Atlantic large pelagics are inherited from the interaction between environmental effects, endogenous dynamics and exploitation. We then show that the colour of environmental noise affects the variability of time series, its effects depending on the life-history traits of species. Finally, preliminary results on bentho-demersal and pelagic stocks from the North Atlantic suggest that the exploitation increases the sensitivity of fish stocks to the colour of environmental noise and affects their variability, according to their life-history traits.
L'origine de la variabilité des stocks de pêche est une question centrale en halieutique. Si l'exploitation tient un rôle important dans la réduction de biomasse, le forçage environnemental affecte de nombreux processus biologiques clés. Des résultats théoriques récents ont montré que la nature des fluctuations environnementales, la couleur du bruit environnemental, avait des implications écologiques importantes sur les populations et notamment sur leurs fluctuations. De plus, les effets environnementaux peuvent agir en interaction avec l'exploitation qui ne consiste pas en un simple prélèvement d'individus, mais qui modifie profondément la démographie, la structure et les interactions trophiques des stocks. Au travers de l'analyse extensive de séries temporelles, on essaye ici de comprendre les effets de la couleur du bruit environnemental sur la variabilité des stocks en fonction de leurs caractéristiques biologiques (traits d'histoire de vie) et de leur état d'exploitation. Le développement d'une technique de comparaison des séries temporelles permet de proposer que les fluctuations des grands pélagiques de l'Atlantique sont héritées de l'interaction entre effets environnementaux, dynamique interne et dynamique de l'exploitation. On montre ensuite que la couleur du bruit environnemental affecte la variabilité des séries temporelles, mais que son effet dépend des traits d'histoire de vie des espèces. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires sur les stocks bentho-démersaux et pélagiques de l'Atlantique Nord, suggèrent que l'exploitation augmente la sensibilité des stocks à la couleur du bruit environnemental et affecte leur variabilité en fonction de leurs traits d'histoire de vie.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/these-6596.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6596/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The challenge is to implement research that can estimate the consequences ofclimate changes in terms of impact on terrestrial environments and resources.Emphasis should be placed on regions dependent on natural resources and forwhich demographic pressure is strong. Simulations obtained from climate modelprojections (using different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs))predict that the Mediterranean basin and its southern periphery are particularlyvulnerable to water resources and environmental impact (IPCC, AR5, 2013).An annual rainfall decrease by 30% is found for the projection period 2070-2099(IPCC, AR5, 2013) associated with a decrease in water resources by 30 to 50%(Milano, 2012). In addition, several studies using regional atmospheric modelsindicate an increase in the precipitation inter-annual variability with extremeevents and a spatial heterogeneous signature, superimposed on a decrease in thetotal precipitation amount (Giorgi and Lionello, 2008; Raible et al. 2010).Currently, regional climate projections are highly sensitive to the climate modelused. In particular, spatial resolution as well as local climate conditions seemto impact significantly on the simulations (Jacob et al. 2014).The Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climateswith several mountainous areas, is a complex climate system affected by theinteractions between mid-latitude and sub-tropical processes. In this context,Morocco, located at the transition between a temperate climate to the North anda tropical climate to the south constitutes a key area for an impact and sensitivitystudy to global climate changes. The climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara, together with a very steep orography inthe Atlas region. The precipitation distribution is therefore characterised by greatspatial variability, and exhibits a marked seasonality, a strong inter-annualvariability (Ouda et al. 2005) and in general a pronounced gradient from northto south and west to east. At a broader scale, Morocco is located on the subtropicalsubsidence path and between the Acores High and the Saharan Low (Agoussine,2003). Several studies have also identified strong links with inter-annualprecipitation variability and NAO index (Knippertz, 2003) as well as remoteclimate modes (Esper et al. 2007).Continental climate variability at a local/regional scale, if it is to be integratedin climate predictions, needs to be supported by long-term observation.Meteorological stations in Morocco provide climatic data mainly for the last40 years with only a few stations located in the mountainous region (Tramblayet al. 2012; 2013; Driouech et al. 2010). This climate database is also supportedby the IAEA network providing stations for which isotope tracers have beenapplied to daily/monthly rain and water vapour samples over 2 to 3 years between2000 and 2004. Besides the poor coverage of instrumented areas, lacustrinesystems can provide a climatic data set that offers access to short and long-termtime series of climate parameters when knowledge of modern lake water balanceis combined with lacustrine sedimentary-climate records. Lake sediment recordsideally provide high resolution climate/environmental information of the last10,000 years (Magny et al. 2013). This time interval (corresponding to theHolocene) is a key period to investigate short and long-term climate variabilityand to improve prediction in a warming climate.In this study we present an integrated approach focusing on a mountainous lake(Aguelmam Azigza). The modern lake system study is based on site monitoring(2012-2016) and available regional hydro-climatic data. These data show thatlake level changes during the instrumented period were mainly driven byprecipitation following the high inter-annual variability. These data are thencompared with accurately dated short sediment cores retrieved in the same lake.Micro-scale geochemical and sedimentological analyses of these sequencesenable us to identify various sedimentary facies that can be linked with periodsof high (low) lake levels over the past decades.
The Mediterranean Region under Climate ChangeLa méditerranée face au changement climatique

insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01394690/file/Vidaletal.2016-COP22-Chap1.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article s’intéresse aux nouveaux usages et usagers du littoral de la Petite Côte sénégalaise. Il vise à mettre en évidence la dynamique territoriale actuelle de la station balnéaire de Saly Portudal et à analyser les mutations socioéconomiques et environnementales qu’elle entraîne. Les limites des politiques actuelles en matière de gestion du littoral imposent des prises de décisions urgentes et plus complexes, sur la base d’un partenariat élargi en vue d’inscrire les effets de ces politiques dans la durée.L’étude s’appuie sur une enquête réalisée au niveau de trois communes littorales, à savoir Saly Portudal, Somone et Nianing. À partir d’une quinzaine d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de différents acteurs et usagers de cette portion du littoral, un questionnaire a été construit autour des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de ces derniers, de leurs pratiques et de leurs perceptions des risques côtiers. Il en ressort que les différents usages de l’espace littoral sont liés aux différentes expériences des populations concernées. Dès lors, la question centrale réside dans l’évaluation des conséquences de l’expansion de la station de Saly Portudal au détriment des quartiers traditionnels environnants, et dans la compréhension des multiples dimensions des conflits d’usage qui en découlent.
This article focuses on new uses and users of the coast of Senegal’s Petite Côte. It aims to show the current dynamics of the resort of Saly and analyse the socio-economic changes and environmental all-out occupation of the coastal space guided by new principles of seaside tourism development.The study is based on a survey conducted in three coastal towns like Saly Portudal, Somone and Nianing. From fifteen semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders and users of the coast, a questionnaire was built around the socio-demographic characteristics of users, practices and perceptions of coastal risks. It shows that the different coastal areas of the uses are related to the different experiences of the populations concerned. Therefore, the question arises as to assess the consequences of the expansion of Saly on the surrounding traditional neighbourhoods to understand the multiple dimensions of conflicts of use resulting therefrom in order to resolve them.
Petite-Côte

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10778
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10778

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
PURPOSE: The authors had for aim to describe the characteristics of listeriosis encephalitis patients enrolled in a national study. METHODS: Listeria monocytogenes was identified as the forth etiology of encephalitis, in a prospective study in France, in 2007. We analyzed 12 cases with confirmed listeriosis (seven with rhombencephalitis, five with encephalitis) and compared them with encephalitis of other etiologies and with listeriosis encephalitis, mandatorily notified during the same year. RESULTS: L. monocytogenes strains were genoserotyped as IVb (n=6), IIa (n=3), and IIb (n=3). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) median protein level was 2.5g/L and the median WBC counts was 367cells/mm(3). Among twelve patients, seven patients had ongoing comorbidities. The case fatality rate during hospitalization was 50%. Patients presenting with listeriosis enrolled in the study did not differ from those reported to the mandatory surveillance system according to their demographical characteristics and comorbidities. They were older, presented more frequently with cancer, or were more often under corticosteroid treatment than patients presenting with encephalitis due to other etiologies. CONCLUSIONS: Neurolisteriosis has a poor prognosis, thus it should be considered early in patients presenting with encephalitis to improve its management.
ISSN: 0399-077X

