Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Diffusion parameters for HTO, 36Cl−, and 125I− were determined on Upper Toarcian argillite samples from the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory (Aveyron, France) using the through diffusion technique. The direction of diffusion was parallel to the bedding plane. The purpose of the present study was 3-fold; it was intended (i) to confirm the I− interaction with Upper Toarcian argillite and to verify the effects of initial I− concentration on this affinity, as previously observed by means of radial diffusion experiments, (ii) to highlight any discrepancy between Cl− and I− diffusivity, and (iii) to investigate the effect of an increase of the ionic strength of the solution on the anionic tracers' diffusive behaviour. The results show that the effective diffusion coefficient (De) and diffusion accessible porosity (εa) values obtained with an ionic strength (I.S.) synthetic pore water of 0.01 eq L−1 are: De = 2.35-2.50 × 10−11 m2 s−1 and εa = 12.0-15.0% for HTO, and De = 14.5-15.5 × 10−13 m2 s−1 and εa = 2.5-2.9% for 36Cl−. Because of anionic exclusion effects, anions diffuse slower and exhibit smaller diffusion accessible porosities than HTO, taken as a water tracer. The associated effective diffusion coefficient (De) and rock capacity factor (α) obtained for 125I are: De = 7.00-8.60 × 10−13 m2 s−1 and α = 4.3-7.2%. Such values make it possible to calculate low 125I distribution ratios (0.0057 < RD < 0.0192 mL g−1) which confirm the trend indicating that the 125I rock capacity factor increases with the decrease of the initial I− concentration. Additional through-diffusion experiments were carried out with a higher ionic strength synthetic pore water (I.S. = 0.11 eq L−1). No evolution of HTO diffusion parameters was observed. The anionic tracers' effective diffusion coefficient increased by a factor of two but no clear evolution of their accessible porosity was observed. Such a paradox could be related to the particularly small mean pore size of the Upper Toarcian argillite of Tournemire. The most significant finding of this study is the large discrepancy (factor of two) between the values of the effective diffusion coefficient for 125I and 36Cl. Whatever the ionic strength of the synthetic solution used, 125I exhibited De values two times lower than those of 36Cl. A detailed explanation for this difference cannot be given at present even if a hypothesis based on ion-pairing or on steric-exclusion cannot be excluded. This makes questionable the assumption usually made for quantifying 125I sorption and postulating that 36Cl and 125I would diffuse in the same porosity. In other terms, at Tournemire, 125I sorption could be more pronounced than previously indicated.
ISSN: 0883-2927

hal-00757749
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00757749
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.12.017

