Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. Faculté de Droit et de Sciences économiques de la Guadeloupe
Description : Dans les pays capitalistes occidentaux, la recherche du profit s'organise à partir d'une exploitation de la force de travail. Lorsque, comme dans les néo-colonies de ces pays occidentaux, la recherche du profit franchit le seuil de la surexploitation de la force de travail, elle devient pwofitasyon. Elle repose de surcroît non pas sur une "simple" marchandisation de la force de travail, mais sur sa déshumanisation - son démounaj. Les concepts de démounaj et de pwofitasyon ont été forgés à partir de la culture et du vécu des Guadeloupéens. Ils sont au coeur de la problématique sociétale actuelle de la Guadeloupe.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 20
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V13106
V13106

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Studies relating long-term exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) with endocrine activities (endocrine disrupting chemicals) on circulating levels of steroid hormones have been limited to a small number of hormones and reported conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship between serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, androstenediol, testosterone, free and bioavailable testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, estrone sulphate, estradiol, sex-hormone binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone as a function of level of exposure to three POPs known to interfere with hormone-regulated processes in different way: dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 153, and chlordecone. METHODS: We collected fasting, morning serum samples from 277 healthy, non obese, middle-aged men from the French West Indies. Steroid hormones were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, except for dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, which was determined by immunological assay, as were the concentrations of sex-hormone binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Associations were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for confounding factors, in a backward elimination procedure, in multiple bootstrap samples. RESULTS: DDE exposure was negatively associated to dihydrotestosterone level and positively associated to luteinizing hormone level. PCB 153 was positively associated to androstenedione and estrone levels. No association was found for chlordecone. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the endocrine response pattern, estimated by determining blood levels of steroid hormones, varies depending on the POPs studied, possibly reflecting differences in the modes of action generally attributed to these compounds. It remains to be investigated whether this response pattern is predictive of the subsequent occurrence of disease.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-00876025
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876025
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876025/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876025/file/Persistent_Organochlorine-accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0066460

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Banana has been a main agricultural product in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) since the 1960s. This crop requires the intensive use of pesticides to prevent attacks by insect pests. Chlorinated pesticides, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlordecone and dieldrin, were used until the beginning of the 1990s, resulting in a generalized diffuse contamination of the soil and water in the areas of banana production, hence the need to develop solutions for cleanup of the polluted sites. The aims of this work were (i) to assess lindane degradation in soil slurry microcosms treated with lindane at 10 mg/L and (ii) to detect the catabolic genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway. The soil slurry microcosm system showed a 40 % lindane degradation efficiency at the end of a 30-day experiment. Lower lindane removal was also detected in the abiotic controls, probably caused by pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Indeed, the lindane concentration decreased from 6000 to 1330 ng/mL and from 800 to 340 ng/mL for the biotic and abiotic soils, respectively. Nevertheless, some of the genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from crude deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the Guadeloupe agricultural soil, suggesting that HCH degradation is probably mediated by bacteria closely related to the family Sphingomonadaceae.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01545905
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545905
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-5875-7

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : There is substantial social unrest underlying the prevailing neocolonial political and societal structure in Martinique. It is burdened with chronic high rate of unemployment rate and continuing rising cost of imported food and other basic necessities of life. Banana is the foremost plantation crop grown in Martinique. There is also an ecological disaster arising from the widespread use of carcinogenic chlordecone for controlling banana pests for more than 3 decades. Although this practice had stopped in 2003, the recalcitrant pesticide remained largely in the soil. The challenge to create meaningful new jobs under these social-economic and environmental constraints is thus formidable.
C’est sous le prisme de la structure politique et sociale néocoloniale qu’il convient d’appréhender l'importante agitation sociale de la Martinique. L’île est marquée par un taux élevé et dépend d’importations alimentaires et autres dont les prix ne cessent d’augmenter. La banane, culture de plantation qui a structuré les logiques économiques de la Martinique, est à l’origine d’une catastrophe écologique en raison de l'utilisation généralisée de chlordécone cancérogène pour lutter contre les parasites pendant plus de trois décennies. Bien que cette pratique ait cessé en 2003, le pesticide récalcitrant est resté en grande partie dans le sol. Le défi est de créer de nouveaux emplois, intéressants, dans ce contexte marqué par de lourdes contraintes socio-économiques et environnementaux.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6073
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6073

