Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La vulnérabilité croissante aux aléas extrêmes et les conséquences du changement climatique accentuent l’exposition des Antilles françaises aux risques naturels. Dans ce contexte, la Caisse Centrale de Réassurance par son rôle dans l’indemnisation des Catastrophes naturelles en France cherche à consolider ses connaissances sur les ouragans et les phénomènes induits comme les submersions, les inondations ou les glissements de terrain.À partir des archives antillaises et métropolitaines, une reconstruction de l’intensité des ouragans survenus depuis le début du xviie siècle a été possible. Elle permet ainsi d’évaluer l’exposition des territoires antillais. L’analyse des dommages a permis de proposer une évaluation des enjeux et ainsi saisir la construction de la vulnérabilité. Les réponses apportées en matière de gestion du risque depuis le xviie attestent de la volonté d’assurer la protection des enjeux et des populations et mettent en avant les relations entre risque et aménagement du territoire.
The rising vulnerability to Extreme hazard and the consequences of climate change increase the exposure of French Antilles to natural hazards. Therefore, the French reinsurance company Caisse Centrale de Réassurance aims to develop its scientific knowledge of hurricanes and induced phenomena like storm surges, floods and landslides.With the study of historical archives, located in the Antilles and Metropolitean France, it was possible to build an exhaustive hurricane Severity chronology since the 17th century. Then, a detailed damage analysis in specific strategic areas has offered the opportunity to assess the evolution of the vulnerability of the French Antilles societies. Furthermore, the Risk Management policies, since the 17th century, attest the willingness to protect strategic areas and populations and highlight the link between risk and land use.
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Saint-Martin
Saint-Barthélemy

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7176
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7176

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic and healthcare use characteristics in the participation in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening in the French West Indies. We used data from a national health survey conducted in 2014 in Martinique (n=2026) and Guadeloupe (n=2028). Logistic regressions adjusted for various sociodemographic and morbidity variables were performed. The following determinants were investigated: having hot water at home, having received income support for low-income individuals during the last year, educational level, occupational class, complementary health insurance, healthcare renouncement and visit to the general practitioner (GP) during the last year. Multiple imputations were performed to account for missing values. We observed the following cancer screening rates: 78.1% for cervical cancer, 81.5% for breast cancer and 59.5% (women) and 50.8% (men) for colorectal cancer. Higher cervical cancer screening participation was reported among women with qualified occupation and having visited the GP during the last year and lower participation among women who never worked. Higher screening participation was reported among participants having hot water at home and having visited the GP during the last year for breast and colorectal (men and women) cancer. Unexpectedly, a lower colorectal cancer screening participation was found among women with qualified occupation. We observed social inequalities in participation in cancer screening in the French West Indies, which stresses the need to continue efforts to increase screening rates in this population.
ISSN: 0959-8278

hal-01525894
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01525894
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01525894/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01525894/file/Menvielle_2016_Socioeconomic_and.pdf
DOI : 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000329

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : International audience
Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women in French Guiana. Studies have shown that populations living in the remote areas of the interior have early sexual debut and that multiple sexual partnerships are common. The objective of the present study was thus to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in these areas. A study was conducted in women aged 20-65 years with previous sexual activity. Women were included on a voluntary basis after using local media and leaders to inform them of the visit of the team. HPV infection was defined by the detection of HPV DNA using the Greiner Bio-One kit. In addition to HPV testing cytology was performed. The overall age-standardized prevalence rate was 35%. There was a U-shaped evolution of HPV prevalence by age with women aged >50 years at highest risk for HPV, followed by the 20-29 years group. Twenty-seven percent of women with a positive HPV test had normal cytology. Given the high incidence of cervical cancer in French Guiana and the high prevalence of HPV infections the present results re-emphasize the need for screening for cervical cancer in these remote areas. Vaccination against HPV, preferably with a nonavalent vaccine, also seems an important prevention measure. However, in this region where a large portion of the population has no health insurance, this still represents a challenge.
ISSN: 0950-2688

inserm-01476015
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476015
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476015/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476015/file/High%20prevalence%20HPV%20infection%20in%20women%20living%20in%20the%20remote%20territories%20of%20French%20Guiana%20STD.pdf
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476015/file/Table%203.pdf