Résumé : Les stocks des éléments dans les sols, et en particulier ceux du carbone, sont en constante évolution sous l’effet de facteurs naturels (climat, végétation, teneurs en argiles, etc.) et anthropiques (usages des sols, etc.). Notre objectif est donc, (i) de mieux comprendre les relations entre type de sol, système de culture et quantité de carbone stockée, (ii) d’étudier les conséquences des changements d’usage et de gestion des terres sur les formes de matière organique dans les sols et (iii) de préciser le rôle de la matière organique sur les propriétés physiques des sols.Des situations agro-pédologiques représentatives des trois grands modèles minéralogiques des sols tropicaux (Sols à allophanes (argiles non cristallisées), Sols à argiles 1/1 et Sols à argiles 2/1) et présentant des systèmes culturaux de différents niveaux d’intensification (monocultures intensives destinées à l’exportation, systèmes paysans faiblement intensifiés, etc.) ont ainsi été sélectionnées sur les sols de Martinique. Par ailleurs, afin de limiter les effets des usages antérieurs des parcelles, nous avons généralement choisi des situations culturales âgées au minimum de 3 ans.L’analyse des stocks de carbone des différentes parcelles fait apparaître des comportements différents : dans les sols à allophanes, il y a un effet de la minéralogie sur la stabilisation des matières organiques ; dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, il existe une corrélation entre la teneur en carbone (ou le stock organique) et la texture (ou teneur en éléments fins), aussi bien pour les situations non cultivées que pour les situations sous cultures. L’amplitude des variations (diminution) des stocks en carbone observées sous l’effet de différents modes de gestion des sols, dépend elle aussi de la texture : dans les sols sableux, la potentialité de séquestration du carbone est faible ou nulle, en revanche, les potentialités de stockage du carbone sont plus fortes dans les sols argileux.L’estimation des stocks totaux de carbone à l’échelle de la Martinique, pour un mètre de profondeur et pour une situation moyenne entre les cartes d’usage des terres de 1969/1970 et 1979/1980, s’élèvent à 11,859 Mt de C calculés pour 95,8% de la surface.La distribution de la matière organique du sol varie avec la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, à faibles teneurs en matière organique, les matières organiques sont principalement associées aux fractions sableuses ; dans les sols argileux, plus riches en matières organiques, 50 à 60 % de la matière organique sont associées à la fraction argileuse. De même, la dynamique de la matière organique dépend également de la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, les variations des stocks organiques sont essentiellement dues à la perte ou à l’accumulation en carbone de la fraction sableuse ; dans les sols argileux, la fraction argileuse participe de manière prépondérante aux variations des stocks organiques de ces sols lors de leur mise en culture ou en prairie ; les sols sablo-argileux ont un comportement intermédiaire entre ces deux pôles.La stabilité structurale varie avec la minéralogie. Les andosols (ou ALL) présentent un haut degré d’agrégation et de stabilité, du à la présence d’allophanes et à leur association particulière avec les composés organiques. Dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, la stabilité de l’agrégation est plus élevée dans les sols à argiles 1/1 (ou LAC) ; les valeurs les plus faibles sont généralement observées dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC). En outre, la mise en culture se traduit généralement par une diminution de la stabilité de l’agrégation.L’intensification des cultures (labours fréquents, faibles restitutions de matière organique au sol, etc.) accentue la perte de la stabilité de l’agrégation provoquée par la mise en culture, en particulier dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC).
Soils elements stocks, and particularly those of carbon, are in constant evolution under natural factors effect (climate, vegetation, clays content, etc) and anthropic factors effect (soils uses, etc). Our objective is thus, (i) to better understand the relations between soil, farming system and stored carbon quantity, (ii) to study the consequences of soils uses changes and of soils managements changes on organic matter shapes in soil and (iii) to specify organic matter role on soil properties physics.Representative agri-pedological situations of the three great mineralogical models of tropical soils (allophonic soils (not crystallized clays), 1:1 clay soils and 2:1 clay soils) and presenting agricultural systems of various levels of intensification (intensive monocultures intended for export, slightly intensified farming systems, etc) were thus selected in the soils of Martinique. In addition, to limit the effects of their former uses, we generally chose to the minimum 3 years old farming situations.The analysis of the various lands carbon stocks reveals different behaviors: in allophonic soils, a correlation exists between carbon content (or organic stock) and texture (or fine elements content), as well for not cultivated as for cultivated situations. Variations ranges (reduction) of carbon stocks observed under various management soils systems effect, also depends on texture: in sandy soils, carbon sequestration potentiality is low or null, on the other hand, carbon storage potentialities are higher in clay soils.The estimation of total carbon stocks on the scale of Martinique, for one meter of depth and for and average situation between the use soils charts of 1969/70 and 1979/80, rises to 11,859 Mt of C calculated for 95,8% of the surface.Soil organic matter distribution varies with soil texture: in sandy soils, with low contents of organic matter, organics matters are mainly associated with the sandy fractions; in clay soils, richer in organic matters, 50 to 60% of the organic matters are associated with the argillaceous fraction. In the same way, the organic matter dynamics also depends on soil texture: in sandy soils, organic stocks variations are primarily due to carbon loss or accumulation of the sandy fraction; in clay soils, the argillaceous fraction takes part in a dominating way in organic stocks variations of these soils at the time of their setting in culture or meadow; the sand-clay soils have an intermediate behavior between these two poles.Structural stability varies with mineralogy. Andosols (or ALL) present a high degree of aggregation and stability, due to the presence of allophones and their particular association with the organics compounds. In crystallized clay soils, aggregation stability is higher in 1:1 clay soils (or LAC); the lowest values are generally observed in the lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC). Moreover, culture setting generally results in aggregation stability reduction.Cultures intensification (frequent ploughings, low organic matter restitutions to the soil, etc) accentuates aggregation stability loss caused by culture setting, particularly in lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC).