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
To study the associations between occupation, industry and prostate cancer risk in Guadeloupe, a high incidence area. Incident cases of prostate cancer (707 cases) and 722 population controls were included. Information on lifetime occupational history and other potential risk factors was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). A significantly decreased risk was observed in farmers (OR=0.5; CI 0.4-0.7), whereas marginally elevated ORs were found for farm workers, especially in sugarcane and banana farming. Banana plantation workers had been exposed to chlordecone, an estrogenic insecticide previously found to be associated with prostate cancer risk in this population. Significantly increased risks of prostate cancer were found in stock clerks (OR=2.7; CI 1.0-7.2), fishermen (OR=2.0; CI 1.0-4.0), mail distribution clerks (OR=7.7; CI 1.7-34.4) and electricians employed for more than 20 years (OR=4.0; CI 1.0-15.8), as well as in public administration (OR=1.8; CI 1.2-2.9), retail trade (OR=2.6; CI 1.1-6.0) and manufacture of food products (OR=2.0; CI 1.1-3.9), particularly sugar (OR=13.2; IC 1.6-108). Non-significantly elevated ORs were also seen for construction workers and transport equipment operators. Although the overall findings suggest that occupational factors have only a limited role in prostate cancer aetiology, elevated risks of prostate cancer were found in several occupations or industries. Exposure to pesticides, solvents, traffic-related air pollution, low physical activity, whole-body vibration may explain some of these increased risks.
Challenges for Occupational Epidemiology in the 21st Century EPICOH 2014
Chicago, United States

hal-01118558
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118558
DOI : 10.1136/oemed-2014-102362.312
PUBMED : 25018167

Résumé : Spiny lobsters are an important component of the coastal fisheries around the Martinique island. This study aimed to assess the contamination by kepone of the two main species Panulirus argus and P. guttatus in the main fishery area laying along the eastern coast of Martinique. The objectives of the study were to describe the distribution of the spiny lobster contamination in the area, to explore possible relationships with some biological parameters such as individual size, sex and colour of tegument, as well as characterize difference of kepone concentration between the muscle and soft flesh of the head, in view of helping the definition of further fishery management measures. The analyses were done from chemical analyses of 125 samples of spiny lobsters gathered from 2008 to 2010 all around the island, and from a specific set of 200 new observations from a specific survey carried out in 2011 in the study area. For both species, the results show a diffusion of the contamination all over the coral shoals, close to contaminated catchment basins, with a strong decrease just outside these areas. For the Caribbean spiny lobster, a strong relationship between kepone concentration and individual size was identified, and less for the Spotted spiny lobster. For the two species, the concentration of kepone found in soft flesh of the head was more than twice as in the muscle. Finally, the difference of contamination between the two species appeared strongly linked with their biology.
La langouste blanche Panulirus argus et la langouste brésilienne P. guttatus représentent environ 25 % du chiffre d’affaires des pêcheurs professionnels de Martinique. Une part très importante des captures de ces espèces proviennent du platier continental de la zone centre-atlantique de l’île. L’étude réalisée en 2011 visait à approfondir les connaissances sur la distribution de la contamination par la chlordécone des langoustes dans la zone centre- atlantique de la Martinique, d’explorer d’éventuelles relations entre cette contamination et des paramètres biologiques des individus comme la taille, le sexe et leur pigmentation tégumentaire, et d’analyser la différence de contamination entre la queue et les chairs molles du céphalothorax, en vue d’aider à la définition de mesures de réglementation de la pêche dans ce secteur. L’étude s’appuie sur un ensemble de 125 échantillons rassemblés de 2008 à 2010 pour les deux espèces autour de la Martinique, complétés par 200 échantillons constitués pour la présente étude dans la zone centre-atlantique en 2011. Le rapport est précédé d’un rappel d’éléments sur la biologie et sur l’état de la pêche des langoustes en Martinique. Pour les deux espèces, l’étude met en évidence une extension de la contamination à l’ensemble du platier corallien au pied des bassins versants contaminés, puis une nette diminution au-delà. Pour la langouste blanche, cette contamination est en relation avec la taille des individus, en liaison avec leur plongée progressive vers le large. Cette relation avec la taille est moins marquée pour la langouste brésilienne, espèce beaucoup plus inféodée aux eaux littorales. Pour les deux espèces, les chairs molles du céphalothorax apparaissent plus de deux fois plus contaminées que le muscle caudal. Les différences de contamination observées entre langouste blanche et la langouste brésilienne sont cohérentes avec les connaissances sur la biologie de chaque espèce.

Droits : Délégation Antilles
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00088/19971/17638.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00088/19971/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides constitute a major class of persistent and toxic organic pollutants, known to modulate drug-detoxifying enzymes. In the present study, OCs were demonstrated to also alter the activity and expression of human hepatic drug transporters. Activity of the sinusoidal influx transporter OCT1 (organic cation transporter 1) was thus inhibited by endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, lindane, and dieldrine, but not by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers, whereas those of the canalicular efflux pumps MRP2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 2) and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) were blocked by endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, and chlordecone; this latter OC additionally inhibited the multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1)/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. OCs, except endosulfan, were next found to induce MDR1/P-gp and MRP2 mRNA expressions in hepatoma HepaRG cells; some of them also upregulated BCRP. By contrast, expression of sinusoidal transporters was not impaired (organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP2B1) or was downregulated (sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and OCT1). Such regulations of drug transporter activity and expression, depending on the respective nature of OCs and transporters, may contribute to the toxicity of OC pesticides.
ISSN: 1095-6670

hal-01063656
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063656
DOI : 10.1002/jbt.21543
PUBMED : 24464585