hal-00875242
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875242
PUBMED : 22036519
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2011.07.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :   Diplôme : DEA
il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATION
Tropical rainforests are complex ecosystems, rarely investigated from ground-level. The canopy, highest part of the cover, can on the other hand be studied by several remote sensing tools. The aim of this study is to assess in what way the canopy is related to the forest structure below and the forest dynamic. We looked for correlation between the canopy texture (crown size) observed from aerial photographs and various parameters of the forest (spatial and demographic structure, forest dynamic, floristic structure). We worked on the Paracou experimental device, in French Guiana, at two different scales. 1- At a local scale (6.5 ha ; scale of the photographs 1: 4 000), we demarcated six sub-plots with big crowns in the canopy and six with small crowns. 2- At a forest scale (approximately one hundred ha ; scale of the photograph 1: 25 000), we compared 2 forest plots: one with a rough canopy texture and one with a smooth canopy texture. We found that the size of the crowns in the canopy do not express the same characteristics of the fore according to the scale of study : at the local scale, difference in crown size means a difference in basal area but not in density, while at the forest scale it is the opposite. Several hypotheses related to the sylvigenetic cycle, the floristic structure or the nature of the substratum are suggested to explain these results.
Les forêts tropicales humides (FTH) sont des écosystèmes complexes difficiles à étudier depuis le sol. Leur canopée, partie supérieure du couvert, est en revanche abordable par divers outils de télédétection. Cette étude vise à déterminer en quoi la structure de la canopée est le reflet de la structure forestière sous-jacente et de la dynamique spatio-temporelle qui s'y exerce. Nous avons donc recherché des corrélations, entre la texture de canopée (taille des couronnes) vue sur des photographies aériennes, et différents paramètres de la forêt sous-jacente (structure spatiale et démographique, dynamique forestière, structure floristique). Ce travail a été abordé sur le dispositif expérimental forestier de Paracou, en Guyane Française, à 2 échelles différentes. 1- A l'échelle de la parcelle (6,5 ha ; photographies au 1: 4 000), nous avons délimité des placettes à grosses couronnes en canopée et des placettes à petites couronnes. 2- A l'échelle du massif forestier (une centaine d'ha ; photographies IGN au 1: 25 000) nous comparons une parcelle de texture de canopée, grossière et une parcelle de texture fine. Le résultat principal de notre étude est que la taille des couronnes en canopée ne reflète pas les mêmes caractéristiques du couvert selon l'échelle de l’étude : à l'échelle de la parcelle, des différences de taille de couronnes traduisent des différences de surface terrière mais pas de densité, tandis qu'à l'échelle du massif forestier c'est l'inverse. Plusieurs hypothèses, invoquant des différences dans le stade sylvigénétique, la composition floristique ou la nature du substrat des placettes ou parcelles comparées, sont proposées pour expliquer ces résultats.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189180

hal-01189180
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189180
PRODINRA : 12184

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell
Résumé : Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.
Fish And Fisheries (1467-2960) (Wiley-blackwell), 2014-03 , Vol. 15 , N. 1 , P. 65-96

Droits : 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23522/21409.pdf
DOI:10.1111/faf.12007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00124/23522/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé :  
absent
Ecology and Management of a Neotropical Rainforest: lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana

ISBN : 2-84299-455-8
hal-01189479
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189479
PRODINRA : 41476

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le lien entre migration et Antilles françaises est souvent traité en termes d’émigration insulaire vers l’Hexagone. En effet, les flux les plus nombreux correspondent encore à ce mouvement centripète qui s’explique par une situation sociale tendue du fait de l’inadaptation entre l’offre de travail et les jeunes adultes en trop grand nombre. Pourtant les mobilités venant de Métropole existent avec le retour des Antillais au pays. Les Antilles attirent aussi les Métropolitains. La tertiairisation de l’économie, les investissements des grandes sociétés françaises ainsi que les dernières lois de défiscalisation ou celles concernant la création d’entreprises semblent favorisent le mouvement. L’article se propose d’analyser les moteurs de ces nouvelles formes de circulation migratoire entre la France métropolitaine et la Martinique, ainsi que l’insertion économique et les territorialités spécifiques des nouveaux acteurs.
The migration-West Indies nexus is often dealt with in terms of insular emigration towards Metropolitan France. Indeed, most of the flows are still characterised by a centripetal move that can be accounted for by the hiatus between job supply and the demographic importance of the youth. Nonetheless, Metropolitan-origin mobility exist with West Indian return migration as well as Metropolitan French migration. The boom of the service economy, investments from large French firms and recent advantageous fiscal laws favour this pattern. The article seeks to analyse the new driving forces behind the circular movement between Metropolitan France and Martinique, as well as the economic insertion and the specific territorialities of the new actors.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.932
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/932