Résumé : After 12 years of a difficult start, the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) breeding projects are multiplying. Faced with the constraints presented by the sites used in the past, farming at sea seems to offer conditions more conducive to the growth and survival of the animals. The zootechnical data from the farm makes it possible to link the rate of growth and the thermal profile of the site. Risks and uncertainties still weigh heavily on aquafarming projects, but solutions such as insurance are helping to improve their economic feasibility. The economic and financial analysis comes up with good overall profitability of the project, even if the duration of the breeding cycle and the necessity to ensure a progressive increase in operating capacity make the start-up phase long and not very lucrative.
(OCR non controlé) Après 12 années d'un démarrage difficile, les projets d'élevage du loup (Dicentrarchus labrax) se multiplient. Face aux contraintes que présentent les sites utilisés par le passé, l'élevage en mer semble offrir des conditions plus favorables à la croissance et à la survie des animaux. Les données zootechniques de l'élevage permettent de mettre en relation la vitesse de croissance et le profil thermique du site. Risques et incertitudes pèsent encore lourdement sur les projets aquacoles, mais des solutions telles que l'assurance contribuent à améliorer leur faisabilité économique. L'analyse économique et financière conclut à une bonne rentabilité globale du projet même si la durée du cycle d'élevage et la nécessité d'assurer une montée en puissance progressive de l'exploitation rendent la phase de démarrage longue et peu rémunératrice.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/rapport-2417.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2417/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Résumé : International audience
The main biological function of reaction wood is to act as " muscle " for trees, enabling them to control their posture. The key property to achieve this function is the development of high mechanical stress during the formation of reaction wood cells, called " maturation strains ". Actually, reaction wood formation is basically the asymmetric formation of wood around the tree circumference, with higher maturation strains on the side where reaction wood is formed than on the opposite side. This asymmetry enables stems to bend upward or to compensate for the downward bending induced by gravity. At the cross section level, the performance in this biological function is linked not only to the magnitude of this asymmetry but also to an effect of the cross-sectional size (diameter) of the stem. Eccentric growth and variations in wood mechanical stiffness are second order effects that can modify this performance. Differences in maturation strains between reaction and non-reaction woods are related to their specific cell wall structure and composition. The swelling of the cell wall matrix during maturation and the effect of microfibril angle explain the differences in maturation strains between normal and compression wood. However, this mechanism fails in explaining the high maturation shrinkage of tension wood, and several hypotheses at the molecular levels are still under debate. How trees perceive their gravitational disequilibrium is also an open question for physiologists. Integrative biomechanical modelling (from the polymer level to the cell wall, cross section and whole tree levels) enables defining key variables that explain the performance of reaction wood as a system that insures the stem motricity. Maturation strains can be precisely measured only in recently formed wood at the tree surface, but their changes during the whole tree life can also be estimated by retrospective dendrochronological analysis through structural markers of reaction wood. Lastly, wood in living trees ensures general storage, defence, vascular and skeletal functions, that ask general questions about synergies and trade-offs as the structural characteristics of reaction wood can affect all these functions.
The Biology of Reaction Wood

