Éditeur(s) : 10 th Meeting of the World Mariculture Society. Honolulu, January 1979
Résumé : Three shrimp species, Penaeus monodon, P. stylirostris (Panama and Mexican strains) and P. vannamei have matured and spawned in captivity at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) laboratory. The shrimp, originally stocked as juveniles or postlarvae, were reared to adult size in tanks and ponds and have completed the cycle: F3 generation for P. monodon, F2 for P. stylirostris (Panama strain) and P. vannamei and F1 for P. stylirostris (Mexican strain). Maturation occurs naturally under our rearing conditions or is induced by unilateral eyestalk ablation. Details are given on mating behavior, ovarian development, number of spawnings, egg viability and maintenance of captive brood stock. Partial results so far obtained for P. monodon and P. stylirostris clearly show a reared brood stock could sustain a commercial hatchery. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1979/acte-4423.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4423/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Vibrio tapetis is the marine bacterium responsible for the brown ring disease (BRD) affecting die manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Identification of V tapelis has been previously performed using biochemical criteria and serological procedures. All of these methods are time consuming and ill-adapted to individual screening. This study describes an oligonucleotidic probe (Vt446) and two PCR primers, deduced from the 16S rDNA sequence, allowing a fast and specific V tapetis identification using dot blot hybridisation and species-specific primed PCR (SSP-PCR). The probe and primers have been tested on 60 strains, including referenced Vibrio sp., Gram negative and positive bacteria, marine bacteria samples and isolated clam bacteria. For all the 19 V tapetis strains, the results of PCR assays consistently corroborated those of the agglutination tests. The detection limit was estimated to be 10(2) CFU ml(-1). The SSP-PCR method has resulted in V tapetis detection in larvae, m diseased clams, and in asymptomatic broodstock clams that later developed BRD. In conclusion, the two SSP-PCR primers were useful for direct and fast identification of V tapetis strains isolated in clams, and are well suited for the screening of individual R. philippilnarum broodstock clams and larvae from the hatchery. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-03 , Vol. 253 , N. 1-4 , P. 25-38

Droits : 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1692.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.047
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1692/

Résumé : Penaeus stylirostris shrimp imported from Hawaii for a genetic program and kept at the Saint-Vincent research facility had progressively developed a high sensitivity to IHHNV, the etiological agent of the Infectious, Hypodermic, and Hematopoietic Necrosis. Fears were that the virus could not only be transferred to their offspring, but also that the New Caledonian strain of Penaeus stylirostris, so far considered as resistant, could become sensitive by an off balance of its hosts/pathogen equilibrium. In October 2008, a joint decision between Uprac (shimp owner), Davar (New Caledonian Animal Health Authority) and Ifremer (scientific partner) was taken to terminate all pure breed and hybrid Hawaiian populations remaining in the ponds, and to implement an intensive fallowing protocol, and controlled restocking. IHHNV was also suspected to trouble experiments carried out in the research facility (mortalities, deformities, slow growth), thus affecting research programs. Difficulties pointed out by IHHNV have triggered since 2008 some awareness on biosecurity issues at some level of the New Caledonian shrimp industry. At the St-Vincent research station, it led to a risk assessment and implementation of biosecurity procedures (fallowing, propagation, grow out and use of screened animals) which minimizes the risk of expression of IHHNV. The use of a brand new hatchery building on site also helped in resetting routine hygiene procedures during production and in controlling incoming and outgoing items (shrimp, water, feed, personnel, equipment, pests and wastes). IHHNV has not been detected on analysed samples since then nor have any symptoms been found during experimental or broodstock growout. Keeping this control alive is considered as a useful tool to lower the risk of potential health threats, to get a better understanding in case of an outbreak, and to increase the reliability of experimental results.
Les crevettes originaires d’Hawaii et conservées au LEAD St-Vincent, dans le cadre du programme d’introduction de variabilité génétique dans le cheptel Calédonien, ont progressivement montré une sensibilité importante au virus IHHNV, agent de la Nécrose Hypodermale et Hématopoïétique Infectieuse (mortalité, croissance ralentie, déformations). Les risques d’une transmission génétique de cette sensibilité à leur descendance à moyen terme, et de son développement par rupture de l’équilibre hôte/pathogène sur la souche dite « Calédonienne » jusqu’alors considérée comme résistante à l’IHHN, ont conduit à partir d’octobre 2008, avec l’accord et l’appui de l’UPRAC et de la DAVAR, à la suppression des animaux hawaiiens ou hybrides encore présents dans les bassins de terre du LEAD St-Vincent, au vide sanitaire de ces derniers, et au repeuplement contrôlé du site. D’autre part, le virus IHHN est soupçonné d’avoir pu affecter les animaux utilisés dans les expérimentations menées au LEAD-St-Vincent (mortalités, déformations, croissance réduite), influençant donc potentiellement leur bon déroulement et celui des programmes de recherches. Les obstacles soulevés par l’expression du virus IHHN ont donc initié depuis 2008 une prise de conscience et la mise en place de démarches de biosécurité dans certains points de la filière. A la station de St-Vincent, cette démarche s’est traduite par une identification/évaluation des risques et l’application de mesures (vide sanitaire, reproduction, élevage et utilisation des animaux contrôlés) chacune dotée de procédures qui regroupées, minimisent le risque d’introduction et de dissémination de l’IHHNV. La prise en main de la nouvelle structure d’écloserie sur le site de la SASV a également été mise à profit pour revoir les procédures d’hygiène de routine dans la conduite des productions et dans le contrôle des flux intrants et sortants (animaux, eau, aliments, personnel, équipement, nuisibles, déchets). Aucune détection d’IHHNV sur les échantillons prélevés n’a depuis été observée, de même qu’aucun symptôme de l’expression de cette maladie sur les animaux en élevage sur le site de Saint-Vincent. La poursuite de ces mesures est envisagée comme un outil d’aide à la minimisation des problèmes potentiels, à leur compréhension en cas d’apparition, et à la fiabilisation des résultats.