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : During the year 1980, monthly observations were made on the distribution and dynamics of fish populations in two mangrove lagoons (Belle-Plaine and Manche-a-Eau). A total of 39 species was found in the two mangrove lagoons but the maximum number observed did not exceed 19 species for each sampling. The species were separated into four main groups: (1) the sedentary species which spend their whole life in the mangrove lagoons; (2) the species only represented by juvenile individuals (the greatest group); (3) the species occurring occasionally in the mangrove lagoon; (4) the species only observed during the reproduction period. Three demographic models were tested: the models of Preston, Motomura and MacArthur. Preston better fitted the population of Belle-Plaine (better value of the distance of Matusita). Motomura better suited the population of Manche-a-Eau, which can be explained by the dominance of a sedentary species, which adapts better to difficult ecological conditions.
Oceanologica Acta, Special issue (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1982

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35726/34234.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35726/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience

Background. Projections of medical demography show a decrease of number of doctors who practice in a rural setting and a low amount of general practitioners’ facilities.

Aim. To explore residents’ career choices and to determine their terms to settle in rural areas.
Methods. Qualitative study by groups interviews in five French cities with total of 33 residents. Thematic analysis was performed using the NVivo® software.
Results. Personal life strongly influenced residents’ career choices with a strong desire of free time. Residents considered working among a team rather than in a traditional group practice. They were interested by a practice in rural setting but countryside perceived as too far from urban centres and lacking of access to services. They also imagined the practice conditions as difficult and solitary. Many residents intended practicing in a “semi-rural” setting, the description of which could match with a significant part of the rural area.
Conclusion. If this declared craze for practice in “semi-rural” setting was confirmed, forecasts for some rural areas could be relativized. Public authorities’ attention should then be focused on rural areas far from urban centres and on territories characterized by lonesome medical practice.

Contexte. Les projections en termes de démographie médicale montrent une diminution du nombre de médecins exerçant en zone rurale, avec un faible nombre d’installations.
Objectif. Explorer les souhaits d’exercice des internes et recueillir leurs conditions pour exercer en zone rurale.
Méthode. Étude qualitative par entretiens collectifs dans cinq villes de France auprès de 33 internes. L’analyse thématique a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel NVivo®.
Résultats. La vie personnelle influençait fortement les souhaits d’exercice, avec un désir de préserver du temps libre. Les internes envisageaient un exercice en équipe, au-delà de l’exercice de groupe traditionnel. Ils étaient intéressés par l’exercice en milieu rural, mais le territoire rural leur apparaissait sans accès aux services et très éloigné des pôles urbains. Ils se représentaient également des conditions d’exercice difficiles et solitaires. De nombreux internes se projetaient dans un exercice en « semi-rural », dont la description pourrait correspondre à une partie non négligeable de l’espace rural.
Conclusion. Si cet engouement déclaré pour l’exercice en semi-rural venait à se confirmer, ces projections concernant certaines zones rurales pourraient être relativisées. L’attention des pouvoirs publics devrait alors se concentrer sur les zones rurales éloignées des pôles urbains et les territoires marqués par un exercice médical solitaire prédominant.

ISSN: 0998-3953

hal-01654623
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01654623
OKINA : ua16504