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0513/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : The Mesozoic series of the southern units of the Pyrenean Empordà thrust sheets (Montgrí and Figueres nappes, Catalonia, Spain) were finally emplaced over the autochthonous basement and its Cenozoic cover during Eocene times. However, they have originally been folded by the "Laramian" compressional event (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene), while they were still in their root zone more than 50 km to the N-NE. Postdating the Santonian, the emersion of the Cretaceous tectorogen induced karst formation at the expense of Berriasian to Santonian limestone sequences. Karst cavities of this paleokarst 1 (lapiaz and canyons) were subsequently coated with a fine, red or black, Microcodium-bearing, continental silt, and infilled with marine chaotic breccias. Following a new episode of emersion then erosion, the original paleokarst 1 was cross-cut by newly formed cavities of the paleokarst 2, filled with Lutetian-Bartonian marine breccias. Both types of marine breccias (Paleocene then Eocene in age) are now relatively well dated by means of planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinacea) occurring within the argillaceous-sandy matrix, and for the older ones, within the argillaceous-sandy or carbonate, finely laminated, interbedded hemipelagites, that mark the top of marine sequences tens of centimetres thick. The relationships of the "Laramian" and "Pyrenean" compressional tectonic events, occurring from latest Cretaceous to Bartonian, with the development of paleokarsts 1 and 2 are analysed in the perspective of the progressive southwards emplacement of the Montgrí thrust sheet, during Eocene time.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00405328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00405328
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.178.1.15

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : We present detailed biostratigraphy based on conodonts and palaeoenvironmental trends deduced from microfacies and conodont abundance through the Famennian (Late Devonian) at Col des Tribes (Montagne Noire, France). The succession is characterized by micritic limestones deposited in settings oscillating between mid to outer ramp. Facies contain poor fauna, widely dominated by nektonic organisms. This section is complete and one of the most conodont-rich for the Famennian of the north Gondwana-related area. The Upper Kellwasser event (Frasnian–Famennian boundary) and the Hangenberg (Devonian–Carboniferous boundary) have been lithologically identified. They are characterized by decimetre-thick black dysoxic to anoxic argillaceous sediments. The Condroz and annulata events, although not materialized by lithological changes, have been positioned due to the precise stratigraphy. The first event occurred during the deposition of condensed ferruginous facies (griotte limestones) and the second event during the deposition of micrites barren of benthic fauna. The combination of information from both facies and conodont biofacies changes allows a general sea-level curve through the entire Famennian for north Gondwana to be proposed for the first time. At Col des Tribes, the general trend is a slight deepening upwards from triangularis to trachytera zones, then a pronounced shallowing-upwards trend from upper trachytera to praesulcata zones. This curve correlates with the well-known reference curve from Euramerica concerning the late Famennian (trachytera to praesulcata Zones). There are some discrepancies in minor cycles which can be explained by tectonical phenomena at the onset of the edification of the Variscan belt in Europe.
ISSN: 0016-7568

hal-01115222
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01115222
DOI : 10.1017/S0016756813000927

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Among the radionuclides that can migrate from radioactive wastes buried within consolidated argillaceous rocks, I-129 poses a particular problem due to its high mobility in geomedia and its very long half-life of 1.6 10(7) years. Previous studies carried out on such rocks showed the existence of a low iodide retardation regarding the other anion species. The purpose of the present study was two-fold. It was hoped (1) to confirm this retardation by means of radial diffusion experiments and (2) to estimate the influence of the initial iodide concentrations towards the iodide uptake. The results obtained from in-diffusion stage show that (1) no iodide uptake occurs at high initial concentrations and (2) an uptake at low initial concentrations cannot be clearly evidenced. Finally. the most singular behaviour of iodide was highlighted for all the initial iodide concentrations, from the out-diffusion stage. during which some amount of iodide, available for out-diffusion, were not involved in the diffusion process. Although the origin of such phenomenon remains unclear, a kinetic effect for the iodide uptake was proposed, assuming that the period of 55days (corresponding to the in-diffusion stage duration) would be necessary for inducing the iodide uptake. This kinetic effect, already shown elsewhere by (Descostes. M., Blin, V., Bazer-Bachi, F., Meier, P., Grenut, B., Radwan. J., Schlegel, M.L., Buschaert, S.. Coelho, D, Tevissen, E. Diffusion of anionic species in Callovo-Oxfordian argillites and Oxfordian limestones. In press for Appl. Geochem.) on similar materials, needs to be deepened.
ISSN: 0079-1946

hal-00412393
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412393
DOI : 10.1016/j.pce.2008.05.020

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : Results are reported for an acidic water flow-through experiment conducted in a fractured argillaceous limestone sample (73% carbonates). The change in fracture geometry and related parameters is reported for six data sets obtained from synchrotron X-ray microtomography experiments. High-resolution three-dimensional images of the sample allowed quantification of the changes in fracture morphology at a spatial resolution of 6 ;μm. Mineral mass loss and permeability changes in the sample were also determined. Several physico-chemical phenomena were identified during the experiment. Initial smooth fracture surfaces evolved rapidly toward rough surfaces with uneven clay coverage due to the preferential dissolution of carbonate minerals compared to clay minerals whose dissolution rate is about 106 slower. A microporous clay coating progressively developed at the fluid-rock interface during heterogeneous dissolution of the fracture, while the global dissolution rate of the fracture walls exponentially decreased. The increase in surface roughness and the presumed reorganization of clays caused a progressive reduction in permeability. During the last flow-through stage, a large decrease in sample permeability was attributed to the large removal of clay particles; this process was responsible for a dramatic collapse of the fracture walls near the sample inlet and led to the development of preferential flow pathways. The development of the clay coating also acted as a barrier to flow and mass transfer between calcite grains and bulk solution and affected transport processes within the fracture
ISSN: 0043-1397

hal-00405333
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00405333
DOI : 10.1029/2006WR005379