Droits : 2010 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00118/22949/20776.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00118/22949/

Éditeur(s) : Actes de colloques Ifremer, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 20 Feb - 4 Mar 1989, n°9, chap. 62, pp.661-675
Résumé : The red drum Sciaenops ocellata (Linneaus, 1766) was introduced in Martinique (F.W.I.) from the United States (Texas and Florida). Thirteen intensive larval rearing attempts, from 7 batches of imported eggs, have been conducted for two years.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1434.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1434/

Éditeur(s) : World Aquaculture Society, Aquaculture 2006
Résumé : Oysters are among the most familiar of all marine invertebrate taxa. However our knowledge of oyster phylogeny and systematics is fragmentary. This is principally due to the plastic growth patterns of these animals, which result in a wide range of overlapping, ecophenotypic variants that greatly reduce the value of analysis based on shell morphology. Besides that, many intentional or accidental anthropogenic transfers have emphasised this situation. In several cases of misclassification or misidentification of oysters, DNA molecular data, have provided valuable new insights on the tracing of introductions or more generally on the phylogeographic relationships between oyster species. We will illustrate this issue with recent case studies from our lab on several flat and cupped oysters: (1) the Crassostrea gigas – Crassostrea angulata couple of Asian species and their successive introductions in Europe, (2) the new species of cupped oysters, Crassostrea honkongensis, described in Hong-Kong and very divergent from the species Crassostrea gigas it was initially supposed to be, (3) the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar that was shown not only to be present along the coasts of Western Africa but also along the Atlantic coasts of South America, and (4) the geographic disjunction between Ostreola stentina, described in the Mediterranean Sea, and the genetically closely related species Ostrea aupouria (from New Zealand) and Ostreola equestris (from Mexico Gulf/Atlantic). At the intra specific level, we will focus on one of the main documented case in Europe, the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. It is a marine bivalve whose natural geographical distribution ranges along the European Atlantic coast from Norway to Morocco, in addition to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Studies of allozymes, microsatellites and mitochondrial differentiation over the whole range concluded that a significant divergence existed between Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. However, the average mitochondrial haplotypic diversity displayed a high among populations variance, reflecting smaller effective population size in some locations. Additionally, a ten-fold quantitative difference was observed in the same study in Fst between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes, which could be due to sex biased differential reproductive success between males and females. In order to further document this hypothesis, two experiments at the population level were conducted. First, brooding females were sampled in a wild population and the number of males fertilizing a given female estimated. Then, parentage analyses were achieved under experimental conditions: successive mass spawnings were collected from a population of potential genitors kept in hatchery, whose genotypes were known, in order to infer a posteriori the relative contribution of each genitor. Moreover, we aimed to better understand the reproduction dynamics of this species. Several patterns of spawning could be distinguished: unique, successive or extended in time. The different parental contributions and reproductive behaviors observed in these experiments are discussed in the context of the hypothesis of a variance in the reproductive success of males and females and consequences in local and temporal reduced effective population sizes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/acte-3475.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3475/