ISBN : 978-3-642-10813-6
hal-01452085
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452085
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452085/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452085/file/Chap_Gril_al_Biomechanical_action_biological_functions_2014.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Key message: Genetic diversity appears to be unaffected by disturbance in a stand of the light-demanding Neotropical treeV. michelii. Although spatial genetic structure is modified in post-disturbance cohorts, mixing of seeds from different mother trees in canopy gaps appears to efficiently maintain genetic admixture. Context: The interplay between genetic and demographic processes has major consequences on population viability. Population size affects demographic trends, while genetic diversity insures viability by reducing risks of inbreeding depression and by maintaining adaptive potential. Yet, the consequences of increases in census size (as opposed to effective size) on genetic diversity of forest populations are poorly known. Aims: We have studied the structure of genetic diversity in populations of saplings of the light-responsive tree, Virola michelii (Myristicaceae, the nutmeg family), in two plots having undergone different levels of canopy-gap opening disturbance. This allowed us to test the “intermediate disturbance” hypothesis, which generally applies to species diversity, at the intra-specific scale. Methods: Levels and distribution of genetic diversity were compared between plots and between life stages. Sapling parentage was analysed to infer each adult tree’s contribution to regeneration. Results: Genetic diversity was higher, and spatial genetic structure was stronger in the post-disturbance than in the control seedling population. Parentage analysis suggested that a limited number of parents contributed to most of the regeneration, but that efficient mixing of their progeny may have enhanced the diversity of saplings occupying canopy gaps. Conclusion: A mixture of demo-genetic processes may contribute to maintain genetic diversity in spite of, or possibly due to, ecosystem disturbance in V. michelii.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01502942
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942/document
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502942/file/art_10.1007_s13595-015-0508-3-1_%7B869D58F4-272C-491F-A903-DAD6CDBDC042%7D.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-015-0508-3

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background - Pregnant women are a vulnerable population. Although regular follow-ups are recommended during pregnancy, not all pregnant women seek care. This pilot study wanted to assess whether the integration of data from administrative health information systems and socio-economic features allows identifying disparities in prenatal care trajectories.Methods - Prenatal care trajectories were extracted from the permanent sample of the French health insurance information system linked to the hospital discharge information system. The records of 2518 women who gave birth without complications in France in 2009 were analyzed. State sequence data analysis was performed to identify homogeneous groups of prenatal care trajectories. Socio-economic data were used to characterize their living environment.Results -We identified three groups of homogeneous prenatal care trajectories: (i) women with relatively high prenatal care consumption (~11 %), (ii) women with no prenatal care (~21 %), and (iii) women with an intermediate level of prenatal care (~66 %). Analysis of the socio-economic data demonstrated the association between disparities in prenatal care trajectories and the women’s living environment. Women with relatively high care consumption generally lived in socio-economically privileged areas (better education levels, employment status and housing conditions) compared with women with few or no prenatal care.Conclusions -Although ecological, our approach demonstrates that data from health administrative information systems could be used to describe prenatal care. However, more individual variables and an improvement of the data quality are needed to efficiently monitor the content and timing of prenatal care. Moreover, state sequence analysis, which was used in this context for the first time, proves to be an interesting approach to explore care trajectories. Finally, the integration of heterogeneous sources of data, including contextual information, might help identifying areas that require health promotion actions toward vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women.
ISSN: 1472-6963

hal-01169792
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01169792
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01169792/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01169792/file/Mining%20care%20trajectories%20using%20health%20administrative.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12913-015-0857-5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: The evaluation of geographical healthcare accessibility in residential areas provides crucial information to public policy. Traditional methods - such as Physician Population Ratios (PPR) or shortest travel time - offer only a one-dimensional view of accessibility. This paper developed an improved indicator: the Index of Spatial Accessibility (ISA) to measure geographical healthcare accessibility at the smallest available infra-urban level, that is, the Ilot Regroupe pour des Indicateurs Statistiques. Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Nord, France. Healthcare professionals are geolocalized using postal addresses available on the French state health insurance website. ISA is derived from an Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2FCA). We have constructed a catchment for each healthcare provider, by taking into account residential building centroids, car travel time as calculated by Google Maps and the edge effect. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were used to build a composite ISA to describe the global accessibility of different kinds of health professionals. Results: We applied our method to studying geographical healthcare accessibility for pregnant women, by selecting three types of healthcare provider: general practitioners, gynecologists and midwives. A total of 3587 healthcare providers are potentially able to provide care for inhabitants of the department of Nord. On average there are 92 general practitioners, 22 midwives and 21 gynecologists per 100,000 residents. The composite ISA for the three types of healthcare provider is 39 per 100,000 residents. A comparative analysis between ISA and physician-population ratios indicates that ISA represents a more even distribution whereas the physician-population ratios show an 'all-or-nothing' approach. Conclusion: ISA is a multidimensional and improved measure, which combines the volume of services relative to population size with the proximity of services relative to the population's location, available at the smallest feasible geographical scale. It could guide policy makers towards highlighting critical areas in need of more healthcare providers, and these areas should be earmarked for further knowledge-based policy making.
ISSN: 1475-9276

hal-01359567
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359567
DOI : 10.1186/s12939-016-0411-z
PUBMED : 27485740