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : In order to minimize CO2 atmospheric concentration, a solution consists in sequestrating CO2 in geological reservoirs. To estimate long term risks, it is necessary to quantify the couplings between reaction processes as well as structural and hydrodynamical modifications. We realised two experimental benches enabling injecting CO2-enriched-brine in conditions corresponding to in situ storage (T < 200 oC and P < 200 bar) and developed
an experimental protocol using X-Ray microtomography and fluid and rock analyses in order to measure the variations of physical and chemical parameters.
The study of carbonated reservoirs near the injection well, allows quantifying different k-phi relationships depending on the dissolution processes and triggered by the local fluid chemical composition and initials conditions. Away from the injection well, we observe carbonate precipitation decreasing the permeability. The study of fracturated caprock samples shows that alternative percolation of CO2-enriched-brine and CO2 gas increases the fracture permeability.
The study of silicated rocks indicates carbonate precipitation in zeolite sandstone and sintered dunite grains. Nevertheless, in zeolite sandstone we also observe the precipitation of clay particles located in the uid pathways which decrease strongly the permeability.
Afin de minimiser la concentration en CO2 dans l'atmosphère une solution consiste à le séquestrer dans les réservoirs géologiques. Pour évaluer les risques à long terme, il est nécessaire de quantifier les couplages entre les processus réactionnels et les modifications structurales et hydrodynamiques. Dans cette optique, nous avons construit deux dispositifs expérimentaux permettant d'injecter des saumures chargées en CO2 dans les conditions de stockage (T < 200 °C et P < 200 bar) et mis en oeuvre un protocole expérimental utilisant la microtomographie RX et l'analyse des roches et des fuides pour quantifier les variations des paramètres physiques et chimiques. Dans le cas des réservoirs carbonatés, on observe, près du puits d'injection, une forte variabilité des relations k-phi en fonction du régime de dissolution contrôlé par la chimie locale du fluide, ainsi que par les conditions initiales. A plus grande distance, on observe des processus de précipitation diminuant fortement la perméabilité. L'étude des roches de couverture fracturées (argilite) a montré qu'une percolation alternée d'une saumure chargée en CO2 et de CO2 gaz augmentait la perméabilité de fracture. Dans le cas des roches silicatées, la précipitation de carbonates est mise en évidence aussi bien dans les grès à zéolites que dans les frittés de dunite de San Carlos. Cependant, dans les grès à zéolites, la précipitation d'une phase argileuse est observée dans les chemins d'écoulement et engendre une forte diminution de la perméabilité.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416408