Éditeur(s) : Proceedings of 16th annual meeting of the World Mariculture Society; Orlando, Fla, USA. 13-17 Jan. 1985
Résumé : The clearwater larval rearing method for Macrobrachium rosenbergii was perfected in the french research center of Tahiti in 1977 nad carried on to improve the technique especially on recirculating system. This aquaculture is launched in Martinique by the regional council in 1976. A first "green water" hatchery is built and provides juveniles to the first ponds.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00040/15165/12502.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00040/15165/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : In this study, three microdiets were tested on weaning of Florida pompano larvae: Otohime, Gemma and a reference diet LR803. The experimental system was stocked with 11-day-old larvae, which were co-fed micro-diets and live food from 11 dph to 17 dph then micro-diets only until 28 dph. Survival from 11 dph to 28 dph was similar for all treatments, with an average of 33%. At the end of the trial, the Gemma larvae were significantly longer and heavier than larvae fed the other diets. Significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition of the diets and larvae between treatments. The Gemma larvae incorporated the lowest amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). However, they had the highest DHA/EPA and ARA/EPA ratios, which is in agreement with the concept that the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids could be of greater importance than their absolute amount. Results from the enzyme analysis suggest that fishmeal is suitable as the main protein source for Florida pompano larvae compared to krill meal. This study gives new insights on Florida pompano early nutritional requirements and demonstrated the full functionality of the pancreas at 16 days post hatch, opening possibilities of an earlier weaning time.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-02 , Vol. 422 , P. 268-276

Droits : 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00169/28067/26282.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00169/28067/