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD INVS
Résumé : National audience
Context – Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer of women in French Guiana. Studies have shown that populations living in remote villages in the interior of the territory have early sexual relations and that multiple sexual partnerships are frequent. Hence, the main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in these areas.Methods – This multicentric cross sectional study was conducted in women aged 20 to 65 years, living in theremote villages along the Maroni and Oyapock rivers. Women were included on a voluntary basis after beinginformed of the study team schedule through radio address and key opinion leaders.The search for HPV and cytologic examinations were performed on each sample. HPV infection was defined bythe detection of viral DNA using the Greiner Bio One® kit. Cytologic analyses were performed using the 2001Bethesda classification.Results – Overall, 643 women were included in the study. Age-standardized HPV prevalence was 35%. Theprevalence curve by age group showed a U-shaped pattern: women over 50 years had the highest risk of being infected by HPV, followed by women aged 20-29 years. In addition, 26.1% of women with a normal smear test had HPV infection. The most frequent genotypes were HPV52, HPV58, and HPV16. On interpretable smears 1.16% of women had high grade superficial intra-epithelial (HSIL) lesions.Conclusions – The standardized prevalence of HPV in French Guiana is among the highest in the world. HSILcytological lesions were nearly 4 times more frequent than in the Île-de-France region. Given the importance of the incidence of cervical cancer in French Guiana, these results suggest it may be preferable to use HPV testing than cytology. Vaccination against HPV, preferably with the new nonavalent vaccine seems an appropriate prevention measure. However, this intervention will be a challenge to implement in this region where a significant proportion of the population is not covered by health insurance.
Contexte – Le cancer du col de l’utérus est le deuxième cancer féminin le plus fréquent en Guyane française.Des études ont montré que les populations résidant dans les communes isolées de l’intérieur du départementdébutent leur vie sexuelle de façon précoce et que le multipartenariat sexuel y est fréquent. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l’infection à papillomavirus humains (HPV) dans ces zones.Méthodes – Cette étude transversale multicentrique a été conduite auprès des femmes âgées de 20 à 65 ansrésidant dans les communes isolées des fleuves Maroni et Oyapock. Les femmes étaient incluses sur la basedu volontariat après avoir été informées du passage de l’équipe de l’étude via la radio locale et par les leadersd’opinion. La recherche d’infection à HPV et les analyses cytologiques ont été réalisées sur chaque prélèvement. L’infection à HPV était définie par la détection d’ADN viral par le kit de dépistage Greiner Bio One®. Les analyses cytologiques ont été décrites selon la classification de Bethesda 2001.Résultats – Au total, 643 femmes ont été incluses. La prévalence de l’infection à HPV, standardisée sur l’âge,était de 35%. La courbe de prévalence par classe d’âge présentait une forme en U : les femmes de plus de50 ans avaient le plus haut risque d’être infectées par HPV, suivies par les femmes âgées de 20 à 29 ans.Par ailleurs, 26,1% des femmes ayant un frottis normal étaient infectées par le HPV. Les génotypes les plusfréquents étaient HPV52, HPV58 et HPV16. Sur les frottis interprétables, 1,16% des femmes avaient des lésions de haut grade (type HSIL).Conclusions – Le taux standardisé de prévalence de l’infection par le HPV en Guyane est parmi les plus élevésau monde. Les lésions cytologiques de type HSIL étaient près de 4 fois plus fréquentes qu’en Île-de-France.Étant donné l’importance de l’incidence du cancer du col de l’utérus en Guyane, ces résultats montrent qu’il est peut être préférable d’utiliser le test HPV plutôt que la cytologie. La vaccination anti-HPV, de préférence avec le nouveau vaccin nonavalent, semble être une mesure de prévention appropriée. Pour autant, cela reste un challenge de mettre en oeuvre ces interventions dans cette région où une part importante de la population n’a pas d’assurance maladie.
ISSN: 1953-8030