tel-00416408
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416408
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416408/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416408/file/These_Luquot.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The Deep Basin of the Gulf of Mexico (DBGM) extends over eastern Mexico, the southeastern part of the United States, west of the Atlantic Ocean. This study, based on the interpretation and integration of seismic profiles, exploration wells and outcrop studies, focus on the deep part of the Gulf of Mexico, where bathymetry varies from 200 to 3750 m, thus comprising both the continental slope and the abyssal plain. The first part of this thesis focus on the description of the sedimentary infill of the western part of the Gulf of Mexico, in the Veracruz State, and to its geodynamic controls. The geodynamic evolution of the Deep Basin of the Gulf of Mexico (DBGM) begins during the Triassic-Jurassic with the break-up and the opening of a continental rift, in the southern part of the North American lithospheric plate. This opening induced a relative movement of the Yucatan Block towards the southeast. This intra-continental rifting episode was followed by a stage of post-rift thermal subsidence in the basins of the continental margin in the west, coeval with oceanic accretion in the DBGM. The thermal subsidence of the margin was subsequently modified by the Laramian orogeny, which impacted strongly the overall architecture of the margin as well as its litho-stratigraphic evolution, inducing the deposition of siliciclastic deposits in various morphotectonic provinces: i.e., near the tectonic front of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO), within the adjacent Chicontepec foreland basin, over the Tuxpan Platform (Golden Lane), across the continental slope and up to the deep abyssal plain, these two last morphotectonic provinces belonging to the DBGM. During the Early Paleogene, the effects of the thermal subsidence of the passive margin were stressed by the tectonic load of the Laramian orogen (i.e., the Sierra Madre Oriental, SMO), thus allowing the development of a foreland basin flexural. In this geodynamic framework, the main sedimentary transfers developed from the tectonic front "SMO" in the west, towards the DBGM in the east, the main source for clastic sediments being linked to the erosion of the "SMO" mountains. During the Paleocene and the Early Eocene, the architecture of the silici-clastic syn-tectonic sediments deposited in submarine fans was characterized by sliding, turbidites with A and B Bouma facies, as well as levees and channels. After the stop of the flexural subsidence, the thermal subsidence of the passive margin resumed during the Late Eocene, the Oligocene and the Neogene, allowing the development of a new sedimentary prism, prograding eastwards toward the DBGM. This sedimentary infill was again made up of levees-channels, sand bars and delta systems. During the Neogene, an extensional system with listric faults and roll-over features developed across the slope of the DBGM, due to an active detachment developing within overpressured Eocene-Oligocene clays. This gravitational gliding of Neogene series accounted also for the development of compressional features at the toe of the slope. Approximately 60% of the Miocene siliciclastic sediments have been trapped in growth strata and slope basins associated with this complex gravitational system, ranging from river-delta features towards gravity slides associated with slump facies. The second part of this thesis aims at a quantification of these various processes, including the construction of balanced cross sections, forward Thrustpack kinematic modelling coupling the development of a basal detachment, lithospheric flexure, erosion and sedimentation, as well as subsequent stratigraphic modelling with the Dionisos software, the later aiming at predicting the sand versus clay ratios in Neogene siliciclastic deposits of the DBGM and its surroundings.
Le bassin profond du Golfe du Mexique (BPMG) est localisé à l'est du Mexique, au sud-est des États-Unis et à l'ouest de l'Océan Atlantique. Cette étude de la partie profonde du Golfe du Mexique est basée sur l'intégration de données de sismique, de forages pétroliers et d'études de terrain; elle comprend toute la pente continentale et la plaine abyssale, avec une bathymétrie qui varie de 200 à 3750 m. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la description du remplissage sédimentaire de la bordure occidentale du Golfe du Mexique, dans le secteur de Veracruz, en liaison avec son évolution géodynamique. L'évolution géodynamique du BPMG commence au Trias-Jurassique avec la rupture et la propagation d'un rift continental, dans le secteur sud de la plaque nord américaine. Cette ouverture et le déplacement relatif vers le sud-est du bloc crustal du Yucatan sont à l'origine du BPGM. Cette géodynamique de rift continental est suivie d'une étape post-rift accompagnée de l'océanisation du bassin. Les bassins de la marge passive ont poursuivi leur évolution sous l'effet de la subsidence thermique à l'ouest du Golfe du Mexique, tandis que de la croûte océanique se formait dans le BPGM. Cette subsidence thermique de la marge a ensuite été perturbée par l'orogénèse Laramienne, qui a remodelé l'architecture stratigraphique silico-clastique des dépôts du Tertiaire entre les éléments morphotectoniques suivants: lefront tectonique de la Sierra Madre Orientale (SMO), le bassin d'avant-pays Chicontepec, la Plateforme de Tuxpan-Faja de Oro, la pente continentale et la plaine abyssale, ces deux dernières provinces morphotectoniques appartenant au BPGM. Pendant le Paléogèneinférieur, les effets de la subsidence thermique de la marge passive ont été accentués par la charge tectonique de l'orogénèse laramienne (SMO), permettant ainsi le développement d'un bassin flexural d'avant-pays. Au cours de cette étape, les principaux transferts sédimentaires se sont effectués du front tectonique "SMO" vers le BPGM. La source principale de sédiments clastiques est liée à l'érosion de la chaîne de montagnes "SMO". Pendant le Paléocène et l'Éocène inférieur, l'architecture des premiers sédiments silico-clastiques syn-tectoniques déposés dans des éventails sous-marins sont caractérisés par des figures de glissement, des faciès turbiditiques A et B de Bouma, des chenaux-levées. Après l'arrêt de la subsidence flexurale, la subsidence thermique de la marge passive s'est poursuivie pendant l'Éocène supérieur, l'Oligocène et le Néogène, permettant le développement d'un nouveau prisme sédimentaire progradant. Les remplissages sédimentaires sont encore constitués de chenaux et de levées, avec des barres de sable associées à des systèmes deltaïques sur la plateforme. Pendant le Néogène, un système de failles listriques s'est développé sur la pente du BPGM, au-dessus d'une surface de décollement située, dans la région d'étude, dans les argiles de l'Éocène-Oligocène. Ce système de failles de croissance a piégé plus de 60% des sédiments silico-clastiques du Miocène. Ce remplissage sédimentaire évolue latéralement de faciès fluviaux deltaïques vers des faciès de pente affectés de glissements gravitaires et associés à des turbidites. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à une approche quantitative basée sur des modélisations structurales (coupes équilibrées et modélisations cinématiques directes avec Thrustpack, couplant décollement gravitaire, flexure lithosphérique, érosion et sédimentation), puis sédimentaires (prise en compte des transferts de matériel clastique depuis la partie émergée de la chaîne jusqu'au bassin profond, à l'aide du logiciel Dionisos, afin de mieux comprendre les processus de piégeage des sédiments grossiers dans les structures de croissance et les bassins perchés de la marge.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435120