Éditeur(s) : Co-tutelle Al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste - Université de Bretagne occidentale
Résumé : The interest in probiotics for aquaculture is increasing rapidly. In the present work we evaluated the potential of some yeast to induce the larvae gut maturation in sea bass larvae Dicentrarchus labrax. The production of polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine was quantified in ten yeast strains using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Afterwards, fluorescently labelled yeast adhesion to the intestine of sea bass larvae and the spotted sand bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus) was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. Two of them, CBS 8339 strain (Debaryomyces hansenii) and X2180 strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) produce the polyamines of our interest. The same strains showed the best adhering capabilities to the sea bass and spotted sand bass intestine. Both strains were selected and introduced by pulverization into the diet of larvae. The larvae fed with CBS 8339 strain, increase survival in 8.3% but not in their weight. The secretion of trypsin and amylase as well as those from the brush border membrane: alkaline phosphatase, maltase and leucine aminopeptidase, are incresed at 27 days after hatching (dah). At 42 dah difference in the enzyme activity of the different groups does not exist, suggesting a maturation of the digestive system in early stages of larval development. A second experiment was carried out to know the effect of different levels of incorporation into the diet of CBS 8339 strain: 1.1% and 5.7%. The minimum level, 1.1% of yeast produce best growth and survival rates, as well as lower deformed larvae than those obtained by 5.7% and the control one. Both level of yeast inclusion favored the trypsin secretion and lipase activity at 26 dah. Whereas mRNA levels for trypsin and amylase were influenced by both yeast concentrations at 26 and 36 dah, which suggest a development of digestive capacity of larvae as a result of the presence of polyamines secreted by the yeast.
Les probiotiques ont été définis comme des préparations microbiennes vivantes utilisées comme additif alimentaire, et qui ont une action bénéfique sur l'animal hôte en améliorant la digestion et l'hygiène intestinale. L'application de tels traitements aux productions aquacoles suscite un intérêt qui s'accroît rapidement. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l'effet de souches de levures sur la maturation de l'intestin des larves du bar Dicentrarchus labrax. Ces souches produisent des polyamines qui sont impliquées dans la réplication et la différentiation cellulaire, ainsi que dans la synthèse des protéines et des acides nucléiques. Dix souches de levures ont été testées pour leur production de polyamines (putrescine, spermidine et spermine), et pour leur adhérence à la paroi intestinale du bar et la cabrilla (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus). La production des polyamines a été analysée en utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC). Les levures selectionées ont été marquées avec un composé fluorescent pour tester leur adhérence a l'intestin de larves de bar et de juvéniles de cabrilla. L'adhérence a pu ainsi être evaluée par observation microscopique en épifluorescence. Les souches CBS 8339 (Debaryomyces hansenii) et X2180 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ont été choisies pour leur forte production de spermidine et de spermine, respectivement, et pour leur capacité d'adhérence à l'intestin du bar et de la cabrilla. Les deux souches ont été ajoutées par pulvérisation au régime des larves. Nous avons observé une augmentation de 8.3% du taux de survie avec les larves alimentées avec la souche CBS 8339, mais le poids moyen de ces larves était inférieur à celui obtenu sans ajout de levure. Une augmentation de l'activité de la trypsine et de l'amylase, aussi bien que des activités enzymatiques dans la bordure en brosse, aminopeptidase, phosphatase alkaline et maltase, ont été observées dans les larves âgées de 27 jours alimentées avec la souche CBS 8339. Au jour 42, il n'existait plus de différence d'activité enzymatique entre les larves traitées ou non avec la levure. Ces résultats suggèrent que la maturation du système digestif a été accélérée chez les larves nourries avec la levure, la maturation étant achevée chez les larves de 42 jours, qu'elles aient reçu l'un ou l'autre régime. Une deuxième expérience a été effectuée pour étudier l'effet de différents niveaux d'incorporation dans le régime contenant 1,1% et 5,7% de levure CBS 8339. L'incorporation de 1,1% a induit une augmentation du poids moyen et du taux de survie des larves, ainsi qu'une réduction du taux de malformation de la colonne vertébrale, par rapport aux résultats obtenus avec 0 ou 5,7% de levure. Les deux niveaux d'incorporation de la levure ont favorisé l'activité de la trypsine et de la lipase au jour 26. Les niveaux d'ARNm codant pour la synthèse de la trypsine et de l'amylase ont été influencés par les deux doses de levure aux jours 26 et 36. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'une faible dose de levure améliore le développement et la capacité digestive des larves, et nous formulons l'hypothèse que cette efficacité est due à la production de polyamines in situ. Le rôle des polyamines est particulièrement important pendant les phases de forte croissance comme les stades larvaires, mais elles peuvent être toxiques à dose trop élevée. L'incorporation de levure dans l'aliment destiné aux larves semble donc une excellente méthode pour délivrer les polyamines chez l'animal hôte.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2002/these-103.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/103/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The consequences of handling stress (fishing, transfer, eyestalk ablation) on shrimp broodstock are poorly documented. The weakness of farmed shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris, during winter is a major problem in New Caledonia, because of seasonal climate (tropical-sub-temperate). The transfer of broodstock in winter from earthen outdoor ponds to indoor maturation tanks in the hatchery (T=20 degrees C, Salinity=35 parts per thousand, fed shrimp) usually leads, after 48 h, to high mortality (up to 70%). Eyestalk ablation to induce ovarian maturation in females leads to further mortality. Starting from a background analysis of physiological disturbances (initial osmoregulatory imbalance) associated with handling stress (Wabete, N., Chim, L., Lernaire, P., Massabuau, J.-C., 2004. Caracterisation de problemes de physiologie respiratoire et d'echanges ioniques associes A la manipulation chez la crevette peneide Litopenaeus stylirostris a 20 degrees C. Styli 2003. Trente ans de crevetticulture en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Ed. Ifremer. Actes Colloq. 38, 75-84.), we developed aprotocol using a soft technology, based on modifications of water salinity, temperature and feeding regime. The aim was to minimize problems of osmoregulatory imbalance and associated mortalities. The protocol we developed, called the LSD OT protocol (Low Salinity and Diet, Optimal Temperature), was first evaluated on sub-adult shrimp (20-25 g) and then applied to broodstock. Survival after transfer and following eyestalk ablation, as well as reproductive achievement (spawning rate, nauplii number) was considerably improved when shrimps were transferred under "physiological comfort" i.e. warmed isosmotic water (26 degrees C and 26 parts per thousand) and unfed for 3 d. This new handling protocol, based on a better control of salinity, temperature and feeding conditions, has been transferred successfully to private hatcheries and already contributes to an increased profitability of New-Caledonian shrimp industry. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-09 , Vol. 260 , N. 1-4 , P. 181-193

Droits : 2006 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1880.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.041
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1880/