Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe but the endemy itself always stood in low limits. The intensive use of modern treatments since 1950 have been making the eredication reasonably possible in the future. However the brutal demographic increase, the deep upsetting of the society and the important migrations made propitious conditions in the urbanized area for the advent of a new centre of infection. The result seems to be an increase of leprosy in the territory.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715416
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715416
PUBMED : 1037615

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0933-7407

hal-01632369
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01632369

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
AIM: To describe the main characteristics and the treatment of cryptococcosis in patients with sarcoidosis. DESIGN: Multicenter study including all patients notified at the French National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals. METHODS: Retrospective chart review. Each case was compared with two controls without opportunistic infections. RESULTS: Eighteen cases of cryptococcosis complicating sarcoidosis were analyzed (13 men and 5 women). With 2749 cases of cryptococcosis registered in France during the inclusion period of this study, sarcoidosis accounted for 0.6% of all the cryptococcosis patients and for 2.9% of the cryptococcosis HIV-seronegative patients. Cryptococcosis and sarcoidosis were diagnosed concomitantly in four cases; while sarcoidosis was previously known in 14/18 patients, including 12 patients (67%) treated with steroids. The median rate of CD4 T cells was 145 per mm(3) (range: 55-1300) and not related to steroid treatment. Thirteen patients had cryptococcal meningitis (72%), three osteoarticular (17%) and four disseminated infections (22%). Sixteen patients (89%) presented a complete response to antifungal therapy. After a mean follow-up of 6 years, no death was attributable to cryptococcosis. Extra-thoracic sarcoidosis and steroids were independent risk factors of cryptococcosis in a logistic regression model adjusted with the sex of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcosis is a significant opportunistic infection during extra-thoracic sarcoidosis, which occurs in one-third of the cases in patients without any treatment; it is not associated to severe CD4 lymphocytopenia and has a good prognosis.
ISSN: 1460-2725

hal-00873410
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00873410
DOI : 10.1093/qjmed/hct052
PUBMED : 23515400

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
A 6 mg./kg. daily dose of levamisole was given during three days to ten carriers of microfilarias Wuchereria bancrofti in Tahiti. No action against adult worms was noticed. The immediate microfilaricid action was at least equivalent to the action of DEC. However the decrease of microfilaremia was not so long with levamisole than with DEC given to a lower dose. Lastly the amount of reactions after a treatment by levamisole is notable.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715413
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715413
PUBMED : 1037387

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0066-4804

pasteur-00590987
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00590987
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01532-06
PUBMED : 17438062

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The authors analyze the data concerning 219 sera, that they have tested in passive hemagglutination, with as antigen a Dirofilaria immitis proteic extract, in French Polynesia. Besides its light sensitivity, this method does appear very interesting. It points out: --First, that there is a gaussian distribution of the results found at various dilutions, both by "filarian" and "non filarian" people. Therefore, this distribution is a feasible and practical parameter for evaluation of the Filariasis transmission in different populations. --On the other hand, that there is an inverse correlation between the presence of microfilaria in the blood and the level of immunological response for lymphatic Filariasis.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715412
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715412
PUBMED : 1037386

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
ABSTRACT: In the past decade, there has been an increasing number of studies on co-infections between worms and malaria. However, this increased interest has yielded results that have been at times conflicting and made it difficult to clearly grasp the outcome of this interaction. Despite the heterogeneity of study designs, reviewing the growing body of research may be synthesized into some broad trends: Ascaris emerges mostly as protective for malaria and its severe manifestations, whereas hookworm seems to increase malaria incidence. As efforts are made to de-worm populations in malaria endemic areas, there is still no clear picture of the impact these programmes have in terms of quantitative and qualitative changes in malaria.
ISSN: 1475-2875

inserm-00632065
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00632065
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00632065/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00632065/file/1475-2875-10-259.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-10-259

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Nouv Presse Med

hal-00717095
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00717095
PUBMED : 7015275