tel-00435120
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435120
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435120/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435120/file/thesealzaga.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Roussillon sedimentary Basin (South France) is a complex multi-layered aquifer, close to the Mediterranean Sea facing seasonally increases of water abstraction and salinization issues. We report geochemical and isotopic vertical variability in this aquifer using groundwater sampled with a Westbay System® at two coastal monitoring sites: Barcarès and Canet. The Westbay sampling allows pointing out and explaining the variation of water quality along vertical profiles, both in productive layers and in the less permeable ones where most of the chemical processes are susceptible to take place.The aquifer layers are not equally impacted by salinization, with electrical conductivity ranging from 460 to 43,000 μS·cm− 1. The δ2H–δ18O signatures show mixing between seawater and freshwater components with long water residence time as evidenced by the lack of contribution from modern water using 3H, 14C and CFCs/SF6. S(SO4) isotopes also evidence seawater contribution but some signatures can be related to oxidation of pyrite and/or organically bounded S. In the upper layers 87Sr/86Sr ratios are close to that of seawater and then increase with depth, reflecting water–rock interaction with argillaceous formations while punctual low values reflect interaction with carbonate. Boron isotopes highlight secondary processes such as adsorption/desorption onto clays in addition to mixings. At the Barcarès site (120 m deep), the high salinity in some layers appear to be related neither to present day seawater intrusion, nor to Salses-Leucate lagoonwater intrusion. Groundwater chemical composition thus highlights binary mixing between fresh groundwater and inherited salty water together with cation exchange processes, water–rock interactions and, locally, sedimentary organic matter mineralisation probably enhanced by pyrite oxidation.Finally, combining the results of this study and those of Caballero and Ladouche (2015), we discuss the possible future evolution of this aquifer system under global change, as well as the potential management strategies needed to preserve quantitatively and qualitatively this water resource.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01685219
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685219
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.016

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Claystone caprocks are often the ultimate seal for CO2 underground storage when residual CO2 gas reaches the reservoir top due to buoyancy. Permeability changes of a fractured claystone due to seepage of CO2-enriched brine and water vapor-saturated CO2 gas are investigated. Results show that brine flow induces a large porosity increase (up to 50%) in the vicinity of the fracture due to dissolution of calcite and quartz, while permeability remains unchanged. Conversely, cyclic flows of CO2-brine and CO2-gas increase the fracture aperture abruptly after each gas flow period, producing a progressive decrease of the caprock seal capacity. Aperture increase is controlled by decohesion of the clay framework within a micrometer-scale-thick layer induced by CO2-gas acidification. Results show that hydraulic aperture increases linearly with duration of the preceding CO2-brine flow period, emphasizing the kinetic control of the quartz grains dissolution during the brine flow periods.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-00412332
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412332
DOI : 10.1029/2008GL034467