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-01407222
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407222
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407222/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407222/file/2016%2C%20Dufit%20et%20al.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Changes in biodiversity may disrupt the ecological functions performed by species assemblages. Hence, we urgently need to examine the implications of biodiversity loss not only in terms of species conservation but also in terms of sustainability of ecosystem services. The ability of protected areas to maintain local species richness has been clearly demonstrated. However, preserving goods and services provided by ecosystems requires not only the conservation of species richness but also the conservation of the most 'original' species, i.e. the ones with the highest average rarity of their attributes which are likely to perform some unique functions in ecosystems. We proposed a new conservation of biological originality (CBO) index as well as associated randomization tests to quantify the ability of piotected areas to maintain viable populations for the most original species. As an application, we used long-term fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR) to determine the species which benefited from the protection reinforcement in 1999. We also estimated a set of 14 ecomorphological functional traits on the 37 fish species caught in the BSNR and we obtained a functional originality value for each species. As a result, we found that functional originality was significantly protected in the fish assemblage of the BSNR: species with the most original functional trait combinations became more abundant after 1999. Our finding suggests that protecting most original species is an insurance against functional diversity erosion in the BSNR. More generally, our new index can be used to test whether protected areas may protect preferentially the most original species and whether restorative management promotes the reestablishment of the most original species with particular habitat requirements. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier), 2008-06 , Vol. 141 , N. 6 , P. 1569-1580

Droits : 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4480.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4480/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Author Summary Leptospirosis is a common disease in tropical regions around the world. It is caused by a bacteria excreted in environmental waters by mammals, especially rodents, through their urine. Leptospirosis has symptoms similar to other tropical diseases, including dengue fever, and early laboratory diagnosis is crucial to provide both appropriate treatments for patients and rapid control measures when an outbreak occurs. In 2011, we undertook a study to determine the incidence of leptospirosis in two territories (Guadeloupe and Martinique) in the French West Indies by establishing a surveillance network and implementing new diagnostic assays in order to ensure an exhaustive diagnostic analysis. We concluded that leptospirosis was previously significantly under-reported in the French West Indies and we recommended: 1- access to these new diagnostic tests for the entire population for a better detection of leptospirosis patients and, 2- the implementation of an integrated surveillance, alert and prevention system for the disease in this region. Our findings had raised the awareness of this neglected disease in the French West Indies and, as another consequence; new diagnostic tests are now reimbursed by the social security insurance in France
ISSN: 1935-2727

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01324701
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324701
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324701/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324701/file/journal.pntd.0004668.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004668

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioScientifica
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Differences in circulating steroid hormone levels have been hypothesized to explain ethnic differences in steroid-related diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of a wide panel of steroid hormones, both androgens and estrogens, in healthy middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men. DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum steroid hormone levels were determined in men participating in a systematic public health study funded by the French National Health Insurance system. Blood was collected in the morning from 304 healthy African-Caribbean and European men aged between 40 and 69 years. Serum steroids were measured by mass spectrometry-gas chromatography, except for DHEAS and sex hormone-binding globulin, which were determined by RIA. Data were analyzed in 10-year age intervals by analysis of covariance, with adjustment for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and season of sampling. RESULTS: Compared with Europeans, African-Caribbean men presented significantly higher serum levels of measured bioavailable testosterone, 4-androstenedione (4-dione), and estrone (E1) regardless of the age group, of 5-androstenediol (5-diol) in those aged 40-49 and 50-59 years, and of testosterone (TT) and dihydrotestosterone in those aged 40-49 years. In contrast, European men aged 40-69 years showed significantly higher serum levels of DHEA and DHEAS. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in serum steroid hormone levels were observed in middle-aged African-Caribbean and European men. Whether such differences could contribute to ethnic differences in disease risk in adult men remains to be investigated. Some steroids, such as bioavailable TT, 4-dione, 5-diol, and E1, deserve particular attention.
ISSN: 0804-4643

hal-00876034
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876034
DOI : 10.1530/EJE-11-0551
PUBMED : 21951700