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Objective: In order to determine how risk factors of death among HIV-infected patients in French Guiana interact with one another and to define high risk population segments, an alternative statistical method to Cox proportional hazards models was used. Patients and methods: Data from HIV+ patients followed in the three main hospitals of French Guiana were used. Data were extracted from the prospective French Hospital Database for HIV (FHDH). To examine the nature of the relationships between time of death since the first consultation and a set of predictor variables (age at enrolment, gender, nationality, CD4 count at enrolment, presence or absence of HAART at enrolment, a declared addiction, and mode of acquisition of the virus) a survival tree analysis was used. Survival rates at 5 years and 10 years and their 95% confidence interval were also calculated. Results: This analysis permitted to reveal a new specific subgroup of HIV+ patients particularly at risk in French Guiana not already mentioned in the literature: the HIV+ female patients with a declared addiction. Conclusions: Prevention and care in this vulnerable segment of the HIV+ population identified by this methodology should be reinforced.
J AIDS Clinic Res

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-00914956
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956/file/2012_Hanf_-_Hierarchysur Determinants_Underlying_Death_among_HIV-Infected_patients_in_French_Guiana.pdf
DOI : 10.4172/2155-6113.1000172

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe, like in Asia, but the endemy always stood under a relatively low level. A strong campaign of chemiotherapy has been conducted for 25 years. Unfortunatly the actions of systematic detection of new cases are not sufficient and the sanitary education is almost non existent. The territory is actualy reached by deep demographic and social upsettings and chemiotherapy used alone is not enough efficient to obtain a definitive decrease of the endemy or even to avoid, for a long time, a new increase. However a significant decrease of the age of advent of the decrease must be credited to the action of chemiotherapy.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715415
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715415
PUBMED : 1037614

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IRD
Résumé : International audience
Malaria remains a major health problem in French Guiana despite the decrease in the number of cases since 2010. A previous study in Camopi, an Amerindian village on the Oyapock River, revealed that Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence was significantly related to landscape features and that its spatial distribution exhibited some obvious patterns. In the present study, we first identified the spatial patterns that exhibit a significant Moran's index of spatial auto-correlation and that significantly explain P. falciparum malaria incidence within the multiple linear regression framework. Secondly, we linked these patterns with remotely sensed environmental features. The selected model is composed of five spatial components: three patterns, representing 50.7% of the total variance, are associated with large scale variations of the incidence, and the remaining patterns are associated with local scale variations and represent 28.7% of the total variance. Different hamlet clusters that have specificities in terms of P. falciparum malaria incidence rate, environmental characteristics and mosquito control strategies have been identified. The methodology proposed in the present study can provide useful knowledge on the spatial distribution of the P. falciparum malaria incidence in Camopi at different scales and on possible explanation of such distribution, as a function of the scale.
Symposium of the Latin American Society for Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems (SELPER)
Cayenne, French Guiana

ird-00797353
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00797353
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00797353/document
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00797353/file/Roux_et_al_SELPER_2012.pdf
IRD : fdi:010058342

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
Adult lymphatic filariae (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi) can cause blocking of lymphatics producing obliterating endolymphitis lesions. The subsequent extravasation of lymph (or chyle when the obstruction is canal) is at the origin of the formation of lymphedema or elephantiasis, in which the main histological finding is great hypertrophy of collagen elements. This theory involving filaria only is not the full picture, and bacterial infection, mainly by streptococci, is an important factor. The association of filaria with microbes is particularly dangerous because the presence of the latter, or its toxins, causes death of local microfilariae and even adult worms, which are known to be more harmful dead than alive. The progression of the disease, especially in cases with lymphedema, which mainly affects the limbs and the genital organs, depends on three factors: the species of filaria, the degree of transmission, and the receptivity of the patient to the parasite. Large differences are found according to the region involved, and in the same endemic zone, according to the individuals affected. However, they almost always occur progressively in areas where there have been recurrent attacks of acute lymphangitis.
ISSN: 0398-0499

hal-00715440
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715440
PUBMED : 7007545