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : The relationship between deformation and so-called fluid paleotransfers in minor faults has been analysed in an argillaceous formation located in the Causses Basin in France. The fluid paleotransfers are related to the fault activity to a large extent. We attempt to estimate the intensity of paleo-deviatoric stress magnitudes under which the fault activity may have occurred and consequently, the change in the structural fault permeability. The paleo-deviatoric stress magnitudes were calculated with the inverse method of Etchecopar applied to calcite twinning. The measured crystals are contained within the core zone of minor faults and this study is based on a previous complete microtectonic and microstructural analysis of the faults. In this paper, analysis of calcite twinning has been applied for the first time to vein fillings associated small faults in a context of relatively weak deformation, a condition ensured by the tectonic and structural analysis. Calculation and discussion of the paleo-deviatoric stress tensors in relation to the evolution of the structural fault permeability and to the hydraulic behaviour of the faults are the aim of this paper. The analysed faults, created and active during the same tectonic event, were permeable under a (;σ;1;–;σ;3;) mean value of 40–50 MPa. On the other hand, the reactivation of faults during a second tectonic event implies mean (;σ;1;–;σ;3;) value higher than 40–50 MPa, especially for the faults that are poorly oriented with respect to the principal tectonic stress directions. The core zone of these faults remained sealed and impermeable or became permeable by development of microcracks inside the pre-existing fillings.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00407577
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407577
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.09.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD G.M.P.C.a/Presses universitaires de Rennes
Résumé : Magnetic measurements (magnetic susceptibility at low and high frequency, isothermal and anhysteretic remanent magnetizations, magnetic susceptibility according to the temperature and hysteresis loop) were carried out on samples taken in the filling of Caverna delle Manie (Arma delle Manie) located in Ligurie, Italy. The filling of the site, dating from upper Pleistocene and Holocene, is characterized in its upper part by an alternance of carbonated concretions, stalagmitic floors and clays, and in its lower part by an sandy-silty-clay deposit. The results of the magnetic study reveal the abundance of magnetic grains of secondary origin (magnetite and maghemite), and more particularly in the upper part of the filling. The grains of superparamagnetic size (SP) dominate, followed by those of multi-domain (MD) and single-domain size (SD). The latter have a low coercitive force. Some hearths were located within the filling thanks to their color, with the presence of coal and the strong values of the various magnetic parameters.
Des mesures magnétiques (susceptibilité magnétique à basse et haute fréquence, aimantation rémanente isotherme et anhystérétique, susceptibilité magnétique en fonction de la température et cycle d'hystérésis) ont été réalisées sur des échantillons prélevés dans le remplissage de la Caverna delle Manie (Arma delle Manie) située en Ligurie Italienne. Le remplissage du site, d'âge Pléistocène supérieur et Holocène, se caractérise dans sa partie supérieure par l'alternance de concrétions carbonatées, de planchers stalagmitiques, et d'argiles; et dans sa partie inférieure par un dépôt sablo-limono-argileux. Les résultats de l'étude magnétique révèlent l'abondance de grains magnétiques d'origine secondaire (magnétite et maghémite). Cette abondance est plus marquée dans la partie supérieure du remplissage. Les grains de taille superparamagnétique (SP) dominent, suivi par ceux de taille poly-domaine (PD) et mono-domaine (MD). Ces derniers ont un champ coercitif faible. Quelques foyers ont été repérés au sein du remplissage grâce à leur couleur, à la présence de charbon et aux fortes valeurs des différents paramètres magnétiques.
ISSN: 1960-1360

hal-00653405
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00653405

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The central part of the Gulf of Lions shoreline is characterized by many coastal wetlands that resulted from the interaction between a process of shoreline regularization by migrations of littoral barriers and a slow filling of the back-barrier areas by the riverine and marine inputs. Analyses of Late-Holocene deposits with a very high-resolution multi-proxy study of two sediment cores, allow us to reconstruct the evolution of this coastal system. Two main Holocene sediment units are identified overlying a Pliocene carbonate continental formation. The lower unit consists of sandy and pebbly marine sediments deposited around 7800 B.P., during the final stand of the last sea level rise. Just above, the upper unit displays lagoonal grey clay silts with shells and some intercalated layers of silty sands related to paleostorm events. The age model was established from radiocarbon dating, for the oldest part of the core. Over the last century, sedimentation rates were calculated using the CFCS Pb-210 model, together with Cs-137 data. Radiocarbon data show an increase in he accumulation rate from the base to the top of cores. Marine sand units related to the last transgressive deposit allow to refine the curve of Holocene post-glacial sea level rise. Sedimentological and faunal analyses associated with chronological data provide a means for reconstructing the Late-Holocene paleoenvironments along this part of the coast and suggest that the final closure of the coastal lagoon by the sandy barrier occurred at around 730 +/- 120 yr cal B.P. The beginning of this closure, together with the progradation of the coastal plain, could be responsible for the decline in economic activity of the Lattara harbour during the Roman period.
La partie centrale du littoral du golfe du Lion est caractérisée par de nombreuses lagunes qui résultent de l'interaction entre un processus de régularisation du trait de côte par migration de barrières littorales et d'un lent remplissage des zones situées en arrière des barrières par des apports continentaux et marins. Les analyses des dépôts tardi-holocènes avec une étude multi-traceurs à très haute résolution de deux carottes sédimentaires nous permettent de reconstruire l'évolution de ce système côtier. Deux unités sédimentaires holocènes sont identifiées recouvrant une formation pliocène carbonatée. L'unité inférieure est constituée de sables et de galets d'origine marine déposés vers 7800 B.P., durant les stades ultimes de la dernière remontée marine. Audessus, l'unité supérieure montre des dépôts d'argile et de silt gris coquilliers d'origine lagunaire, dans lesquels sont intercalés des niveaux de sable silteux révélant la présence d'événements de tempêtes. Le modèle d'âge est établi à partir de dates radiocarbones pour les parties les plus anciennes des archives sédimentaires, tandis que pour le dernier siècle, les taux de sédimentation sont calculés en utilisant le modèle CFCS pour le 210Pb, associé aux données de 137Cs. Les données 14C montrent une augmentation du taux d'accumulation depuis la base jusqu'en surface des carottes. Les unités de sables marins liées aux dépôts de la dernière transgression marine permettent de préciser la courbe post-glaciaire de remontée du niveau marin. Les analyses sédimentologiques et faunistiques associées aux données chronologiques fournissent une méthode permettant de reconstituer les paléoenvironnements littoraux tardi-holocènes dans la zone d'étude et suggèrent que la fermeture finale de ces lagunes par le cordon sableux survient autour de 730 ± 120 ans cal B.P. Le début de cette fermeture, associée à la une progradation deltaïque, pourrait être responsable du déclin des activités économiques du port de Lattara durant la période Romaine.
EISSN: 1777-5817