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La dernière édition de l’enquête Budget de Famille (2010-2011) de l’Insee comporte un suréchantillonnage de logements dans les départements d’outre-mer (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, Réunion et Mayotte devenue département français en 2011). Ces données permettent de dresser un panorama de la consommation des ménages résidant sur ces territoires. Des disparités peuvent alors être mises en évidence avec la France métropolitaine. En neutralisant des effets de structure des deux populations, il ressort que les ménages ultra-marins (à l’exception des Antilles) ont des dépenses de consommation plus faibles que les ménages métropolitains notamment pour les postes de l’alimentation, des loisirs et de la santé. Ils sont également un peu moins bien équipés en biens durables (véhicule, lave-linge, lave-vaisselle…). En revanche, quand on les interroge sur leur niveau de vie, les ménages ultra-marins ont — toutes choses égales par ailleurs — une perception plus positive de celui-ci que les métropolitains. Le département de Mayotte se singularise à la fois par les caractéristiques sociodémographiques de sa population, mais aussi par le faible niveau de consommation et d’équipement de ses ménages, corollaires d’un niveau de vie bien plus faible que dans les autres départements ultra-marins.
The last INSEE Family Budget Survey (2010–2011) oversamples housings in overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Réunion and Mayotte). Those data allow us to draw up an overview of household consumption on those territories. Disparities can be highlighted with metropolitan France. Neutralizing structural heterogeneity of populations, it emerges that ultramarine households (with the exception of Caribbean France) have lower spending than metropolitan households, notably for food, leisure and health. They are also less equipped with durable goods (vehicle, washing machine, dishwasher…). When they are questioned about their standard of living, ultramarine households have – ceteris paribus – a more positive perception than metropolitan households. Mayotte stands out both by socio-demographic characteristics of its population but also by the low level of consumption and equipment of its households. This is the result of very low standard of living of the local population.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11323
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11323

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Genetic variation is generally considered a prerequisite for adaptation to new environmental conditions. Thus the discovery of genetically depauperate but geographically widespread species is unexpected. We used 12 paternally inherited chloroplast microsatellites to estimate population genetic variation across the full range of an emblematic circum-Mediterranean conifer, stone pine (Pinus pinea L.). The same chloroplast DNA haplotype is fixed in nearly all of the 34 investigated populations. Such a low level of variation is consistent with a previous report of very low levels of diversity at nuclear loci in this species. Stone pine appears to have passed through a severe and prolonged demographic bottleneck, followed by subsequent natural- and human-mediated dispersal across the Mediterranean Basin. No other abundant and widespread plant species has as little genetic diversity as P. pinea at both chloroplast and nuclear markers. However, the species harbors a nonnegligible amount of variation at adaptive traits. Thus a causal relationship between genetic diversity, as measured by marker loci, and the evolutionary precariousness of a species, cannot be taken for granted
ISSN: 0014-3820

hal-01032062
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032062
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00294.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Background Although the French eating model may differ from those of other countries, no studies to date have investigated dietary patterns in a wide age range of adults and at the national level. We aimed to identify dietary patterns (DP) of French adults and assess their associations with demographic, socio-economic and behavioural factors. Methods The present study included 2624 adults (1087 men, 1537 women) aged 18–79 years from the cross-sectional national French INCA2 dietary survey. Dietary data were collected using a 7-day estimated food record. Clusters of DP were derived using principal component analysis and clustering, conjointly. Age-adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between DP and correlates. Results Five DP were identified, namely ‘traditional’, ‘prudent’, ‘diversified’, ‘processed’ and ‘sandwiches’. Men were more likely to follow a traditional diet and women the ‘prudent’ pattern. Members of the ‘processed’ and ‘sandwiches’ patterns were younger compared to non-members. Healthier dietary patterns were overall positively associated with a higher socio-economic position, healthier behaviours (in terms of sedentary behaviours and smoking status) and lower body mass index. Under-reporting of energy intake, restrictive diet to lose weight and dietary supplement consumption were also related to specific DP, although differentially in men and women. Associations with contextual factors (i.e. household composition, agglomeration size and region) were also observed. Conclusions The identification of adults’ dietary patterns and associated behaviours (all modifiable) is important for the conceptualisation of multi-behavioural programs. The additional information on social and environmental correlates is also essential for targeting the most vulnerable population groups in the context of such public health interventions
ISSN: 0952-3871

hal-01299975
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01299975
DOI : 10.1111/jhn.12315
PUBMED : 25233099