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria is a major health issue in French Guiana. Amerindian communities remain the most affected. A previous study in Camopi highlighted the predominant role of environmental factors in the occurrence of malaria. However, all parameters involved in the transmission were not clearly identified. A new survey was conducted in order to clarify the risk factors for the presence of malaria cases in Camopi. METHODS: An open cohort of children under seven years of age was set up on the basis of biologically confirmed malaria cases for the period 2001-2009. Epidemiological and observational environmental data were collected using two structured questionnaires. Data were analysed with a multiple failures multivariate Cox model. The influence of climate and the river level on malaria incidence was evaluated by time-series analysis. Relationships between Anopheles darlingi human biting rates and malaria incidence rates were estimated using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: The global annual incidence over the nine-year period was 238 per 1,000 for Plasmodium falciparum, 514 per 1,000 for Plasmodium visa and 21 per 1,000 for mixed infections. The multivariate survival analysis associated higher malaria incidence with living on the Camopi riverside vs. the Oyapock riverside, far from the centre of the Camopi hamlet, in a home with numerous occupants and going to sleep late. On the contrary, living in a house cleared of all vegetation within 50 m and at high distance of the forest were associated with a lower risk. Meteorological and hydrological characteristics appeared to be correlated with malaria incidence with different lags. Anopheles darlingi human biting rate was also positively correlated to incident malaria in children one month later. CONCLUSIONS: Malaria incidence in children remains high in young children despite the appearance of immunity in children around three years of age. The closeness environment but also the meteorological parameters play an important role in malaria transmission among children under seven years of age in Camopi.
ISSN: 1475-2875

inserm-00633771
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00633771
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00633771/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00633771/file/1475-2875-10-246.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-10-246

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Background: In French Guiana, a recent study has shown that a major part of the histoplasmosis incidence temporal fluctuations could be explained by climatic factors and thus postulated that disseminated histoplasmosis cases could be in a large proportion due to new infections. The description of the seasonal pattern of histoplasmosis could potentially help to test this new hypothesis. Patients and methods: A study using prospective data from the French Hospital Database for HIV was conducted in order to determine seasonal variations of the incidence of first cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV persons in Cayenne, French Guiana. Single failure Cox proportional hazards models were used. Results: After adjusting for CD4 counts and antiretroviral treatment, the incidence of disseminated histoplasmosis was significantly higher during the Short Wet Season-Long Dry Season than during the Short Dry Season-Long Wet Season (Adjusted Hazard ratio 1.7 (1.1-2.5), P= 0.01). Conclusion: This result gives both valuable epidemiologic information to clinicians and a supplementary argument in favour of the hypothesis that an important proportion of cases were due to recent exposure. Therefore, the use of a primary prophylaxis must be discussed in French Guiana.
J AIDS Clinic Res

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-00915009
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009/file/2012_Hanf_-_Disseminated_Histoplasmosis_seasonal_incidence_variations_a_supplementary_argument_for_recent_infection.pdf
DOI : 10.4172/2155-6113.1000175

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In French Guiana, severe cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients are associated with atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii linked to a wild neotropical rainforest cycle and a higher genetic diversity than usually observed for T. gondii isolates from anthropized environment. This raises the question of the impact of anthropization of the natural environment, on genetic diversity and on the population structure of T. gondii. However, few data are available on strains circulating in the anthropized areas from French Guiana. Seropositive animals originating mainly from anthropized sub-urban areas and punctually from wild environment in French Guiana were analyzed for T. gondii isolation and genotyping. Thirty-three strains were obtained by bioassay in mice and compared with 18 previously reported isolates chiefly originating from the Amazon rainforest. The genotyping analysis performed with 15 microsatellite markers located on 12 different chromosomes revealed a lower genetic diversity in the anthropized environment. Results were analyzed in terms of population structure by clustering methods, Neighbor-joining trees reconstruction based on genetic distances, F(ST,) Mantel's tests and linkage disequilibrium. They clearly showed a genetic differentiation between strains associated to the anthropized environment and those associated to the wild, but with some inbreeding between them. The majority of strains from the anthropized environment were clustered into additional lineages of T. gondii that are common in the Caribbean. In conclusion the two environmental populations "wild" and "anthropized" were genetically well differentiated. The anthropization of the environment seems to be accompanied with a decreased diversity of T. gondii associated with a greater structure of the populations. We detected potential interpenetration and genetic exchanges between these two environmental populations. As a higher pathogenicity in human of "wild" genotypes has been described, the interpenetration of both environments leads to hybridization between strains that may be at risk for human health.
ISSN: 1567-1348

pasteur-00654105
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105/document
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105/file/Mercier_et_al_IGE2011.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.003