halshs-00740923
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00740923
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.181.1.27

Résumé : Kepone contamination of French West Indies marine environments is scarcely known. Contaminated soils particles are carried by rivers from terrestrial zones to the coastal marine sediments where they settle. Thus coastal sediments potential function as a sink for them, but also as a source of contamination for the marine biota. Therefore, they can be of major importance both in relation with the origin of the catchment area contamination and with the potential impact of this contamination on the benthic ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to characterize the marine deposits in order to define the spatial extent of the contamination and to determine the temporal stages of this contamination in the superficial sedimentary column (about one half-meter deep). Two neighbouring bays were chosen along the south-atlantic coasts of the Martinique Island, the Robert Bay, where different previous studies have been already performed, and the Galion Bay, which also present important environmental concerns. The results (i) confirm the general low rate of kepone contamination in the Robert Bay superficial sediments, while the influence of the river is more pronounced in the Galion Bay for which sediment samples from the proximity of the river outfall are more contaminated, (ii) relativize the role of organic matter associated to the finer particle in the little contaminated marine sediments (iii) and at last, differentiate strongly the contamination of the two bays due to specific characteristic parameters. So, it apparears that the sedimentary dynamics and mineralogical cohorts undoubtedly should explain the discrepancies in the contamination of the sediments between the two bays, also characterized by very different humus-clayed compounds in the soils of each catchment basin.
La connaissance de la contamination des milieux marins antillais par la chlordécone est fragmentaire. Or, la fonction potentielle de ‘puits’, mais également de ‘source’, qu’assurent les sédiments littoraux suite au transfert de la molécule des sols terrestres jusqu’aux fonds marins devrait leur confèrer un rôle majeur dans leur relation avec les écosystèmes benthiques comme dans leur connexion avec les bassins versants correspondants. Du fait de la méconnaissance sédimentologique de ces milieux, le double objectif de la présente étude était de caractériser ces fonds afin de cerner l’extension spatiale de la contamination en chlordécone et de déterminer les phases temporelles de cette dernière dans la colonne sédimentaire superficielle (environ quarante premiers centimètres). Les zones d’étude choisies sont deux baies sud-atlantiques martiniquaises adjacentes, le havre du Robert, déjà retenu comme zone-atelier pour des études antérieures sur la dynamique du bassin versant, et la baie du Galion faisant l’objet de préoccupations environnementales et de travaux scientifiques prévus sur le bassin versant attenant. Les résultats obtenus conduisent à : (i) confirmer le faible taux de contamination générale des sédiments du havre du Robert, alors que l’influence de la rivière à débit significatif de la baie du Galion marque en ce sens les sédiments proches de son exutoire ; (ii) relativiser le rôle de la matière organique liée aux particules les plus fines dans cette faible contamination marine des sédiments et enfin (iii) différencier fortement la contamination des deux baies à partir de paramètres caractéristiques. Les dynamiques sédimentaires et les cortèges minéralogiques constituent sans aucun doute des pistes explicatives aux différences de contamination des sédiments entre les deux baies dont les bassins versants sont également caractérisés par des sols présentant des composés argilo-humiques très différents.

Droits : 2012 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00071/18247/15810.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00071/18247/