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This study constitutes one of the few works conducted on the colonization of recent lava flows by fish communities in coral reef environment. It attempted to describe the mechanisms of colonization and environmental variables infuencing the structure of communities on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano at Reunion Island. It also proposed some hypotheses on the mechanisms of selection and speciation of endemic species of thesouthwestern Indian Ocean region, particularly diversified on the most recent lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise, and provided a model of distribution of environmental and fish assemblage variables in four homogeneous patterns of colonization (landscapes) retained within the study area. The results showed fish community structure strongly related to measured environmental variables, of which depth, width of the island shelf, age of the lava flow and distance to the most recent lava flow were the most influential. It also appeared that the maximum endemic species richness was measured on the shallower stations, with narrow insular shelf, located on recent lava flows, near the lava flow from the eruption of 2007 (latest volcanic event). These characteristics define a harsh environment, to which endemic species seem well-adapted due in particular to their strong demographic and dietary flexibility. Finally, the patterns of colonization were characterized by significantly different environmental variables. The four homogeneous areas, defined by two geomorphological features, basalt blocks and drop-offs, nested within two locations, inside and outside the volcanic enclosure (current caldera), hosted fish communities whose dominant diets mainly depend on the nature, the abundance and the accessibility of available food resources. Overall, the study highlights that during early stages of ecological succession, site selection by fish communities is highly dependent on environmental constraints, specially of volcanic origin, but the physical habitat selection (geomorphology, substrate rugosity, percentage of soft substrate) seems to have littleimportance, while at least on the trophic structure and the distribution of endemic species.
ISSN: 0022-0981

hal-01253768
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253768
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253768/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253768/file/Pinault%20et%20al.%20-%202014%20-%20Fish%20community%20structure%20in%20relation%20to%20environmen_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2014.06.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ecological signs of Earth's biosphere forewarn an alarming trajectory towards a global mass-extinction. Assessing species performance and susceptibilities to decline is essential to comprehend and reverse this trend. Yet it is challenging, given difficulties associated with quantifying individual and population processes that are variable across time, space, and life-stages. We describe a new approach to estimating and comparing species performances that combines empirical data, a novel theoretical consideration of population dynamics, and modern statistics. Our approach allows for a more realistic continuous representation of individual performances along development stages while taking into account non-linearity, and natural variability as captured by spatio-temporally replicated observations. We illustrate its application in a coral meta-assemblage composed of populations of the three major reef-building taxa Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites. Using a unique set of highly replicated observations of individual coral dynamics under various environmental conditions, we show how taxa differ in their investment in recruitment and size-specific aptitude for growth and survival, notably through different use of clonal shrinkage, fragmentation, fission, and fusion processes. Our results reveal contrasting life-history trade-offs among taxa which, along with differing patterns of density-dependent recruitment, modulate species responses to decline. These differences in coral life history traits reflect opposing life-strategies, imply regulation at differing life-stages, and explain divergence in species trajectories. Our findings indicate a high potential for resilience in Pocillopora and Porites populations, thanks respectively to a sustained recruitment that promotes demographic elasticity through replacement of individuals, and a steady resistance to mortality which confers persistence through lingering of individuals. Resilience in Acropora appears more arbitrary, given high susceptibility to perturbations and dependency of recruitment on presence of established local populations. We identify management actions that can complement Acropora's life history and benefit recovery of its populations following mortality events. Our regression-modelling approach to quantifying and comparing species performances in different population processes is applicable to all taxa, as illustrated even those with complex clonal life histories, and can be implemented at wide spatio-temporal and taxonomic coverage. It can promote more accurate representation of species dynamics in both descriptive and predictive modelling approaches. The semi-parametric contrast curve method we develop facilitates comparing response variables along continuous explicative metrics while accounting for multiple sources of complexity in empirical data. It should widely benefit investigations in ecology and quantitative science.
ISSN: 1476-945X

hal-01212337
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212337
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.07.003

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article étudie l’évolution de la Consommation énergétique des ménages à La Réunion entre 1980 et 2005, en mettant l’accent sur le domaine de la consommation domestique d’électricité. Il montre que cet espace, autonome sur un plan énergétique au début des années 1980, a connu une dépendance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en ressources fossiles durant les deux dernières décennies, sous la pression des mutations démographiques, économiques et sociologiques engagées. Depuis le début des années 2000, sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques, essentiellement fiscales, La Réunion s’engage dans le développement des énergies renouvelables, essentiellement le photovoltaïque, en s’affichant en tête des régions françaises et européennes dans la maîtrise de cette production énergétique.
This article aims at studying the evolution of the domestic consumption of energy in Reunion island between 1980 and 2005 (electricity consumption). It shows that this area which reached its energetic autonomy at the beginning of the 80’s has known a strong dependency from fossil resources for the last two decades, due to the increasing pressures of demographic, economic and sociological factors. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, as a result of public policies impulsion (mainly fiscal policies), Reunion island has developed the use of renewable resources (essentially photovoltaic). It tends to be now one of the first French and European regions mastering this energy production process.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3476
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3476