Résumé : L’objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d’origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l’étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d’huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d’un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l’activité antipaludique d’une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c’est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l’activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d’identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L’huile essentielle d’Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l’étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l’optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues – ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration – dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives.
The aim of this work was to search for new bioactive compounds, displaying either antiplasmodial or antifungal activity. Two strategies were developed here: the evaluation of traditional remedies identified as antimalarial through ethnopharmacological studies, and the search for antifungal essential oils, the criterium being here a bioinspired approach. Our work led to the discovery that the antimalarial activity of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) fresh young leaves was due to the presence of a known quassinoid, simalikalactone D. In the case of Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), a flavonol glycosides mixture explained the activity observed for the decoction. The search for antifungal essential oils from the Amazonian flora led to the identification of several interesting species, thus validating our bioinspired strategy. The essential oil of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse was among the most active ones, either alone or in combination with azole drugs. Eventually, a metabolomic study of the GC/MS composition of these oils allowed us to develop a statistical tool which could help to select interesting antifungal products. This work thus demonstrates the major interest of the two strategies – ethnopharmacology and bioinspiration – for the search of new bioactive compounds.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0415/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Twenty-five years after the fight started against Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in French Polynesia and which was based upon mass chimiotherapy by diethylcarbamazine (Banocide), a survey realized in 1975 and 1976 among 274 patients with elephantiasis allows us to give precise details of the local clinical and epidemiological aspects. Since 1950 the number of clinical cases varies along with the parasitological incidence, but with a certain delay which is explained by the late and irreversible elephantiasis characteristics. The overall prevalence is actually low. However the occurrence of new cases, although very rare, is still possible. Among sick patients the lymphangitic crisis frequency whose aspect lead to evoke a bacterial participation, is low. Women are less frequently and less severely involved than men. Localisations are essentially restricted to the lower limbs. Several limbs are involved in approximately 50 0/0 of the cases. The scrotum involvement is rare, the one of the breast is found only once. Among men we can notice a 33 0/0 incidence of associated hydroceles. A past history of chyluria is not rare.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00715421
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00715421
PUBMED : 385163

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0933-7407

hal-01659242
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01659242
DOI : 10.1111/myc.12674

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Because many biological processes related to the dynamics of infectious diseases are caused by complex interactions between the environment, the host(s) and the agent(s), the necessity to address the methodological implications of this inherent complexity has recently emerged in epidemiology. Most epidemiologists now acknowledge that most human infectious diseases are likely to have complex dynamics. However, this knowledge still percolates with difficulty in their statistical "modus operandi". Indeed, for the study of complex systems, the traditional first-line statistical toolbox of epidemiologists (mainly built around the Generalized Linear Model family), despite its undeniable practicality and robustness, has structural limitations deprecating its usefulness. Three major sources of complexity neglected or not taken into account by this first-line statistical toolbox and having deep statistical implications are the multi-level organization of data, the non-linear relationships between variables and the complex interactions between variables. Three promising candidates to incorporate along with traditional tools for a new first-line statistical toolbox more suitable to apprehend these sources of complexity are the generalized linear mixed models, the generalized additive models, and the structural equation models. The aforementioned methodologies have the advantage to be generalizations of GLM models and are relatively easy to implement. Their assimilation and implementation would thus be greatly facilitated for epidemiologists. More globally, this text underlines that an improved use of other methods as such described here compared to traditional ones has to be performed to better understand the complexity challenging epidemiologists every day. This is particularly true in the field of infectious diseases for which major public health challenges will have to be addressed in the coming decades.
ISSN: 1567-1348

inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/file/main_document.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 1935-2727

inserm-00919502
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00919502
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00919502/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00919502/file/2013_Nacher_-_Disseminated_histo_in_hiv_in_south_america_a_neglected_killer_continues_on_its_rampage.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002319