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0002-9262

hal-01010674
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01010674
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwt315
PUBMED : 24401564

Résumé : Kepone contamination of French West Indies marine environments is scarcely known. Contaminated soils particles are carried by rivers from terrestrial zones to the coastal marine sediments where they settle. Thus coastal sediments potential function as a sink for them, but also as a source of contamination for the marine biota. Therefore, they can be of major importance both in relation with the origin of the catchment area contamination and with the potential impact of this contamination on the benthic ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to characterize the marine deposits in order to define the spatial extent of the contamination and to determine the temporal stages of this contamination in the superficial sedimentary column (about one half-meter deep). Two neighbouring bays were chosen along the south-atlantic coasts of the Martinique Island, the Robert Bay, where different previous studies have been already performed, and the Galion Bay, which also present important environmental concerns. The results (i) confirm the general low rate of kepone contamination in the Robert Bay superficial sediments, while the influence of the river is more pronounced in the Galion Bay for which sediment samples from the proximity of the river outfall are more contaminated, (ii) relativize the role of organic matter associated to the finer particle in the little contaminated marine sediments (iii) and at last, differentiate strongly the contamination of the two bays due to specific characteristic parameters. So, it apparears that the sedimentary dynamics and mineralogical cohorts undoubtedly should explain the discrepancies in the contamination of the sediments between the two bays, also characterized by very different humus-clayed compounds in the soils of each catchment basin.
La connaissance de la contamination des milieux marins antillais par la chlordécone est fragmentaire. Or, la fonction potentielle de ‘puits’, mais également de ‘source’, qu’assurent les sédiments littoraux suite au transfert de la molécule des sols terrestres jusqu’aux fonds marins devrait leur confèrer un rôle majeur dans leur relation avec les écosystèmes benthiques comme dans leur connexion avec les bassins versants correspondants. Du fait de la méconnaissance sédimentologique de ces milieux, le double objectif de la présente étude était de caractériser ces fonds afin de cerner l’extension spatiale de la contamination en chlordécone et de déterminer les phases temporelles de cette dernière dans la colonne sédimentaire superficielle (environ quarante premiers centimètres). Les zones d’étude choisies sont deux baies sud-atlantiques martiniquaises adjacentes, le havre du Robert, déjà retenu comme zone-atelier pour des études antérieures sur la dynamique du bassin versant, et la baie du Galion faisant l’objet de préoccupations environnementales et de travaux scientifiques prévus sur le bassin versant attenant. Les résultats obtenus conduisent à : (i) confirmer le faible taux de contamination générale des sédiments du havre du Robert, alors que l’influence de la rivière à débit significatif de la baie du Galion marque en ce sens les sédiments proches de son exutoire ; (ii) relativiser le rôle de la matière organique liée aux particules les plus fines dans cette faible contamination marine des sédiments et enfin (iii) différencier fortement la contamination des deux baies à partir de paramètres caractéristiques. Les dynamiques sédimentaires et les cortèges minéralogiques constituent sans aucun doute des pistes explicatives aux différences de contamination des sédiments entre les deux baies dont les bassins versants sont également caractérisés par des sols présentant des composés argilo-humiques très différents.

Droits : 2012 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00071/18247/15810.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00071/18247/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Chlordecone (CLD) was an organochlorine insecticide whose previous use resulted in an extensive pollution of the environment with severe health effects and social consequences. A closely related compound, 5b-hydrochlordecone (5b-hydroCLD), has been searched for and often detected in environmental matrices from the geographical area where CLD was applied. The current consensus considered that its presence was not the result of a biotic or abiotic dechlorination of CLD in these matrices but rather the consequence of its presence as impurity (synthesis by-product) in the CLD released into the environment. The aim of the present study was to determine if and to what extent degradation of CLD into 5b-hydroCLD occurred in the field. To test this hypothesis, the ratios of 5b-hydroCLD and CLD concentrations in a dataset of 810 soils collected between 2006 and 2012 in Martinique were compared to the ratios measured in 3 samples of the CLD dust commercial formulations applied in the banana fields of French West Indies (FWI) and 1 sample of the technical-grade CLD corresponding to the active ingredient used in such formulations. Soil data were processed with a hierarchical Bayesian model to account for random measurement errors and data censoring. Any pathway of CLD transformation into 5b-hydroCLD occurring over the long term in FWI soils would indeed change the ratio of 5b-hydroCLD/CLD compared to what it was in the initially applied formulations. Results showed a significant increase of the 5b-hydroCLD/CLD ratio in the soils-25 times greater in soil than in commercial formulations-which suggested that natural CLD transformation into 5b-hydroCLD over the long term occurred in these soils. Results from this study may impact future decisions for the remediation of the polluted areas.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01347150
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01347150
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01347150/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01347150/file/Devault_15973.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-4865-0