Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley Open Access
Résumé : Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - ). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
ISSN: 2045-7758

hal-01204216
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204216
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.1303
PRODINRA : 280886

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Résumé : International audience
We report 20 cases of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis managed in France. Treatment was individualized and included bedaquiline and linezolid for most patients and surgery in 8 patients. At last follow-up (22 months), 19 patients had achieved conversion from positive to negative on culture testing. These promising results of comprehensive management obtained in a small series deserve confirmation.
ISSN: 1080-6040

hal-01294307
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01294307
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01294307/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01294307/file/15-1130.pdf
DOI : 10.3201/eid2203.151130

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD wiley
Résumé : International audience
The slow advance of a crack in sodo-silicate glasses was studied at nanometer scale by in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a well-controlled atmosphere (N2 and H2O). An enhanced diffusion of sodium ions in the stress-gradient field at the sub-micrometric vicinity of the crack tip was revealed through several effects: growth of nodules in height images, changes in the AFM tip–sample energy dissipation as detected in phase images. Ex-situ chemical micro-analyses completed the AFM measurements. The nodules patterns revealed a dewetting phenomenon evidenced by “breath figures”, i.e. analog to the fogging that occurs when a vapour condenses onto a 'cold' surface [D. Beysens et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 57, 1433 (1986)]. These experimental results were explained by a two-step process: i) a fast migration of sodium ions towards the fracture surfaces as proposed by Langford et al. [J. Mat. Res. 6, 1358 (1991)], ii) a slow backwards diffusion of the cations as evidenced in these AFM experiments (typical time: few minutes). Measurements of the diffusion coefficient of that relaxing process were done at room temperature. Our results strengthen the theoretical concept of a near-surface structural relaxation due to the stress-gradient at the vicinity of the crack tip. Raman and SIMS studies revealed that nodules – for samples studied after exposition to common air - are preferentially covered by an organic overlayer of a carboxylate salt with a long aliphatic chain. The catalytic role of sodium ions in that chemical process is suspected.
Fractography of glasses an ceramics V
Rochester, United States

hal-00408605
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00408605